Puña , also known as San Luis de Puña , is a Peruvian town in the Tacabamba District of the Chota Province , located in the center of the Cajamarca Department .
98-427: The town is the birthplace of former president Pedro Castillo . The rural town of Puña is located about six hours by automobile from the area's largest city, Cajamarca . The town comprises scattered adobe homes constructed on hillside terrain and narrow dirt roads tracing along the edges of dangerous cliffs. Despite being located in a department that holds a large portion of Peru's mineral wealth, seventy percent of
196-466: A "factual denial of confidence" against his government, Vizcarra dissolved the Peruvian Congress and issued a decree for legislative elections. This initiated the 2019 constitutional crisis in which Congress unsuccessfully attempted to remove him and resulted in the resignation of Second Vice President Mercedes Aráoz . The snap election for a new congress was held on 26 January 2020 , with
294-420: A 2021, que defenderé la soberanía nacional y la integridad física y moral de la República, que cumpliré y hare cumplir la constitución política y las leyes del Perú, y que reconocerá, respetando la libertad de corto, la importancia de la Iglesia Católica en la formación cultural y moral de los peruanos. Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo , Presidential Oath of Office July 28, 2018 In English The English translation
392-471: A better environment for future Peruvians. Following multiple corruption scandals facing the Peruvian government, on 28 July 2018, President Vizcarra called for a nationwide referendum to prohibit private funding for political campaigns, ban the reelection of lawmakers and to create a second legislative chamber. The Washington Post stated that "Vizcarra’s decisive response to a graft scandal engulfing
490-472: A bill the following day on 11 October 2018 to remove Vizcarra's referendum proposals and to modify the referendum with their own suggestions to the public. On 9 December 2018, Peruvians ultimately accepted three of four of the proposals in the referendum, only rejecting the final proposal of creating a bicameral congress when Vizcarra withdrew his support when the Fujimorista-led congress manipulated
588-455: A close supporter of Humala, took charge with the impeachment processes against Vizcarra, making the charges that began both trials. Alarcón himself, according to Vice News , was protected from criminal charges of embezzlement and illicit monetary gains due to parliamentary immunity , charges that could have resulted with seventeen years in prison. As Peru's economy declined due to the pandemic, Vizcarra faced increased political pressure from
686-420: A constitutional process on 29 May 2019 that would create a motion of no confidence towards congress if they refused to cooperate with his proposed actions against corruption. For the next four months, congress delayed bills targeting corruption and postponed general elections proposed by Vizcarra. Demanding reforms against corruption, Vizcarra called for a vote of no confidence on 27 September 2019, stating it
784-535: A coup d'état. The last successful coup d'état was carried out by Alberto Fujimori in 1992, who was later imprisoned for human rights violations and corruption. Presidential inaugurations take place in the Congress of the Republic of Peru in the capital city of Lima . Presidential inaugurations always take place on 28 July of its respective year, although in the case of constitutional succession, an inauguration
882-541: A crime. The hearing was scheduled for 17 March, where Judge María de los Ángeles Álvarez Camacho, after hearing both reasons from the prosecution and the defense of Vizcarra, rejected the request for preventive detention and appearance with restrictions was imposed. On 18 March 2024, the Peruvian Public Prosecutor's Office raided the home of Martin Vizcarra, in the most luxurious neighborhood of
980-550: A disapproval rate of 13% while about 30% of respondents were undecided. A month later, Vizcarra's approval rating dipped to 52% according to a May 2018 Ipsos survey. By September 2018 after he had called for a referendum, thousands of Peruvians marched in support of his proposal and to protest against Congress, with Ipsos reporting that Vizcarra's approval rating reached a peak of 66% in December 2018. Into 2019, Ipsos polls showed that support for Vizcarra began to decline early in
1078-468: A former civil servant , succeeded him as president following his impeachment after a failed coup attempt . There have also been a number of unrecognized presidents. In 1992 and 2019, after the dissolution of the Congress, the legislative body unsuccessfully removed the president from office and swore in vice presidents as the de facto president. There are 14 presidents that became presidents through
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#17327823428271176-593: A legislative election was held to replace the dissolved congress, with the previous Fujimorist majority being replaced with many centrist parties. Analysts Diego Pereira and Lucila Barbeito of JPMorgan Chase & Co described the new congress as being "even more antagonistic to the [Vizcarra] government than the previous one". According to Americas Quarterly , the four main right-wing parties of congress – Alliance for Progress , Podemos Perú , Popular Action and Union for Peru – feared Vizcarra's anti-corruption measures on campaign financing, political transparency and
1274-428: A limited number of occasions and audio of Cisneros saying that he influenced Vizcarra's rise to office and decision to dissolve congress. Merino quickly initiated a movement to remove Vizcarra from office. As President of Congress, Merino would assume the presidential office if Vizcarra was vacated. Vizcarra responded to the release of the recordings, stating, "I am not going to resign. I am not running away" and that
1372-514: A precursor, this incentivized the initial drafters of the constitution and the Governing Board to accelerate the process of defining reasonable executive powers, balance the three branches of power, and begin to draft an idea for the roles and powers of the official position of state leader of Peru. The Act of Independence was signed in Lima on 15 August 1821, and soon after the government
1470-565: A proposed copper mine, playing a major role in settling the dispute. Vizcarra served as governor until the end of 2014. Vizcarra was elected into the office of First Vice President of Peru in 2016 general election , running beside Pedro Pablo Kuczynski of the Peruanos Por el Kambio party. Shortly after being elected, he was also tasked with serving as Minister of Transportation and Communications. As Minister of Transportation and Communications, Vizcarra served for about one year. During
1568-657: A red-and-white sash; Supreme Members, Congressmen of the Republic, Magistrates of the Constitutional Court, Members of the National Council of the Magistracy, Supreme Prosecutors, the Ombudsman, etc., wear red-and-white collars with medals that recognize them as such. The necklace is the symbol of the highest authority in the country. It is composed of gold and encrusted with diamonds, bearing at
1666-417: A second time after declaring him "morally incompetent" and removed him from office. The President of Congress and opposition leader Manuel Merino succeeded Vizcarra as President of Peru the following day. Vizcarra's impeachment incited street protests , as an overwhelming majority of Peruvians and political analysts believed the impeachment was unsubstantiated, with several Peruvian media outlets labeling
1764-648: A series of floods in late 2016 and early 2017 which devastated much of Peru, he was tasked with managing the crisis. With allegations of bribery and bureaucracy plaguing the construction of the Chinchero International Airport in Cusco, Vizcarra cancelled many contracts until an investigation by the Comptroller's Office was completed. After facing complaints by political opponents and being summoned to provide hours of testimony surrounding
1862-660: A small presidential staff, the same one used by Ollanta Humala in the military parade on 29 July 2011. The Constitution of 1823, the first constitution of this country, indicates that to be the President of Peru one must: The Constitution of 1826, on the other hand, incorporating some subjective concepts, requires the following: Mart%C3%ADn Vizcarra Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo OSP CYC GColIH ( Latin American Spanish: [maɾˈtin alˈβeɾto βisˈkara koɾˈnexo] ; born 22 March 1963)
1960-469: Is a Peruvian engineer and politician who served as President of Peru from 2018 to 2020. Vizcarra previously served as Governor of the Department of Moquegua (2011–2014), First Vice President of Peru (2016–2018), Minister of Transport and Communications of Peru (2016–2017), and Ambassador of Peru to Canada (2017–2018), with the latter three during the presidency of Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . In
2058-541: Is as follows: I, [ complete name of presidential elect ], swear to God, to the Homeland, and to all Peruvians that I will faithfully execute the office of President of the Republic of Peru that has been entrusted to me by the Nation for the period [ start of mandate ] to [ end of mandate ], that I will defend the sovereignty of the nation as well as the physical and moral integrity of the Nation, that I will comply and enforce
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#17327823428272156-794: Is on the day that the presidential successor arrives in Lima, Peru. The presidential inauguration precedes the National Parade of the Military of Peru. Foreign dignitaries have often assisted the democratic transition of power in Peru. The contemporary placed presidential oath in Spanish is as follows: Yo, Martín Alberto Vizcarra Cornejo, juro por Dios, por la patria, y por todos los peruanos que ejerceré fielmente el cargo de Presidente de la República que me ha confiado el nación para el periodo 2018
2254-423: Is only 61%. Banks also experienced crowding as relief recipients without bank accounts had to go in person to obtain their stimulus payments. Vizcarra's government has responded to the pandemic by maintaining a nationwide lockdown since 15 March 2020, with all businesses except pharmacies, food vendors, financial institutions, and health facilities being closed. Peru's gross domestic product fell 30.2 percent in
2352-531: The 2016 general election , Vizcarra ran with the Peruvians for Change presidential ticket as Pedro Pablo Kuczynski 's running mate candidate for first vice president , narrowly defeating Keiko Fujimori 's Popular Force ticket. On 23 March 2018, Vizcarra was sworn into office as President of Peru following the resignation of President Kuczynski . Throughout his tenure, Vizcarra remained independent from political parties, promoted reforms against corruption in
2450-499: The 2021 Peruvian congressional election , joining the We Are Peru party, a party that voted for his removal just weeks before. The We Are Peru party's presidential candidate Daniel Salaverry welcomed Vizcarra to the party. If elected into congress, Vizcarra would obtain parliamentary immunity from the investigations that resulted with his removal from the presidency. When asked if attempting to avoid prosecution for corruption
2548-818: The Constitution of 1993 , the president can be removed due to death, "permanent moral or physical disability" determined by Congress, resignation, fleeing national territory without permission from Congress, or dismissal for committing infractions outlined in Article 117 of the Constitution. Four presidents of Peru have attempted to resign: Guillermo Billinghurst (forced resignation), Andrés Avelino Cáceres , Alberto Fujimori , and Pedro Pablo Kuczynski . Three presidents have been impeached unsuccessfully, Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Martín Vizcarra (first impeachment), and Pedro Castillo (first and second impeachments) while
2646-605: The Constitutional President of the Republic of Peru (Spanish: presidente constitucional de la República del Perú ), is the head of state and head of government of Peru . The president is the head of the executive branch and is the Supreme Head of the Armed Forces and National Police of Peru . The office of president corresponds to the highest magistracy in the country, making the president
2744-626: The Viceroyalty of Peru . In 1532, the Spanish conquerors arrived in the territory, imposed their dominion and managed to establish a Spanish dependency. This dependence began as governorships corresponding to the conquerors, with the title of Governor. The Governorate of the New Toledo ( Diego de Almagro ) – which otherwise never consolidated – had as its capital the city of Cusco , the current historical capital of Peru . The Governorate of
2842-563: The central Andes was the Wari civilization , whose system of government has not yet been fully unraveled. Later, between the thirteenth century and the sixteenth century , the Inca civilization developed, whose State, based on the political management of reciprocity and alien to all European conceptions of then and now, had the Sapa Inca at its head. The modern Peruvian state is the heir of
2940-482: The "audios have been edited and maliciously manipulated; as you can see, they purposely seek to turn a job-related claim into a criminal or political act, wanting to take words out of context and intend to accuse me of non-existent situations. Nothing is further from reality". On 11 September 2020, the Peruvian Congress voted 65–36 with 24 abstentions to open impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra for "moral incapacity". At least 52 votes in favor were needed to approve
3038-467: The 2010 regional elections, Vizcarra was elected to be Governor of Moquegua and served on that position from 1 January 2011, to 31 December 2014. During his tenure, social indexes improved and he avoided corruption issues, an achievement The Washington Post described as "one of the rare examples" in Peru. He also conciliated another mining conflict between mining company Anglo American and residents concerned about potential drinking water contamination by
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3136-506: The 87 votes (out of 130) that were needed by the opposition to impeach him. Had Vizcarra already been impeached by that time, Merino would have already acted as interim leader until the current presidential term ends in July 2021. In a separate impeachment trial, lawmakers from nine opposition parties accused Vizcarra of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic in the country. He
3234-466: The Congress of Peru in an 86 to 0 vote decided to ban Vizcarra from public office for a ten-year period. He was found guilty of influence peddling , collusion and making false declarations. On 12 March 2021, the prosecutor Germán Juárez Atoche requested preventive detention for 18 months for Vizcarra. This was within the framework of the investigation for the alleged crimes of aggravated collusion, improper passive bribery and illicit association to commit
3332-476: The Constitution or the laws that the President of the Republic incurs or that are agreed upon in the council, even if they save their vote unless they resign immediately. The Constitution of 1993 , a product of the Presidency of Alberto Fujimori (1990–2000), is the constitution that is currently in place. The presidential sash is the most distinctive feature that the President wears and has been used since
3430-475: The Executive Power resides in a Life President, a Vice President, and four Secretaries of State. By 1827, an outline of an executive along with the executive branch had been drawn out to prevent a Bolivarian dictatorship which would be seen by the populace as a general return to Spanish tyrannical rule. As a result, on 28 July 1827, Manuel Salazar assumed the formal office of the presidency and became
3528-491: The First Republic of Peru, which still holds until the present day. The governing board, led by Luna Pizarro, declared Peruvian autonomy from Spain and a Catholic state . Additionally, the Constitution defined the three powers of the government, the executive , judicial and the legislative power. The governing board , a colloquial terminology that was used to classify the ten politicians that devised these 24 items,
3626-553: The Fujimoristas in check". Transparency International also praised the move, stating that "This is a very important opportunity, one that is unlike previous opportunities because, in part, the president appears genuinely committed". Following the temporary detention of Keiko Fujimori, legislators belonging to American Popular Revolutionary Alliance and the Fujimorista-led Popular Force introduced
3724-648: The Government Palace. Investigators searched offices in the Government Palace on 1 June 2020 regarding the alleged irregularities. According to IDL-Reporteros , lobbyist Karelim López provided opposition lawmaker Edgar Alarcon audio recordings. On 10 September 2020, Alarcon, who faced possible parliamentary immunity revocation related to alleged acts of corruption, released audio recordings purporting that Vizcarra acted with "moral incapacity". The recordings allegedly contain audio of Vizcarra instructing his staff to say that he met with Cisneros only on
3822-786: The IEP Juan XXIII and the GUE Simón Bolívar, in Moquegua. For university education, Vizcarra graduated from the National University of Engineering in Lima in 1984 while also earning a degree in Management Administration from ESAN Graduate School of Business . His political ambitions began in his home region of Moquegua, where he ran as an independent affiliated with the APRA party for
3920-675: The Ministry of the Environment (MINAM) to monitor and combat climate change by analyzing greenhouse gas emissions while also creating a framework of inter-ministerial cooperation regarding the climate. The signing made Peru the first country in South America to have a climate law, with Vizcarra stating that climate change could no longer be ignored and that the Government of Peru had an obligation to work together to provide
4018-522: The New Castile ( Francisco Pizarro ) had as its capital the City of Kings, as Lima was also called initially and it was on this that the viceroyalty was instituted after the civil wars. In 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, whose government was held by the representative of the king of Spain (head of state) with the title of Viceroy of Peru (head of government). The true organizer of
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4116-517: The President of the Republic are: The powers of the President of the Republic are: The President of the Republic, in addition to the Head of State, is the Head of the national Government. Its functions are explicit in the Constitution and the Organic Law of the Executive Power. The acts of the President of the Republic that lack ministerial endorsement are null. It corresponds to the President of
4214-544: The Republic carries a plaque in the left upper pocket of the bag in the manner of a lanyard with the insignia of the military command that recognizes them as the Supreme Chief of the Armed Forces. It is the heir of the distinctive and military honors worn by presidents belonging to the Armed Forces throughout the history of the country. It is golden and has the shape of a radiant sun. The staff originates from
4312-562: The Republic to preside over the Council of Ministers when it is convened or when he attends its sessions. The President of the Republic appoints and removes the President of the council. Appoints and removes the other ministers, on the proposal and with an agreement, respectively, from the President of the council. The ministers are individually responsible for their own acts and for the presidential acts they endorse. All ministers are jointly and severally liable for criminal acts or violations of
4410-503: The Spanish custom of symbolizing power with a cane. The custom was introduced in the eighteenth century in the Andes, after the rebellion of José Gabriel Túpac Amaru and Túpac Catari in 1780 to represent the dignity of mayor of Incas. Unlike Argentina, the use of a cane that symbolizes the power and office of President (symbolically, varayoc), has not been common in the history of the Peruvian presidency and has been replaced innumerable times by
4508-451: The adoption of their content by politicians who supported the impeachment, as well as the change of attitude of lawyers towards the previously criticized prosecutors, offered an answer to those who questioned these events. According to the editorial, this showed that there is no such thing as a perfect coup d'état. Thousands of citizens then gathered in protests against Vizcarra's impeachment. Manuel Merino , who succeeded him as president
4606-491: The appointment of Riva Agüero) recognizes the position, and says ex officio: "Article 72. Resides exclusively the exercise of executive power in a citizen with the name of President of the Republic." Only two constitutions have been contrary, partially, to the presidential republican system, the Lifetime Political Constitution of 1826 emanating from Simón Bolívar and expressing: The exercise of
4704-415: The armed forces. In response to Vizcarra's actions, the media in Peru began a fearmongering campaign, arguing that left-wing political candidates would be elected in the parliamentary elections and attempt to draft a new constitution. In January 2020, the Constitutional Court of Peru defended Vizcarra's actions, with four judges approving and three judges disapproving of the action. On 26 January 2020,
4802-602: The armed forces: one in 1995 and the inauguration of Mercedes Aráoz in 2019 amidst a confrontation between the executive and legislative powers of Peru. There is also an emphasis on Christianity and the Roman Catholic Church in the oath of office. All presidents of Peru have been Catholic and have taken the oath of office alongside the Christian Bible, and in front of a Catholic Crucifix . The first state recognizable as such under current concepts in
4900-458: The beginning of the Republic. It was inherited from the last Viceroys . The placement and delivery of the presidential sash symbolize a democratic transition of power. The band is used by the President of Congress until the new president is sworn in. It is a bicolor band that carries the national colors (red and white). This band is worn diagonally from the right shoulder to the left side of
4998-552: The center a medal that contains the coat of arms of Peru. Presidents Oscar R. Benavides Larrea , Manuel Prado y Ugarteche and Jose Luis Bustamante y Rivero notably used the large necklace and other insignias. Its use disappeared after the administration of Fernando Belaúnde Terry . Recently its use was 'revived' by Alan García Pérez in the European Union Summit held precisely in Lima in May 2008. The President of
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#17327823428275096-462: The country, in the midst of an investigation against him for alleged corruption in a road construction program during his administration. During Vizcarra's inauguration ceremony, some Peruvians took to the streets to protest against the government, calling for the removal of all politicians. Weeks later, an Ipsos survey in April 2018 found that out of those asked Vizcarra had an approval rate of 57%,
5194-599: The dissolution of congress, Vizcarra's approval rating jumped from about 40% to 75% according to the Institute of Peruvian Studies (IEP), while 76% of respondents recognized him as the constitutional president of Peru. Another poll by Peruvian pollster CPI found 85.1% of respondents approved of Vizcarra and 89.1% recognized him as president. During the early months of the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic , approval ratings for Vizcarra spiked to 87% in March 2020 and gradually decreased in
5292-429: The first president of Peru to be elected by the populace, marking the start of the Presidency of Peru. The President is head of the general administration of the Republic, and their authority extends both to the preservation of public order internally, and to external security in accordance with the Constitution and laws. The duties exclusive to the President have been defined in the 1823 Constitution as: The powers of
5390-414: The following day, resigned on 15 November. Francisco Sagasti was made President of Congress on the 16th and thus succeeded Merino as President of Peru on 17 November per Peru's presidential line of succession, since both vice presidential positions were vacated by Vizcarra in 2018 and Mercedes Aráoz in May 2020. Vizcarra announced on 27 November 2020 that he would campaign for a seat in congress for
5488-533: The following months. In November 2020, the month of Vizcarra's second impeachment and removal from office, a poll by Ipsos polling firm showed that 88% percent of Peruvians disapproved of Vizcarra's removal, while only 11% approved. The October 2020 Ipsos poll stated that 54% of Peruvians approved of Vizcarra while 41% disapproved. By contrast, the Congress of Peru had a 60% disapproval rating in October 2020, and when President of Congress Manuel Merino assumed
5586-407: The government of Peru as the democratic president of the Republic of Peru, symbolized by the president of the Congress passing the presidential sash. The nominee is recognized as the president of Peru with and only with the presidential sash. As of 2019, there have been two illegitimate presidential inaugurations performed by the Congress of Peru , but not recognized by either the executive branch or
5684-475: The governorship in 2006, narrowly missing election. In 2008, Vizcarra led protests, known as "Moqueguazo", surrounding unequal mining payments to the community. He travelled to Lima to mediate the crisis, explaining the payment issue to the Peruvian Council of Ministers who agreed to make necessary changes to laws surrounding the issue. This event inspired Vizcarra's further political ambitions. In
5782-401: The highest tiers of the judiciary ... has some Peruvians talking of a once-in-a-lifetime opportunity to restore integrity to public life and revive citizens’ waning faith in democracy". Leftist lawmaker Marisa Glave , who was once a critic of Vizcarra, praised the move saying he had "connected with the people in a society that is both fed up with corruption but also deeply apolitical. It has put
5880-513: The highest-ranking public official in Peru. Due to broadly interpreted impeachment wording in the 1993 Constitution of Peru , the Congress of Peru can impeach the president without cause, effectively making the executive branch subject to the legislature. The president is elected to direct the general policy of the government, work with the Congress of the Republic and the Council of Ministers to enact reform, and be an administrator of
5978-481: The impeachment a " coup ". President Merino resigned after six days in office following the killings of two protesters by police. On 16 April 2021, former President Vizcarra was banned from holding public office for 10 years after allegedly jumping the line to get a COVID-19 vaccine in the Vacunagate controversy, by an 86–0 vote in Congress. Vizcarra was born in Lima , the son of César Vizcarra Vargas, who
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#17327823428276076-426: The impeachments of Billinghurst, Fujimori, Vizcarra (second impeachment), and Castillo (third impeachment) have been successful. The president is elected to a term of five years without immediate re-election. A presidential inauguration is held every five years on 28 July in Congress. The last directly elected president was Pedro Castillo, who was elected for a term from 2021 to 2026. His Vice President, Dina Boluarte,
6174-417: The imprisoned Antauro Humala and his Union for Peru (UPP) party, according to reports in Peru. Humala was sentenced to 19 years in prison following his Andahuaylazo uprising against President Alejandro Toledo that resulted in the deaths of police. From his cell, Humala reportedly orchestrated the impeachment process with members of congress and his UPP supporters. Edgar Alarcón , a UPP congressman and
6272-459: The last viceroys of Peru were parallel to Jose de San Martin and his first successors. Joaquín de la Pezuela and José de la Serna faced the liberating armies and the last of them signed the capitulation. Finally, Pío Tristán was the interim viceroy in charge of transferring power to the patriots. In July 1821, during the Peruvian War of Independence , the autonomous states lying in
6370-472: The law". Vargas Llosa also noted that if Vizcarra's popularity were to increase enough, "then immediately in Congress, the Fujimoristas will forget their internal struggles and will probably make life difficult for him". We must be responsible to leave a legacy to our children and the future generations of Peru. On 17 April 2018, President Vizcarra signed the Law for Climate Change, allowing for more funding toward
6468-568: The legislative and judicial branches, and vowed to not run for president when his term would end in 2021. During the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru , Vizcarra instituted stay-at-home orders and issued relief funds, but existing inequality, overcrowding and a largely informal economy saw Peru being heavily affected by the pandemic. As a result, Peru's gross domestic product declined thirty percent, increasing political pressure on Vizcarra's government. On 30 September 2019, following what he described as
6566-478: The legislature elected becoming opposition-led once again. In September 2020, Congress opened impeachment proceedings against Vizcarra on grounds of "moral incapacity", accusing him of influence peddling after audio recordings were released by an opposition legislator, but the process did not receive enough votes to remove him from office. On 9 November 2020, the Peruvian Congress impeached Vizcarra
6664-407: The months of slow progress towards anti-corruption reforms, pushed Vizcarra to dissolve congress later that day, with Vizcarra stating "Peruvian people, we have done all we could". Shortly after Vizcarra announced the dissolution of congress, the legislative body refused to recognize the president's actions, declared Vizcarra as suspended from the presidency and named vice president Mercedes Aráoz as
6762-612: The new president of Peru. Despite this, Peruvian government officials stated that the actions by congress were void as the body was officially closed at the time of their declarations. By nightfall, Peruvians gathered outside of the Legislative Palace of Peru to protest against congress and demand the removal of legislators while the heads of the Peruvian Armed Forces met with Vizcarra, announcing that they still recognized him as president of Peru and head of
6860-415: The newly inaugurated congress presided by Manuel Merino , with the majority of the legislative body being controlled by those opposing Vizcarra. Since early 2020, investigations began surrounding a contract for a little-known singer Richard Cisneros to perform speeches for the Ministry of Culture. It was alleged that an inexperienced Cisneros was able to receive payments totaling US$ 50,000 due to contacts in
6958-454: The office of President of Peru after Vizcarra's ousting by Congress, 94% of Peruvians disapproved of Merino's presidency. Following Peru's 2020 legislative elections that replaced an unpopular congress, The Economist wrote "By championing the fight against corruption, Mr Vizcarra has achieved the rare feat for a Peruvian president of remaining popular". Americas Quarterly penned that Vizcarra had "overwhelming public support", but without
7056-498: The opening of the impeachment proceedings. After reports emerged that Merino reportedly reached out to the Peruvian armed forces to support the process and was forming his own cabinet, support among lawmakers for impeaching Vizcarra decreased. As scheduled, Vizcarra appeared in Congress on 18 September to defend himself and delivered a 20-minute speech after its session began. After a 10-hour debate, Congress voted 32–78 with 15 abstentions against removing Vizcarra from office, far from
7154-693: The participation of convicted persons in government. During Vizcarra's tenure, Peru experienced the second-highest number of COVID-19 cases in Latin America, with 292,004 cases and 10,045 deaths as of 2 July 2020. Medical experts commented that the severity of the outbreak in Peru can be explained at least in part due to existing socioeconomic circumstances. Nearly one-third of Peruvians live in overcrowded homes and 72% have informal jobs, requiring them to work daily. Many Peruvians needed to travel daily to markets to purchase food since only 49% of households own refrigerators or freezers; even in urban areas it
7252-487: The political constitution and laws of Peru, and that I will recognize, respecting freedoms, the importance of the Roman Catholic Church in the cultural and moral formation of Peruvians. The president of Congress conventionally holds the presidential sash before the president-elect takes the oath of office. Once the president-elect has taken the oath of office, the president is recognized by all branches of
7350-601: The population of Puña live in poverty , with the majority of households earning less than US$ 100 monthly in 2021. Much of the population is aged; younger generations left the town in order to live in more populated urban centers. [REDACTED] Media related to Puña (Peru) at Wikimedia Commons President of Peru Supreme Court of the Republic President Javier Arévalo Vela [ es ] The President of Peru (Spanish: Presidente del Perú ), officially called
7448-581: The presidency on 23 March 2018, a day after his 55th birthday. Upon being sworn in, Vizcarra stated in regards to corruption, "we've had enough", promising to lead against such practices in the Andean nation. Peruvian author and Nobel laureate in Literature Mario Vargas Llosa stated that Vizcarra's "credentials are pretty good" and that although other Peruvian politicians have faced political controversy, Vizcarra "has acted within
7546-421: The president is elected to a five-year term, and is barred from immediate reelection . A former president can run again after being out of office for a full term. The change of government takes place on 28 July, which is the date of independence from Spain and thus a national holiday . The Congress of the Republic has the power to end a president's term prematurely through impeachment . Under Article 113 of
7644-488: The project, all while being tasked with providing reconstruction following the flooding that affected Peru, Vizcarra resigned his position as minister. Shortly after his resignation, the Comptroller General Edgar Alarcón recommended legal action against ten officials involved with the airport's construction. Analysts stated that overall, Vizcarra's performance as minister was positive, but it
7742-513: The proposals contents which would have removed power from the presidency. In the Constitution of Peru , the executive branch can dissolve congress after a second vote of no-confidence. Under former president of Peru Pedro Pablo Kuczynski , the Congress of Peru made a no-confidence vote on 15 September 2017, resulting in the collapse of the Cabinet of Peru , the first vote of no-confidence during that current congressional body. Vizcarra enacted
7840-454: The saber or the sword of the military presidents. There is only a handful of remarkable cases. Mariano Ignacio Prado, José Balta and Augusto B. Leguía used it in pictures and presidential photographs. Recently, Alejandro Toledo, made use of the cane in his symbolic assumption to the charge in Cusco and also on a few other occasions. Its most recent use corresponds to 29 July 2008, the date of the traditional military parade, when Alan García carried
7938-470: The scandal known as Vacunagate broke out, in which it was revealed that in October 2020 Vizcarra, alongside his family and friends, was vaccinated with the Sinopharm COVID-19 vaccine before it was able to reach the Peruvian public. The revelation sparked controversy, as at the time the Vizcarra government said there was still no negotiations regarding the COVID-19 vaccine. On 16 April 2021,
8036-515: The second quarter of 2020 as a result of economic lockdown measures, the largest decline of all major economies, with many small service businesses that represent the majority of businesses of Peru's economy going bankrupt during the crisis. Employment also dropped 40 percent compared to the previous rate while the Peruvian government approved 128 billion PEN ($ 35.8 billion USD ) of tax relief and low-rate business loans to deter further economic decline. The impeachment processes were led by
8134-530: The state, enforcing the Constitution of 1993 which establishes the presidential requirements, rights, and obligations. The executive branch is located at the Palacio de Gobierno , located in the historic center of Lima . The building has been used and occupied by the heads of state of Peru, dating back to Francisco Pizarro and the viceroys of Peru . The current president of Peru is Dina Boluarte , who succeeded Pedro Castillo on 7 December 2022. Ordinarily,
8232-484: The viceregal state was Francisco de Toledo . This period had only two stages corresponding to the two Spanish dynasties, the houses of Habsburg and Bourbon , and lasted 282 years from its establishment in 1542 to the Capitulation of Ayacucho in 1824, despite the independence of Peru in 1821 . José Fernando de Abascal was in charge of centralizing Spanish political and military power in Peru. His successors,
8330-551: The viceroyalty of Peru declared themselves as independent and sovereign from influence and mediation from the Spanish Empire . Recognizing the impending threat of Spanish backlash to regain their lost colonies, the autonomous viceroyalty began to draft a constitution on which they would decide to base the sovereign nation . Working closely with the Constituent Congress of Peru in 1822 , a formal constitution
8428-469: The vote by Congress and promised not to take any other legal action. Vizcarra's impeachment was considered by many as a coup d'état . It is suggested that the audios about alleged bribes were influenced and promoted by prosecutor Germán Juárez Atoche, with the collaboration of employees of Obrainsa, a company in Moquegua. An editorial in La República in 2020 indicated that the regular leaks and
8526-533: The waist. At the waist, like a brooch, the band was embroidered in golden thread the Coat of arms of Peru . There is a Lima family that has traditionally made them. They are made to measure for each President and have been used normally with formal suit: suit, tuxedo or military uniform . Since 2006, the Shield was moved up to chest height. A symbolic act narrated by Ricardo Palma in his famous Peruvian Traditions
8624-487: The year, that his approval rating in April 2019 was at 44% compared to 45% disapproval and that approval ratings were higher among upper-income respondents compared to lower-income respondents. By the time Vizcarra dissolved congress, The Washington Post described him as "an unexpectedly popular president" as he dealt with "the monumental task of rooting out the South American nation’s widespread corruption". After
8722-580: Was "clear the democracy of our nation is at risk". Vizcarra and the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights criticized congress for blocking a proposal for general elections while it quickly approved nominations to the Constitutional Court of Peru without investigating the backgrounds on nominees. Vizcarra sought to reform the Constitutional Court nomination process and congress' approval or disapproval of his proposal
8820-443: Was also accused of accepting bribes from companies that won at least two public works contracts—one for a hospital and another for an irrigation project—during his term as governor of Moquegua Department . On 9 November 2020, a total of 105 members of Congress voted to remove Vizcarra from office, exceeding the 87 votes (out of 130) that were needed to impeach him. Vizcarra called the accusations baseless and false, but still accepted
8918-498: Was an American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA) member, and Doris Cornejo, an elementary school teacher. His father was mayor of Moquegua and a member of the Constituent Assembly of 1978 . His family was based in Moquegua, but moved to Lima due to a pulmonary complication that put him on the verge of death at his birth. Vizcarra has stated that his father had a lasting impact on his life. Vizcarra studied at
9016-487: Was created, named the Constitution of 1823 . Francisco Xavier de Luna Pizarro , a Peruvian politician, presided and led the Constituent Congress of Peru, leading to him being subjectively regarded as the first informal President of Peru. The first articles of the 1823 Constitution consisted of 24 items, known as the "Bases". These bases formally defined the borders of the Andean nation and formally created
9114-452: Was his motivation to run for congress, Vizcarra stated "One of the flags that I am going to carry in this electoral process, to be fulfilled in Congress if elected, is precisely to completely reform the concept of parliamentary immunity, ... It cannot be that the Congress of the Republic has used parliamentary immunity". Vizcarra won the congressional race, though he would later be banned from holding public office in Peru. In February 2021,
9212-415: Was left under the charge of José de San Martín with the title of Protector. Later, the legislative branch occupied the executive branch. In 1823 the Congress appointed José de la Riva Agüero as the first President of the Republic of the history of Peru. Since then, that has been the main denomination that has held the great majority of the rulers of Peru. The same first Political Constitution of 1823 (after
9310-478: Was made during the confused first half of the 1840s, by President Justo Figuerola . This, in front of the protests made by the pope in front of his home, he asked his daughter to take the presidential band out of the dresser drawer and give it to the people from the balcony. The crowd left happy and alive to Figuerola and went to find someone to impose the garment, which, so many times coveted, this time did not find who wanted to stick it. The Ministers of State wear
9408-582: Was plagued by complications from the Fujimori family's political forces, known as Fujimoristas. After resigning from the previous ministry, he was appointed to be the Peruvian Ambassador to Canada , avoiding public attention. He only returned to Peru during the first impeachment proceedings against President Kuczynski, returning to Canada shortly thereafter. Following the resignation of President Kuczynski, Vizcarra returned to Peru to assume
9506-432: Was seen "as a sign of confidence in his administration". On 30 September 2019, congress named a new member to the Constitutional Court of Peru, who would most likely decide disputes between congress and the presidency, ignoring his proposal for reform. Vizcarra argued that the appointment by congress was the second act of no-confidence in his government, granting him the authority to dissolve congress. This act, as well as
9604-523: Was the first representation of executive power and the executive branch in Peruvian history . Later, issues arose around the bases which granted the protectorate of Peru , Simon Bolivar , overwhelming power over the legislative and executive organs of the Peruvian government. At the same time, Bolivar was already undergoing a campaign to establish a dictatorship around Andean Latin American nations. As
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