166-620: Baron Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel ( Russian : Пётр Николаевич Врангель , pronounced [ˈvranɡʲɪlʲ] ; German : Peter von Wrangel ; August 27 [ O.S. August 15] 1878 – 25 April 1928), also known by his nickname the Black Baron , was a Russian military officer of Baltic German origin in the Imperial Russian Army . During the final phase of the Russian Civil War , he
332-516: A Don Cossack division. The slights against him by the Tsar's retinue continued, though. When he was promoted to lieutenant-general in July 1916, unlike all other Grand Dukes who attained that rank, he was not appointed as an aide-de-camp to the Tsar with the rank of adjutant-general . Michael admitted that he "always despised Petrograd high society ... no people are more devious than they are; with
498-535: A barony were entitled to style themselves as a baron ( French : baron ) if they were nobles ; a roturier ( commoner ) could only be a seigneur de la baronnie (lord of the barony). French baronies could be sold freely until 1789, when the Constituent Assembly abolished feudal law. The title of baron was assumed as a titre de courtoisie by many nobles, whether members of the Nobles of
664-478: A rank in the nobility, without implication of allodial or feudal status. Since 1919, hereditary titles have had no legal status in Germany. In modern, republican Germany, Freiherr and Baron remain heritable only as part of the legal surname (and may thereby be transmitted to husbands, wives and children, without implication of nobility). In Austria, hereditary titles have been completely banned. Thus,
830-532: A viscount or count . Often, barons hold their fief – their lands and income – directly from the monarch. Barons are less often the vassals of other nobles. In many kingdoms, they were entitled to wear a smaller form of a crown called a coronet . The term originates from the Latin term barō , via Old French . The use of the title baron came to England via the Norman Conquest of 1066, then
996-665: A Constituent Assembly to determine the form of government and lay down the fundamental law of the new Russian State, invest me with such power. Calling upon them the blessing of God, I therefore request all the citizens of the Russian Empire to submit to the Provisional Government, established and invested with full authority by the Duma, until such time as the Constituent Assembly, elected within
1162-527: A Russian baron. There were two main groups of nobility which held the baronial title. One was the Baltic German nobility, for which Russia merely recognized their pre-existing titles; the other was new barons created by the Emperors of Russia after 1721. Like in many other countries, new baronial titles were often created by ennoblement of rich bourgeoisie . The title of baron, along with the rest of
1328-438: A baron as Lord [Barony] and his wife as Lady [Barony] , and baronesses in their own right as Baroness [X] or Lady [X] . In direct address, barons and baronesses can also be referred to as My Lord , Your Lordship , or Your Ladyship or My Lady . The husband of a baroness in her own right gains no title or style from his wife. The Right Honourable is frequently abbreviated to The Rt Hon. or Rt Hon. When referred to by
1494-591: A baron is a nobile dei baroni and in informal usage might be called a baron, while certain baronies devolve to heirs male general. Since 1948 titles of nobility have not been recognised by the Italian state. In the absence of a nobiliary or heraldic authority in Italy there are, in fact, numerous persons who claim to be barons or counts without any basis for such claims. Baron and noble ( nobile ) are hereditary titles and, as such, could only be created or recognised by
1660-568: A barony, formerly a feudal superiority or prescriptive barony attached to land erected into a free barony by Crown Charter. The Court of the Lord Lyon will officially recognise those possessing the dignity of baron (and other titles that are but nobler titles of baron within the Baronage of Scotland lord/earl/marquis/duke see lordships in the Baronage of Scotland ) on petition who meet certain criteria, and will grant them baronial arms with
1826-829: A coach without windows or heat, took eight days at an average speed of 5 miles per hour. At first, Michael was billeted in a hotel but two days after his arrival he was jailed by the local Soviet. Natalia lobbied the Commissars in Petrograd for his release and, on 9 April 1918, he was set at liberty within Perm. He moved into the best room in the best hotel in Perm, along with Johnson and two manservants, valet Vasily Chelyshev and former chauffeur Borunov. Natalia feared for George's safety, and in March 1918, she arranged for him to be smuggled out of Russia by his governess, Margaret Neame, with
SECTION 10
#17327875255241992-694: A collection of motor vehicles, and country estates at Otrovo in Russian Poland and Brasovo near Orel . Michael was heir presumptive until 12 August 1904, when the birth of Tsarevich Alexei to Nicholas and Alexandra provided an heir apparent . Michael again became second-in-line to the throne, but was named as co-regent for the boy, along with Alexandra, in the event of Nicholas's death. In 1902, Michael met Princess Beatrice of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha . They fell in love and began to correspond in her native English. Michael spoke both French and English fluently. At first it seemed they would marry; however,
2158-587: A common origin with the noble family von Löwenwolde [ ru ] and von Engdes [ de ] . Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel was only distantly related to the famed Arctic explorer Ferdinand von Wrangel and the Prussian Generalfeldmarschall Friedrich von Wrangel . His cousin, Baron Nikolai Von Wrangell (1869 - 1927), also belonging to the Estonian Knighthood, reached high military rank. He
2324-400: A delegation from the Duma would visit him at Putyatina's apartment in a few hours' time. The meeting with Duma President Rodzianko, the new Prime Minister Prince Lvov and other ministers, including Pavel Milyukov and Alexander Kerensky , lasted all morning. Putyatina laid on a lunch, and in the afternoon two lawyers (Baron Nolde and Vladimir Nabokov ) were called to the apartment to draft
2490-477: A denial. Nevertheless, two years later, in October 1908, Michael visited London, and he and Patricia were "paired" at social engagements. It seems likely that Michael's mother was plotting to get him married to a more suitable bride and the originator of the false report, Reuters correspondent Guy Beringer, read too much into the plans. Michael and Dina were planning to elope, but their plans were stymied as Dina
2656-516: A few exceptions, they are all scum." Michael made no public political statements, but it was assumed that he was a liberal, like his wife, and British consul Bruce Lockhart thought he "would have made an excellent constitutional monarch". Throughout the summer of 1916, Michael's corps was involved in the Brusilov Offensive . The Guards Army suffered heavy losses under the incompetent leadership of Michael's uncle, Grand Duke Paul , who
2822-688: A formal public ceremony, his body was reinterred in the Church of the Holy Trinity, Belgrade , the Russian church, according to his wishes. He was married to Russian noblewoman Olga Mikhailovna Ivanienko (1883–1968). They had two sons and two daughters: His nephew, Baron George Wrangell , became known by the David Oglivy -created 1951 ad campaign for the Hathaway shirt company in which he
2988-580: A helmet befitting their degree. Scottish barons rank below Lords of Parliament and while noble have the status of minor baron, being a non- Peerage rank; as such it can be transferred by either inheritance or assignation. In showing that Scottish barons are titles of nobility, reference may be made, amongst others, to the Lyon Court in the Petition of Maclean of Ardgour for a Birthbrieve by Interlocutor dated 26 February 1943 which "Finds and Declares that
3154-415: A manifesto for Michael to sign. The legal position was complicated, as the legitimacy of the government, whether Nicholas had the right to remove his son from the succession, and whether Michael actually was emperor, were all open to question. After further discussion, and several drafts, the meeting settled on a declaration of conditional acceptance as an appropriate form of words. In it, Michael deferred to
3320-568: A married woman, as a lover. Nicholas sent Michael to Orel to avoid scandal but this did not deter Michael, who travelled frequently to see his mistress. After the couple's only child, George , was born in 1910, Michael brought Natalia to Saint Petersburg , where she was shunned by society. In 1912, Michael shocked Nicholas by marrying Natalia in the hope that he would be removed from the line of succession. Michael and Natalia left Russia to live in exile abroad in France, Switzerland and England. After
3486-412: A member of the formerly reigning House of Habsburg or members of the former nobility would in most cases simply be addressed as Herr/Frau (Habsburg) in an official/public context, for instance in the media. Still, in both countries, honorary styles like "His/Her (Imperial/Royal) Highness", "Serenity", etc. persist in social use as a form of courtesy. In Luxembourg and Liechtenstein (where German
SECTION 20
#17327875255243652-402: A month to see Natalia. Their only child, George (named after Michael's dead brother) was born in July 1910, before her divorce from her second husband was finalised. To ensure that the child could be recognised as his, rather than Wulfert's, Michael had the date of the divorce back-dated. Nicholas issued a decree giving the boy the surname "Brasov", taken from Michael's estate at Brasovo, which
3818-516: A negative public reaction in Britain, where there was little sympathy for the Romanovs. On 1 September 1917, Kerensky declared Russia a republic. Michael wrote in his diary: "We woke up this morning to hear Russia declared a Republic. What does it matter which form the government will be as long as there is order and justice?" Two weeks later, Michael's house arrest was lifted. Kerensky had armed
3984-606: A newly formed division: the Caucasian Native Cavalry , which became known as the "Savage Division". The appointment was perceived as a demotion because the division mostly comprised new Muslim recruits rather than the elite troops that Michael had commanded previously. The six regiments in the division were each composed of a different ethnic group: Chechens , Dagestanis , Kabardin , Tatars , Circassians and Ingush , commanded by ethnic Russian officers. The men were all volunteers, as conscription did not apply to
4150-456: A one-year lease on Knebworth House , a staffed and furnished stately home 20 miles north of London. Michael's finances were stretched as he had to rely on remittances sent from Russia at Nicholas's command, and Nicholas still controlled all his estates and assets. Upon the outbreak of World War I in 1914, Michael telegraphed the Emperor, requesting permission to return to Russia to serve in
4316-416: A peerage in the rank of baron is entitled to a coronet bearing six silver balls (called pearls) around the rim, equally spaced and all of equal size and height. The rim itself is neither jeweled nor " chased " (which is the case for the coronets of peers of higher degree). The actual coronet is worn only for the coronation of a new monarch, but a baron can bear his coronet of rank on his coat of arms above
4482-537: A team of four men who, like him, were all former prisoners of the Tsarist regime: Vasily Ivanchenko, Ivan Kolpashchikov, Andrei Markov and Nikolai Zhuzhgov. Using a forged order, the four men gained entry to Michael's hotel at 11.45 p.m. At first, Michael refused to accompany the men until he spoke with the local chairman of the secret police, Pavel Malkov, and then because he was ill. His protestations were futile and he got dressed. Johnson insisted on accompanying him and
4648-413: A three-pointed coronet. Families which had been ennobled at a definite point in time ( Briefadel or "nobility by patent ") had seven points on their coronet. These families held their fief in vassalage from a suzerain . The holder of an allodial (i.e. suzerain-free) barony was thus called a Free Lord , or Freiherr . Subsequently, sovereigns in Germany conferred the title of Freiherr as
4814-623: A year later. Wrangel was born in Novalexandrovsk , Kovno Governorate in the Russian Empire (now Zarasai , Lithuania ) as the son of Baron Nikolai Egorovich Wrangel [ ru ] (1847–1923) and Maria Dimitrievna Demetieva-Maikova (1856–1944). The Baltic German noble Wrangel family was part of the Uradel (old nobility), the family was of German origin, appearing in the old " Livonia " with Teutonic Order . It has
4980-416: Is a Lord of Parliament . Scottish barons were entitled to a red cap of maintenance ( chapeau ) turned up ermine if petitioning for a grant or matriculation of a coat of arms between the 1930s and 2004. This chapeau is identical to the red cap worn by an English baron, but without the silver balls or gilt. This is sometimes depicted in armorial paintings between the shield and the helmet. Additionally, if
5146-546: Is a jewelled rim of gold surmounted by seven visible pearls , set upon the rim directly or upon stems; alternately, the French style coronet (entwined in a string of small pearls, with or without four bigger visible pearls set upon the rim) is used. In the medieval era, some allodial and enfeoffed lands held by nobles were created or recognized as baronies by the Holy Roman Emperors , within whose realm most of
Pyotr Wrangel - Misplaced Pages Continue
5312-469: Is also responsible, for one is placed so high and yet has failed to prevent all that from happening and protect one's country from this disaster." At the start of the war, Michael wrote to Nicholas asking him to legitimise his son in order that the boy would be provided for in the event of Michael's death at the front. Eventually Nicholas agreed to make George legitimate and granted him the style of "Count Brasov" by decree on 26 March 1915. By June 1915,
5478-660: Is now based in New York) and the Russian Ministry of Culture. During the Russian Civil War , the combat song of the Red Army , White Army, Black Baron , was named for Wrangel, and its first verse identifies Wrangel as both the leader of the Whites and a serious threat to the success of Soviet Russia. Many Russian officers regarded Wrangel so highly that he had almost a semi-sacred status. After Hitler's invasion of
5644-516: Is relevant when a baron or baroness's title is completely different from his or her personal surname (e.g. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin ) or includes a territorial designation in addition to his surname (e.g. Martin Rees, Lord Rees of Ludlow ). This also means that including a baron or baroness's forename before his or her title is incorrect and potentially misleading. For example, "Lady Margaret Thatcher" (as opposed to "Lady Thatcher") would imply that she
5810-452: Is the literal translation for "knight", and persons who held that title enjoyed a distinct, but lower, rank in Germany's nobility than barons ( Freiherren ). The wife of a Freiherr (Baron) is called a Freifrau or sometimes Baronin , his daughter Freiin or sometimes Baroness . Families which had always held this status were called Uradel ('primordial/ancient/original nobility'), and were heraldically entitled to
5976-455: Is the official language), barons remain members of the recognized nobility, and the sovereigns retain authority to confer the title ( morganatic cadets of the princely dynasty received the title Baron of Lanskron , using both Freiherr and Baron for different members of this branch.) Generally, all legitimate males of a German baronial family inherit the title Freiherr or Baron from birth, as all legitimate daughters inherit
6142-519: Is to say are deemed to be enveloped within a more modern extant peerage title also held by the holder, sometimes along with vestigial manorial rights and tenures by grand serjeanty . After the Norman Conquest in 1066, the Norman dynasty introduced an adaptation of the French feudal system to the Kingdom of England . Initially, the term "baron" on its own was not a title or rank, but the "barons of
6308-517: Is wrong if the lady in question does not hold a Scottish barony in her own right. Orally, Scottish barons may be addressed with the name of their barony, as in Edinburgh or else as Baron without anything else following, which if present would suggest a peerage barony. Informally, when referring to a Scots baron in the third person, the name Baron of [X] is used or simply [X] . Scottish Barons may record [surname] of [territorial designation] in
6474-458: The grandeza . The sovereign continues to grant baronial titles. Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia ( Russian : Михаи́л Алекса́ндрович , romanized : Mikhail Aleksandrovich ; 4 December [ O.S. 22 November] 1878 – 13 June 1918) was the youngest son and fifth child of Emperor Alexander III of Russia and youngest brother of Nicholas II . He
6640-570: The British model . Baron-peer was the lowest title, but the heirs to pre-1789 barons could remain barons, as could the elder sons of viscount -peers and the younger sons of count -peers. This peerage system was abolished in 1848. In pre-republican Germany all the knightly families of the Holy Roman Empire (sometimes distinguished by the prefix von or zu ) eventually were recognised as of baronial rank, although Ritter
6806-511: The General Kornilov on 14 November 1920. Initially, Wrangel lived on his yacht, Lucullus , at Constantinople . It was rammed and sunk by the Italian steamer Adria , which had sailed from Soviet-held Batum . Wrangel, then on shore, escaped with his life in what was widely regarded as an assassination attempt. In 1922, he moved to the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes as the head of all White Russian refugees. In 1924, in
Pyotr Wrangel - Misplaced Pages Continue
6972-755: The Bolsheviks after a power struggle with the commander-in-chief and in October there was a second revolution as the Bolsheviks seized power from Kerensky. With a permit to travel issued by Peter Polotsov, a former colleague of Michael from the Savage Division who was now a commander in Petrograd, Michael planned to move his family to the greater safety of Finland. They packed valuables and prepared to move, but their preparations were seen by Bolshevik sympathisers and they were placed once more under house arrest. The last of Michael's cars were seized by
7138-734: The Caucasus . Although it was difficult to maintain discipline, they formed an effective fighting force. For his actions commanding his troops in the Carpathian mountains in January 1915 Michael earned the military's highest honour, the Order of St. George , 4th Class. Unlike his brother the Emperor, he proved a popular military leader. By January 1915 the horrific nature of the war had become apparent. Michael felt "greatly embittered towards people in general and most of all towards those who are at
7304-592: The County Court presided over by the sheriff, who themselves formed the precursor of the House of Commons . Thus appeared a definite distinction, which eventually had the effect of restricting to the greater barons alone the privileges and duties of peerage. Later, the king started to create new baronies in one of two ways: by a writ of summons directing a chosen man to attend Parliament , and in an even later development by letters patent . Writs of summons became
7470-465: The Crimea . Before leaving for his sister Xenia's estate at Ai-Todor, 12 miles from Yalta , he wrote a candid letter to his brother warning him that the political situation was tense: I am deeply concerned and worried by what is happening around us. There has been a shocking alteration in the mood of the most loyal people ... which fills me with a most serious apprehension not only for you and for
7636-479: The Crimea . Arrested by the Bolsheviks at the end of 1917, he was released and escaped to Kiev , where he joined Pavlo Skoropadskyi 's Ukrainian State . However, it was soon apparent to him that the new government existed only because of the waning support of Germany, and in August 1918, he joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army based at Yekaterinodar , where he was given command of the 1st Cavalry Division and
7802-572: The Dutch kings. But such recognition was not automatic, having to be authenticated by the Supreme Council of Nobility and then approved by the sovereign. This ceased to be possible after the Dutch constitution was revised in 1983. More than one hundred Dutch baronial families have been recognized. The title is usually inherited by all males descended patrilineally from the original recipient of
7968-530: The Eastern Orthodox Church prohibited the marriage of first cousins, and Michael's father and Beatrice's mother were siblings. Nicholas refused to permit the marriage and, to Michael's and Beatrice's mutual dismay, their romance ended. Michael's attention turned to Alexandra Kossikovskaya (September 1875, Orel region – 1923, Berlin), known affectionately as "Dina", who was his sister Olga's lady-in-waiting . Dina's father, Vladimir Kossikovsky,
8134-688: The King's Council , which evolved into the Parliament and later into the House of Lords , while as was stipulated in Magna Carta of 1215, the lesser barons of each county would receive a single summons as a group through the sheriff , and representatives only from their number would be elected to attend on behalf of the group. These representatives developed into the Knights of the Shire , elected by
8300-847: The Low Countries lay. Subsequently, the Habsburgs continued to confer the baronial title in the Southern Netherlands , first as kings of Spain and then, again, as emperors until abolition of the Holy Roman Empire, but these had become titular elevations rather than grants of new territory. In the Netherlands after 1815, titles of baron authorized by previous monarchs (except those of the Napoleonic Kingdom of Holland ) were usually recognized by
8466-574: The Nicholas Imperial General Staff Academy in 1910 and the Cavalry Officers' School in 1911. With the start of World War I , Wrangel was promoted to captain and assigned command of a cavalry squadron. On 13 October 1914, he became one of the first Russian officers to be awarded the Order of St. George (4th degree) in the war, the highest military decoration of the Russian Empire. In December 1914, he
SECTION 50
#17327875255248632-828: The Ottoman Empire . On 7 March 1918, Michael and his secretary Johnson were re-arrested on the orders of Moisei Uritsky , the Head of the Petrograd secret police , and imprisoned at the Bolshevik headquarters in the Smolny Institute . On 11 March 1918, Uritsky sent Michael and Johnson to Perm , a thousand miles to the east, on the order of the Council of the People's Commissars , which included both Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin . The journey, by freight train in
8798-514: The Riksdag of the Estates . In 1561, Sweden's King Eric XIV granted the hereditary titles of count and vapaaherra to some of these, but not all. Although their cadet family members were not entitled to vote or sit in the Riksdag , they were legally entitled to the same title as the head of the family, but in customary address they became Paroni or Paronitar . Theoretically, in
8964-529: The Swedish nobility ( baron is used orally, while it is written as friherre ), and vapaaherra in the nobility of Finland . In the beginning, Finnish nobles were all without honorific titulature, and known simply as lords. Since the Middle Ages , each head of a noble family had been entitled to a vote in any of Finland's provincial diets whenever held, as in the realm's House of Nobility of
9130-611: The Trans-Siberian Railway on their way to Vladivostok , where they were due to take ship. The Czechs, though, were not going home to fight for the Austrian empire but to fight for a separate homeland independent of Austria. The Germans demanded that the Bolsheviks disarm the Czechs, who fought back, seized the railway, joined forces with Russians fighting against the Bolsheviks and advanced westwards toward Perm. With
9296-716: The Transbaikal Cossack Corps . In December 1904, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. After the war ended, in January 1906, he was reassigned to the 55th Finland Dragoon Regiment, which, under General A. N. Orlov, took part in pacifying rebels in Siberia. In 1907, he returned to the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. In 1908, he married Olga Mikhaylovna Ivanenko in St. Petersburg, and they had two sons and two daughters. Wrangel graduated from
9462-416: The army – providing his wife and son could come too. Nicholas agreed, and Michael travelled back to Saint Petersburg via Newcastle upon Tyne , Norway, Sweden and Finland. Michael had already leased Paddockhurst in Sussex, an estate larger than Knebworth, and had planned to move there on the expiry of the Knebworth lease. He moved his furniture and furnishings there. The war was not expected to last long and
9628-410: The withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan , in an opinion piece in The Wall Street Journal , Wrangel's grandson Peter A. Basilevsky compared the "bureaucratic incompetence" of the U.S. government in Afghanistan to the successful November 1920 evacuation of 150,000 anti-Bolshevik soldiers and civilians under Wrangel which became possible with far inferior resources of the White Army and in the face of
9794-445: The "heavy work" done by mercenaries), but the word is presumably of Old Frankish origin, cognate with Old English beorn meaning "warrior, nobleman". Cornutus in the first century already reports a word barones which he took to be of Gaulish origin. He glosses it as meaning servos militum and explains it as meaning "stupid", by reference to classical Latin bārō "simpleton, dunce"; because of this early reference,
9960-462: The 16th and 17th centuries, families elevated to vapaaherra status were granted a barony in fief , enjoying some rights of taxation and judicial authority. Subsequently, the "barony" was titular, usually attached to a family property, which was sometimes entailed . Their exemptions from taxes on landed properties continued into the 20th century, although in the 19th century tax reforms narrowed this privilege. Nobility creations continued until 1917,
10126-403: The 2nd Brigade of the Ussuri Cavalry Division, which was merged with other cavalry units to become the Consolidated Cavalry Corps in July that year. He was further decorated with the George Cross (4th degree) for his defense of the Zbruch River in the summer of 1917. After the end of Russia's participation in the war, Wrangel resigned his commission and went to live at his dacha at Yalta , in
SECTION 60
#173278752552410292-412: The Bolsheviks. The house arrest was lifted again in November, and the Constituent Assembly was elected and met in January 1918. Despite being the minority party, the Bolsheviks dissolved it. On 3 March 1918 (N.S.), the Bolshevik government signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk , which effectively ceded vast areas of the former Russian Empire to the Central Powers of Germany , Austria-Hungary and
10458-487: The Caucasian Volunteer Army within those forces. According to Peter Kenez , "Wrangel fought well, but even during his first weeks with the army, he distinguished himself by his arrogant behavior." After defeating the Bolsheviks in the Northern Caucasus, Denikin wanted to move against Tsaritsyn , but the Bolshevik threat to the west of the Don district forced Denikin to send troops to that Don front. According to Kenez, "General Wrangel bitterly criticized Denikin's decision. He
10624-442: The Feudal Tenure Act (1662), and the Fines and Recoveries Act of 1834, titles of feudal barony became obsolete and without legal force. The Abolition Act 1660 specifically states: baronies by tenure were converted into baronies by writ. The rest ceased to exist as feudal baronies by tenure, becoming baronies in free socage, that is to say under a "free" (hereditable) contract requiring payment of monetary rents. Alfred, Lord Tennyson
10790-589: The Grand Duke Michael Aleksandrovich and Bless Him on his accession to the Throne. By early morning, Michael was proclaimed as "Emperor Michael II" to Russian troops and in cities throughout Russia, but his accession was not universally welcomed. While some units cheered and swore allegiance to the new emperor, others remained indifferent. The newly formed Provisional Government had not agreed to Michael's succession. When Michael awoke that morning, he discovered not only that his brother had abdicated in his favour, as Nicholas had not informed him previously, but also that
10956-442: The King" were the men of the king. Previously, in the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of England, the king's companions held the title of earl and in Scotland , the title of thane . All who held their feudal barony " in-chief of the king ", that is with the king as his immediate overlord , became alike barones regis ("barons of the king"), bound to perform a stipulated annual military service and obliged to attend his council. The greatest of
11122-425: The Minor Barons of Scotland are, and have both in this Nobiliary Court, and in the Court of Session, been recognised as 'titled' nobility, and that the estait of the Baronage (The Barones Minores) is of the ancient Feudal Nobility of Scotland". Sir Thomas Innes of Learney, in his Scots Heraldry (2nd Ed., p. 88, note 1), states that "The Act 1672, cap 47, specially qualifies the degrees thus: Nobles (i.e. peers,
11288-443: The Normans brought the title to Scotland and Southern Italy . It later spread to Scandinavian and Slavic lands. The word baron comes from the Old French baron , from a Late Latin barō "man; servant, soldier , mercenary " (so used in Salic law ; Alemannic law has barus in the same sense). The scholar Isidore of Seville in the 7th century thought the word was from Greek βᾰρῠ́ς "heavy" (because of
11454-423: The Normans during the 11th century. Whereas originally a barony might consist of two or more manors, by 1700 we see what were formerly single manors erected into baronies, counties or even marquisates. Since the early 1800s, when feudalism was abolished in the various Italian states, it has often been granted as a simple hereditary title without any territorial designation or predicato . The untitled younger son of
11620-510: The Okhrana, Michael was transferred back to Saint Petersburg to command the Chevalier Gardes. He took Natalia to the capital with him and set her up in an apartment, but she was shunned by society and, within a few months, he had moved her to a villa in Gatchina. In September 1912, Michael and Natalia spent a holiday abroad and, as usual, they were trailed by the Okhrana. In Berlin , Michael announced that he and Natalia would drive to Cannes and instructed his staff to follow by train. The Okhrana
11786-472: The Petrograd area. On 5 April 1917, he was discharged from military service. By July, Prince Lvov had resigned as Prime Minister to be replaced by Alexander Kerensky , who ordered ex-Emperor Nicholas removed from Petrograd to Tobolsk in the Urals because it was "some remote place, some quiet corner, where they would attract less attention". On the eve of Nicholas's departure, Kerensky gave permission for Michael to visit him. Kerensky remained present during
11952-522: The Robe or cadets of Nobles of the Sword who held no title in their own right. Emperor Napoléon ( r. 1804–1815 ) created a new imperial nobility in which baron appeared from 1808 as the second-lowest title. The titles were inherited through a male-only line of descent and could not be purchased. In 1815, King Louis XVIII created a new peerage system and a Chamber of Peers , based on
12118-579: The Russian Red Army . However, by that stage in the Russian Civil War , such measures were too late, and the White movement was rapidly losing support, both domestically and overseas. Wrangel is immortalized by the nickname of "Black Baron" in the marching song The Red Army is the Strongest , composed as a rallying call for a final effort on the part of the Bolsheviks to end the war. The song
12284-548: The Russians were in retreat. When Grand Duke Constantine died that month, Michael was the only member of the imperial family absent from the funeral in Petrograd. Natalia chided him for his absence and Michael retorted that it was simply wrong for his relatives to abandon their units to attend Constantine's funeral at such a time. The American war correspondent, Stanley Washburn , reported that Michael wore "a simple uniform with nothing to indicate his rank but shoulder straps of
12450-635: The Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci , he established the Russian All-Military Union , a civilian organisation that was designed to embrace all Russian military émigrés all over the world. He tried to preserve a Russian military organisation for another fight against Bolshevism. In September 1927, Wrangel and his family emigrated, settling in Brussels , Belgium , where he worked as a mining engineer. Wrangel published his memoirs in
12616-534: The Sovereign in public instruments, The Right Honourable is changed to Our right trusty and well-beloved , with Counsellor attached if they are a Privy Counsellor . Children of barons and baronesses in their own right, whether hereditary or for life, have the style The Honourable [Forename] [Surname] . After the death of the father or mother, the child may continue to use this style. Courtesy barons are styled Lord [Barony] , and their wives Lady [Barony] ;
12782-667: The Soviet Union in June 1941 , some prominent military émigrés referred to the position that they believed Wrangel would have taken. For example, Major General Mikhail Mikhailovich Zinkevich said in mid-August 1941, "If General Wrangel were alive today, he would go unhesitatingly with the Germans". In 2015, the government of the Russian Federation began to repatriate the remains of White Emigres that were buried abroad, but
12948-565: The White armies into a Russian Army (more commonly known the Army of Wrangel), and established relations with anti-Bolshevik independence movements . Severely outnumbered by the Red Army and facing certain defeat, Wrangel organised a mass evacuation from Crimea in 1920. Early in his exile he lived in Constantinople and Serbia , and came to be known as one of the most prominent White émigrés . He relocated to Brussels in 1927 and died
13114-687: The White forces in Crimea. He assumed that post on 4 April 1920, at the head of the Russian Army , and he put forth a coalition government that attempted to institute sweeping reforms (including land reforms). He also recognized and established relations with the new anti-Bolshevik independent states, the Ukrainian People's Republic and the Democratic Republic of Georgia , among others, although they were ultimately conquered by
13280-401: The advancing Red Army. [REDACTED] Media related to Pyotr Nikolayevich Wrangel at Wikimedia Commons Baron Baron is a rank of nobility or title of honour, often hereditary , in various European countries, either current or historical. The female equivalent is baroness . Typically, the title denotes an aristocrat who ranks higher than a lord or knight , but lower than
13446-408: The approach of the Czechs, Michael and Natalia feared that she would become trapped there, possibly in a dangerous situation and so, on 18 May, she left unhappily. By early June, Michael was again ill with stomach trouble. On 12 June 1918, the leader of the local secret police , Gavril Myasnikov , with the connivance of other local Bolsheviks, hatched a plan to murder Michael. Myasnikov assembled
13612-420: The article "The" is always absent. If the courtesy baron is not a Privy Counsellor, the style The Right Honourable will also be absent. It is very common for the surnames of barons and baronesses to be identical to or included in the formal title of their barony. However, when addressed as a peer, the title of Lord , Lady , or Baroness is followed by the name of his or her barony, not his personal name. This
13778-477: The assassins were using home-made bullets, their guns jammed. Michael, who may or may not have been injured, moved towards the wounded Johnson with arms outstretched, when he was shot at point-blank range in the head. Both Zhuzhgov and Markov claimed to have fired the fatal shot. Johnson was shot dead by Ivanchenko. The bodies were stripped and buried. Anything of value was stolen and the clothes were taken back to Perm. After they were shown to Myasnikov as proof of
13944-496: The baron is the head of a family, he may include a chiefly coronet which is similar to a ducal coronet, but with four strawberry leaves. Because the chapeau was a relatively recent innovation, a number of ancient arms of Scottish feudal barons do not display the chapeau. Now, Scottish barons are principally recognised by the baron's helm, which in Scotland is a steel helmet with grille of three grilles, garnished in gold. Occasionally,
14110-647: The choice to evacuate and go with him into the unknown, or to remain in Russia. Those who chose to stay in Crimea were subject to brutal repression by the Bolsheviks as part of the Red Terror , along with many civilians, with up to 150,000 murdered. Wrangel evacuated the White forces from the Crimea in 1920; the remnants of the Russian Imperial Navy became known as Wrangel's fleet . The last military and civilian personnel left Russia with Wrangel on board
14276-617: The couple assumed they would be moving back to England at its conclusion. In the meantime, Michael offered its use to the British military. At Saint Petersburg, renamed Petrograd in September ;[ O.S. August] 1914, they moved into a villa at 24 Nikolaevskaya street, Gatchina, that Michael had bought for Natalia. Natalia was not permitted to live in any of the imperial palaces. The Grand Duke, promoted from his previous rank of colonel to major-general, received command of
14442-459: The creation of a constitutional monarchy . The newly formed Petrograd Soviet rejected the document, which became irrelevant. Calls for the Tsar's abdication had superseded it. On the afternoon of 15 March [ O.S. 2 March] 1917, Emperor Nicholas II, under pressure from generals and Duma representatives, abdicated in favour of his son, Alexei, with Michael as Regent. Later that evening, though, he reconsidered his decision. Alexei
14608-399: The death of his father, second in line. George died in 1899, leaving Michael as heir presumptive to Nicholas II. The birth of Nicholas's son Alexei in 1904 moved Michael back to second in line, but Alexei was gravely ill with hemophilia and Michael suspected the boy would die, leaving him as heir. Michael caused a commotion at the imperial court when he took Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert ,
14774-548: The descendants of Wrangel refused to have his remains returned to Russia as the current Russian government had not "condemned the evil [of Bolshevism]," referring to Vladimir Putin 's unwillingness to denounce the Soviet crimes and implement a proper decommunization . He was portrayed by Russian actor Aleksandr Galibin in the first season of the Serbian television series Balkan Shadows , which features Wrangel's Cossack emigres as major characters. In September 2021, following
14940-536: The end of Finland's grand ducal monarchy . Muscovite Russia had no traditional baronial titles of its own; they were introduced in early Imperial Russia by Peter the Great . In the hierarchy of nobility introduced by Peter the Great, barons ( барон ) ranked above untitled nobility and below counts ( граф , graf ). The styles "Your Well-born" ( Ваше благородие , Vashe blagorodiye ) and "Master Baron" ( Господин барон , Gospodin baron ) were used to address
15106-410: The event of Nicholas's death, but the government disagreed and determined that Michael would succeed regardless of the unborn child's gender. She was delivered of a fourth daughter the following year. Michael was perceived as unremarkable, quiet and good-natured. He performed the usual public duties expected of an heir to the throne. In 1901, he represented Russia at the funeral of Queen Victoria and
15272-512: The fate of our family, but even for the integrity of the state order. The public hatred for certain people who allegedly are close to you and who are forming part of the present government has, to my amazement, brought together the right, the left and the moderate; and this hatred, along with the demands for changes are already openly expressed. Michael and other members of the imperial family, including Grand Dukes Alexander , George , Nicholas and Dmitri and Grand Duchess Elizabeth , warned of
15438-405: The following month Nicholas appointed himself Supreme Commander of the Russian forces. The move was not welcomed. Nicholas's bad decisions included instructing Michael to authorise a payment to a friend of Rasputin , an army engineer called Bratolyubov, who claimed to have invented a devastating flame-thrower. The claim was bogus and Bratolyubov was arrested for fraud, but Rasputin intervened and he
15604-438: The four men plus their two prisoners climbed into two horse-drawn three-seater traps. They drove out of the town into the forest near Motovilikha . When Michael queried their destination, he was told they were going to a remote railway crossing to catch a train. By now it was the early hours of 13 June. They all alighted from the carriages in the middle of the wood, and both Michael and Johnson were fired upon, once each, but as
15770-474: The front to hand over command of his corps; from 29 January he was Inspector-General of Cavalry stationed at Gatchina . General Aleksei Brusilov , Michael's commander on the south-eastern front , begged him to tell the Tsar of "the need for immediate and drastic reforms", but Michael warned him, "I have no influence ... My brother has time and time again had warnings and entreaties of this kind from every quarter." Brusilov recorded in his memoirs, "[Michael]
15936-519: The grand duchy's prime ministers inherited baronial titles that were used during their tenures in office, Victor de Tornaco and Félix de Blochausen . In Norway, king Magnus VI of Norway (1238–1280) replaced the title Lendmann with Baron, but in 1308 Haakon V abolished the title. The present corresponding title is baron in the Danish nobility and the Norwegian nobility , friherre in
16102-590: The great tilting-helm garnished with gold is shown, or a helmet befitting a higher rank, if held. Scottish barons style their surnames similarly to Clan Chiefs if they own the caput, with the name of their barony following their name, as in John Smith of Edinburgh, Baron of Edinburgh otherwise John Smith, Baron of Edinburgh . Most formally, and in writing, they are styled as The Much Honoured Baron of Edinburgh . Their wives are styled Lady Edinburgh , or The Baroness of Edinburgh . The phrase Lady of Edinburgh
16268-414: The growing public unrest, and of the perception that Nicholas was governed by his German-born wife Alexandra and the self-styled holy man Rasputin . Nicholas and Alexandra refused to listen. In December 1916, Dmitri and four of his friends killed Rasputin. Michael learned of the murder at Brasovo, where he was spending Christmas with his family. On 28 December, according to the French ambassador, there
16434-700: The help of Danish diplomats and the Putyatins. In May, Natalia was granted a travel permit to join Michael. Accompanied by family friends Prince Putyatin and Margaret Abakanovich, she arrived at Perm before the Orthodox Easter and they spent about a week together. Meanwhile, as part of the truce between the Bolsheviks and the Central Powers, prisoners-of-war from Austria-Hungary were being shipped out of Russia. Czech troops were strung out along
16600-472: The holder of any large (non-feudal) landed estate calling himself a baron. Nevertheless, both were common practices. In most of peninsular Italy the widespread medieval introduction of the title was Longobardic , while in Sicily and Sardinia it was coeval with Norman rule some centuries later, and one referred to the baronage when speaking of landed nobles generally. The heraldic coronet of an Italian baron
16766-488: The intervention of British ambassador Buchanan and foreign minister Mikhail Tereshchenko , they were moved back to Gatchina in the first week of September. Tereshchenko told Buchanan that the Dowager Empress would be allowed to leave the country, for Britain if she wished, and that Michael would follow in due course. The British, however, were not prepared to accept any Russian Grand Duke for fear it would provoke
16932-573: The kings of Italy or (before 1860) the pre-unitary Italian states such as the Two Sicilies , Tuscany , Parma or Modena , or by the Holy See (Vatican) or the Republic of San Marino . Beginning around 1800, a number of signori ( lords of the manor ) began to style themselves barone but in many cases this was not sanctioned legally by decree, while there was even less justification in
17098-456: The line of succession early and preclude losing Natalia. In a series of decrees over December 1912 and January 1913, Nicholas relieved Michael of his command, banished him from Russia, froze all his assets in Russia, seized control of his estates and removed him from the Regency. Society in Russia was shocked at the severity of Nicholas's reprisal, but there was little sympathy for Natalia. She
17264-530: The magazine White Cause (Белое дело) in Berlin in 1928. Wrangel died suddenly on 25 April 1928, possibly after contracting typhus . His family, however, believed that he had been poisoned by his butler's brother, who briefly lived in the household in Brussels and was allegedly a Soviet agent. He was buried in Brussels. More than a year later, his remains were transported to Belgrade . On 6 October 1929, in
17430-613: The marriage, Michael wrote to his mother and brother to inform them. They were both horrified by Michael's action. His mother said it was "unspeakably awful in every way", and his brother was shocked that his brother had "broken his word ... that he would not marry her". Nicholas was particularly upset because his heir, Alexei, was gravely ill with haemophilia , which Michael cited as one of his reasons for marrying Natalia. Michael feared that he would become heir presumptive again on Alexei's death and would never be able to marry Natalia. By marrying her beforehand, he would be removed from
17596-579: The meeting and the brothers exchanged awkward pleasantries "fidgeting all the while, and sometimes one would take hold of the other's hand or the buttons of his uniform". It was the last time they saw each other. On 21 August 1917, guards surrounded the villa on Nikolaevskaya street where Michael was living with Natalia. On the orders of Kerensky, they were both under house arrest, along with Nicholas Johnson, who had been Michael's secretary since December 1912. A week later, they were moved to an apartment in Petrograd. Michael's stomach problems worsened and, with
17762-420: The middle brother, George , was killed in a motorcycle accident. George's death and the subsequent change in the line of succession highlighted that Nicholas lacked a son. As the succession was limited to males, his three daughters were ineligible. When Nicholas's wife, Alexandra , became pregnant in 1900 she hoped that the child would be male. She manoeuvred to get herself declared regent for her unborn child in
17928-548: The military mutinied and prisoners were freed. Nicholas, who was at army headquarters in Mogilev , prorogued the Duma, but the deputies refused to leave and instead set up their own rival government. After consulting Rodzianko at the Mariinsky Palace in Petrograd, Michael advised Nicholas to dismiss his ministers and set up a new government led by the leader of the majority party in the Duma, Georgy Lvov . His advice
18094-576: The monarchists that Michael might be able to assume the throne following the election of the Constituent Assembly were overtaken by events. His renunciation of the throne, though conditional, marked the end of the Tsarist regime in Russia. The Provisional Government had little effective power; real power was held by the Petrograd Soviet. Michael returned to Gatchina and was not permitted to return to his unit or to travel beyond
18260-601: The neighbouring apartments, the Tsar's Chamberlain Nikolai Stolypin and the Procurator of the Holy Synod were detained by revolutionaries and in the house next door General Baron Staekelberg was killed when his house was stormed by a mob. On 1 March, Rodzianko sent guards to Putyatina's apartment to ensure Michael's safety, and Michael signed a document drawn up by Rodzianko and Grand Duke Paul proposing
18426-581: The noble hierarchy, was abolished in December 1917 after the Bolshevik Revolution ; however, certain leaders of the White movement like Baron Pyotr Wrangel and Roman von Ungern-Sternberg continued to use the title until the end of the Russian Civil War . In Spain, the title follows Vizconde in the noble hierarchy, and ranks above Señor . Baronesa is the feminine form, for
18592-624: The nobles, especially those in the Marches , such as the Earls of Chester and the Bishops of Durham , whose territories were often deemed palatine , that is to say "worthy of a prince", might refer to their own tenants as "barons", where lesser magnates spoke simply of their "men" ( homines ) and lords of the manor might reference "bondmen". Initially those who held land directly from the king by military service , from earls downwards, all bore alike
18758-565: The normal method in medieval times, displacing the method of feudal barony, but creation of baronies by letters patent is the sole method adopted in modern times. Since the adoption of summons by writ, baronies thus no longer relate directly to land-holding, and thus no more feudal baronies needed to be created from then on. Following the Modus Tenendi Parliamenta of 1419, the Tenures Abolition Act 1660 ,
18924-508: The nursery were modest, even spartan. The children slept on hard camp beds, rose at dawn, washed in cold water and ate a simple porridge for breakfast. Michael, like his siblings, was taught by private tutors and was cared for by an English nanny, Mrs Elizabeth Franklin. Michael and Olga frequently went on hikes in the forests around Gatchina with their father, who took the opportunity to teach them woodsmanship . Physical activities such as equestrianism were also taught at an early age, as
19090-478: The outbreak of World War I , Michael returned to Russia, assuming command of a cavalry division. When Nicholas abdicated on 15 March [ O.S. 2 March] 1917, Michael was named as his successor instead of Alexei. Michael, however, deferred acceptance of the throne until ratification by an elected assembly. He was never confirmed as emperor and, following the Russian Revolution of 1917, he
19256-672: The prestigious Life Guards cavalry . He was commissioned a reserve officer in 1902 after graduating from the Nicholas Cavalry College [ ru ] . He soon resigned his commission and traveled to Irkutsk , where he was assigned to special missions by the Governor-General . At the start of the Russo-Japanese War in February 1904, he re-enlisted and was assigned to the 2nd Regiment of
19422-534: The rank of major general in the White movement . After the Second Kuban Campaign in late 1918, he was promoted to lieutenant general, and his division's strength was raised to that of a corps . In August 1918, Wrangel joined Denikin's anti-Bolshevik army. In December 1918, Wrangel became Anton Denikin 's Chief of Staff in the Armed Forces of South Russia , and in January 1919, commander of
19588-687: The royal family; for example, Maurice Roche, 6th Baron Fermoy is William's first cousin once removed, through William's late mother, Diana, Princess of Wales , who was the 4th Baron Fermoy 's granddaughter. The title of baron ( Irish : barún ) was created in the Peerage of Ireland shortly after the Norman invasion of Ireland (1169). Ireland's first baronies included Baron Athenry (1172), Baron Offaly (c. 1193), Baron Kerry (1223), Baron Dunboyne (1324), Baron Gormanston (1365–70), Baron Slane (1370), Baron of Dunsany (1439), Baron Louth (c. 1458) and Baron Trimlestown (1461). A person holding
19754-419: The same material as his uniform". Michael was "unaffected and democratic" and "living so simply in a dirty village". Natalia was appalled that Michael eschewed fancy uniforms and decorations for life at the front, but he was convinced "that at such a difficult time I must serve Russia and serve here at the front". In July 1915, Michael caught diphtheria but recovered. The war was going badly for Russia and
19920-568: The shield. In heraldry, the baron's coronet is shown with four of the balls visible. Formally, barons are styled The Right Honourable The Lord [Barony] and barons’ wives are styled The Right Honourable The Lady [Barony] . Baronesses in their own right, whether hereditary or for life, are either styled The Right Honourable The Baroness [Barony] or The Right Honourable The Lady [Barony] , mainly based on personal preference (e.g. Lady Thatcher and Baroness Warsi , both life baronesses in their own right). Less formally, one refers to or addresses
20086-424: The shortest possible time by universal, direct, equal and secret suffrage, shall manifest the will of the people by deciding upon the new form of government. Commentators, ranging from Kerensky to French ambassador Maurice Paléologue , regarded Michael's action as noble and patriotic, but Nicholas was appalled that Michael had "kowtowed to the Constituent Assembly" and called the manifesto "rubbish". The hopes of
20252-491: The son and heir of an Earl or higher-ranked peer. The Scottish baronial title tends to be used when a landed family is not in possession of any United Kingdom peerage title of higher rank, subsequently granted, or has been created a knight of the realm. Several members of the royal family with the style of Royal Highness are also titled Barons. For example, William, Prince of Wales is also The Baron of Renfrew and The Baron Carrickfergus . Some non-royal Barons are related to
20418-460: The sovereign continues to exercise the prerogative to confer baronial and other titles of nobility. Baron is the third lowest title within the nobility system above knight ( French : chevalier , Dutch : ridder ) and below viscount . There are still a number of families in Belgium that bear the title of baron. Luxembourg's monarch retains the right to confer the baronial title. Two of
20584-538: The stile of their Court Barons, which is Curia Baronis, &c . And I have read hors de son Barony in a barr to an Avowry for hors de son fee ) But also the Judges of the Exchequer have it from antient time fixed on them." Within a century of the Norman Conquest of 1066, as in the case of Thomas Becket in 1164, there arose the practice of sending to each greater baron a personal summons demanding his attendance at
20750-525: The streets, rounding up people connected with the old regime. Michael managed to reach the Winter Palace , where he ordered the guards to withdraw to the Admiralty , because it afforded greater safety and a better tactical position, and because it was a less politically charged location. Michael himself took refuge in the apartment of an acquaintance, Princess Putyatina , on Millionnaya street. In
20916-471: The succession. Nicholas threatened to revoke Michael's army commission and exile him from Russia if he married without his permission. Marie had Dina dismissed as Olga's lady-in-waiting and took Michael to Denmark until mid-September. Shortly after his return to Russia, three British newspapers announced on 24 September 1906 that Michael was to marry Princess Patricia of Connaught , but neither he nor Patricia knew anything about it. Buckingham Palace issued
21082-404: The surname field and a standard observation is recorded giving the holder's full name and title. A Baron would therefore record his surname as Lord [Barony] , and the observation would note that The holder is The Right Honourable [given names] [surname] Lord [Barony] . However, if the title of an applicant's peerage is different from his surname, he can choose whether to use his surname or title in
21248-523: The surname field of their passport, and an official observation would then note that The holder is [given names] [surname] Baron of [territorial designation] ; applicants must provide evidence that the Lord Lyon has recognised their feudal barony, or else be included in Burke's Peerage. During the Ancien Régime , French baronies were very much like Scottish ones . Feudal landholders who possessed
21414-522: The surname field. A baroness in her own right would substitute "Baroness" for "Lord", and the wife of a Baron would similarly substitute "Lady". Titles of nobility are checked against Debrett's Peerage, Who's Who, or the London Gazette by the passport office on application. In Scotland , the rank of baron is a rank of the ancient nobility of the Baronage of Scotland and refers to the holder of
21580-408: The term being here used in a restricted seventeenth-century English sense), Barons (i.e. Lairds of baronial fiefs and their 'heirs', who, even if fiefless, are equivalent to heads of Continental baronial houses) and Gentlemen (apparently all other armigers)." Baronets and knights are evidently classed as 'Gentlemen' here and are of a lower degree than Barons. The Scottish equivalent of an English baron
21746-751: The title baroness . In the Kingdom of England , the medieval Latin word barō (genitive singular barōnis ) was used originally to denote a tenant-in-chief of the early Norman kings who held his lands by the feudal tenure of " barony " (in Latin per barōniam ), and who was entitled to attend the Great Council ( Magnum Concilium ) which by the 13th century had developed into the Parliament of England . Feudal baronies (or "baronies by tenure ") are now obsolete in England and without any legal force, but any such historical titles are held in gross , that
21912-536: The title of Freiin or Baroness . As a result, German barons have been more numerous than those of such countries where primogeniture with respect to title inheritance prevails (or prevailed), such as France and the United Kingdom. In Italy, barone was the lowest rank of feudal nobility except for that of signore or vassallo (lord of the manor). The title of baron was most generally introduced into southern Italy (including Sicily ) by
22078-761: The title of baron, which was thus the factor uniting all members of the ancient baronage as peers one of another. Under King Henry II , the Dialogus de Scaccario already distinguished between greater barons, who held per baroniam by knight's service, and lesser barons, who held manors. Thus in this historical sense, Lords of Manors are barons, or freemen ; however they are not entitled to be styled as such. John Selden writes in Titles of Honour , "The word Baro (Latin for Baron) hath been also so much communicated, that not only all Lords of Mannors have been from ancient time, and are at this day called sometimes Barons (as in
22244-479: The title, although in a few noble families baron is the title of cadet family members, while in a few others it is heritable according to primogeniture. After its secession in 1830, Belgium incorporated into its nobility all titles of baron borne by Belgian citizens which had been recognized by the Netherlands since 1815. In addition, its monarchs have since created or recognized other titles of baron, and
22410-413: The top, who hold power and allow all that horror to happen. If the question of war were decided by the people at large, I would not be so passionately averse to that great calamity." Michael confessed in a letter to his wife that he felt "ashamed to face the people, i.e. the soldiers and officers, particularly when visiting field hospitals, where so much suffering is to be seen, for they might think that one
22576-569: The untimely age of 49. Michael's eldest brother, Nicholas , became Tsar, and Michael's childhood was effectively over. Michael's mother, Dowager Empress Marie, moved back to Anichkov Palace with Michael and Olga. Like most male members of his family, Michael was enrolled in the military. He completed training at a gunnery school and joined the Horse Guards Artillery . In November 1898, he attained legal adulthood and, just eight months later, became heir presumptive to Nicholas as
22742-496: The wife of a baron or for a woman who has been granted the title in her own right. In general, titles of baron created before the 19th century originate from the Crown of Aragon . Barons lost territorial jurisdiction around the middle of the 19th century, and from then on the title became purely honorific. Although most barons have not held the rank of grandeza as well, the title has been conferred in conjunction with
22908-588: The wife of a fellow officer, and from 1908 they began a deep friendship. Natalia was a commoner who had a daughter from her first marriage. By August 1909, they were lovers, and, by November 1909, Natalia was living apart from her second husband in an apartment in Moscow paid for by Michael. In an attempt to prevent scandal, Nicholas transferred Michael to the Chernigov Hussars at Orel, 250 miles from Moscow, but Michael travelled from there several times
23074-419: The will of the people and acknowledged the Provisional Government as the de facto executive, but neither abdicated nor refused to accept the throne. He wrote: Inspired, in common with the whole people, by the belief that the welfare of our country must be set above everything else, I have taken the firm decision to assume the supreme power only if and when our great people, having elected by universal suffrage
23240-503: The word has also been suggested to derive from an otherwise unknown Celtic * bar , but the Oxford English Dictionary takes this to be "a figment". In the Peerage of England , the Peerage of Great Britain , the Peerage of Ireland and the Peerage of the United Kingdom (but not in the Peerage of Scotland ), barons form the lowest rank, placed immediately below viscounts . A woman of baronial rank has
23406-457: Was de jure Emperor of Russia after his brother Nicholas II abdicated in 1917 and proclaimed his brother "Emperor Michael II", but Michael declined to take power a day later. Michael was born during the reign of his paternal grandfather, Alexander II . He was then fourth in line to the throne after his father and elder brothers Nicholas and George . After the assassination of his grandfather in 1881, he became third in line and, in 1894, after
23572-424: Was a failed attempt to assassinate Alexandra; the lone assailant was caught and hanged the next day. The Duma President Mikhail Rodzianko , Grand Duchess Marie Pavlovna and British ambassador Buchanan joined calls for Alexandra to be removed from influence, but Nicholas still refused to take their advice. Plots and gossip against Nicholas and Alexandra continued to build. In January 1917, Michael returned to
23738-415: Was a lawyer and Dina was a commoner . Michael rejected the notion, proposed by his friends, that he keep her as a mistress, and in July 1906, he wrote to Nicholas asking permission to marry her. Nicholas and Dowager Empress Marie were appalled. Both felt that royalty should marry royalty and, according to Russian house law , any children of a marriage between a royal and a commoner would be ineligible for
23904-422: Was a tacit acknowledgement that Michael was the father. In May 1911, Nicholas permitted Natalia to move from Moscow to Brasovo and granted her the surname "Brasova". In May 1912, Michael went to Copenhagen for the funeral of his uncle King Frederik VIII of Denmark , where he fell ill with a stomach ulcer that was to trouble him for years afterwards. After a holiday in France, where he and Natalia were trailed by
24070-631: Was adjutant to the Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovitch (1878–1918), rose to the rank of Colonel as Commander of the 16th Irkutsk Hussar Regiment, and finally to Major General on Grand Duke Michael's staff. He married Baroness Elizabeth Hoyningen-Huene . After graduating from the Rostov Technical High School in 1896 and the Institute of Mining in St. Petersburg in 1901, Wrangel volunteered for
24236-524: Was an absolutely honourable and upright man, taking no sides and lending himself to no intrigues ... he shunned every kind of gossip, whether connected with the services or with family matters. As a soldier, he was an excellent leader and an unassuming and conscientious worker." Through February, Grand Duke Alexander, Duma President Rodzianko and Michael pressured Nicholas and Alexandra to yield to popular demands. Public unrest grew and, on 27 February, soldiers in Petrograd joined demonstrators, elements of
24402-658: Was arrested by the Bolsheviks following the October Revolution , but was soon released and later escaped and joined the anti-Bolshevik Volunteer Army of the White movement . In 1918, he became Anton Denikin 's chief of staff in the Armed Forces of South Russia . Wrangel succeeded Denikin as commander-in-chief of the White forces in Crimea in April 1920. As head of the South Russia military government, he attempted to carry out sweeping land reforms, reorganised
24568-600: Was assassinated on 1 March 1881 and, as a result, Michael's parents became Emperor and Empress of All the Russias before his third birthday. After the assassination, the new Tsar Alexander III moved his family, including Michael, to the greater safety of Gatchina Palace , which was 29 miles southwest of Saint Petersburg and surrounded by a moat. Michael was raised in the company of his younger sister, Olga , who nicknamed him "Floppy" because he "flopped" into chairs; his elder siblings and parents called him "Misha". Conditions in
24734-640: Was commanding general of the anti-Bolshevik White Army in Southern Russia . A member of the prominent Wrangel noble family , Pyotr Wrangel was educated as a mining engineer and volunteered in the Russian Imperial Guard . He served with distinction during World War I as a cavalry commander, reaching the rank of major general. After the February Revolution and Russia's exit from the war, Wrangel retired to Crimea . He
24900-593: Was depicted in photos as "a white-shirted, debonair-looking fellow" with a black patch over his right eye, although both his eyes were "perfectly good." Defunct The Serbian town of Sremski Karlovci , which had served as his headquarters after he emigrated from Russia, erected a monument in his honour in 2007. At the time of his death, it was the location of the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia (ROCOR, which
25066-676: Was given the Order of the Bath . The following year he was made a Knight of the Garter in King Edward VII's coronation honours. In June 1902, Michael transferred to the Blue Cuirassier Regiment and moved to Gatchina , where the regiment was based. Since coming of age, Michael had assumed financial independence. His assets included the largest sugar refinery in the country, capital amounting to millions of roubles,
25232-471: Was gravely ill with haemophilia and Nicholas feared that if Alexei was emperor, he would be separated from his parents. In a second abdication document, signed at 11.40 p.m. but marked as having been issued at 3.00 p.m., the time of the earlier one, Nicholas II declared: We have judged it right to abdicate the Throne of the Russian State and to lay down the Supreme Power. Not wishing to be parted from Our Beloved Son, We hand over Our Succession to Our Brother
25398-434: Was immensely popular in the early Soviet Union in the 1920s. From June to October 1920, General Wrangel kept a building in Melitopol as his headquarters. The site later became the Melitopol Museum of Local History . After being severely outnumbered and facing defeat in Northern Tavria and in Crimea , Wrangel organised a mass evacuation on the shores of the Black Sea . Wrangel gave every officer, soldier, and civilian
25564-493: Was imprisoned and murdered. Michael was born at Anichkov Palace on Nevsky Prospekt in Saint Petersburg as the youngest son and penultimate child of Tsesarevich Alexander of Russia and his wife, Maria Feodorovna (Dagmar of Denmark) . His maternal grandparents were King Christian IX of Denmark and Louise of Hesse-Kassel . His paternal grandmother Maria Alexandrovna (Marie of Hesse) died before his second birthday. His paternal grandfather, Emperor Alexander II of Russia ,
25730-488: Was not entitled to be known as Grand Duchess ; she instead used the style "Madame or Countess Brasova". For six months, they stayed in hotels in France and Switzerland without any decrease in their standard of living. They were visited by Michael's sister Grand Duchess Xenia and cousin Grand Duke Andrew . In July 1913, they saw Michael's mother in London, who told Natalia "a few home truths", according to Xenia's diary. After another trip to continental Europe, Michael took
25896-406: Was promoted to the rank of colonel. In October 1915, Wrangel was transferred to the Southwestern Front and was appointed commander of the 1st Regiment of the Transbaikal Cossacks. The unit was very active in Galicia against the Austrians , and Wrangel distinguished himself especially during the Brusilov Offensive . He was promoted to the rank of major general in January 1917 and took command of
26062-412: Was released. Michael appeared gullible and naïve; a friend of Natalia's said he "trusted everybody ... Had his wife not watched over him constantly, he would have been deceived at every step." In October 1915, Michael regained control of his estates and assets from Nicholas and, in February 1916, was given command of the 2nd Cavalry Corps, which included the Savage Division, a Cossack division and
26228-440: Was religious observance. Though Christmas and Easter were times of celebration and extravagance, Lent was strictly observed—meat, dairy products and any form of entertainment were avoided. Family holidays were taken in the summer at Peterhof Palace and with Michael's grandparents in Denmark. Michael was almost 16 when his father fell fatally ill; the annual trip to Denmark was cancelled. On 1 November 1894, Alexander III died at
26394-419: Was removed from command. In contrast, Michael was awarded a second gallantry medal, the Order of St. Vladimir with Swords, for his part in actions against the enemy and was belatedly made an adjutant-general. The poor progress of the war and their almost constant separation depressed both Michael and Natalia. Michael was still suffering from stomach ulcers and, in October 1916, he was ordered to take leave in
26560-473: Was supported by General Mikhail Alekseyev , Nicholas's chief of staff . Nicholas rejected the suggestion and issued futile orders for troops to move on Petrograd. On the night of 27–28 February 1917, Michael attempted to return to Gatchina from Petrograd, where he had been in conference with Rodzianko and Nikolai Golitsyn and from where he had telegraphed the Tsar, but revolutionary patrols and sporadic fire prevented his progress. Revolutionaries patrolled
26726-413: Was the daughter of an earl, marquess, or duke, or Lady of the Garter or Thistle not holding a peerage rather than a baroness. Likewise, in the case of men, "Lord Digby Jones " (as opposed to "Lord Jones of Birmingham") would imply that he was the younger son of a marquess or duke rather than a baron. The United Kingdom has a policy of including titles of nobility on passports: the title is entered into
26892-619: Was the first person to become a baron, which, for him, entailed being "granted a barony and a seat in the House of Lords by the crown," because of the popularity and acclaim of his poetry . In the 20th century, Britain introduced the concept of non-hereditary life peers . All appointees to this distinction have (thus far) been at the rank of baron. In accordance with the tradition applied to hereditary peers, they too are formally addressed in parliament by their peers as "The Noble Lord". In addition, baronies are often used by their holders as subsidiary titles, for example as courtesy titles for
27058-511: Was unable to join forces with Admiral Kolchak and at the insistence of Denikin, he led his forces north towards Moscow on a failed attempt by the Whites to take it in autumn 1919. Continuing disagreement with Denikin led to his removal from command, and Wrangel departed for exile to Constantinople on 8 February 1920. However, Denikin was forced to resign on 20 March 1920, and a military committee, led by General Abram Dragomirov in Sevastopol , asked for Wrangel's return as Commander-in-Chief of
27224-517: Was under instructions to follow by train rather than car, so Michael and Natalia would be unaccompanied on their journey south. Michael's journey was a deliberate ruse. On the way to Cannes, the couple diverted to Vienna , where they were married on 16 October 1912 by Father Misitsch at the Serbian Orthodox Church of Saint Sava . A few days later, after travelling through Venice and Milan , they arrived at Cannes, where George and Natalia's daughter from her first marriage joined them. Two weeks after
27390-418: Was under surveillance by the Okhrana , Nicholas's secret police, and she was prevented from travelling. Under family pressure and unable to see Dina, by August 1907 Michael appeared to be losing interest. Dina went to live abroad. She never married and believed herself to be Michael's rightful fiancée, but their romance was over. In early December 1907, Michael was introduced to Natalia Sergeyevna Wulfert ,
27556-413: Was willing to accept not only the loss of the Donets basin , but of the entire Don Voisko because he believed strongly that no goal could be more important than meeting Kolchak 's advance somewhere along the Volga river ." Wrangel gained a reputation as a skilled and just administrator, who, unlike some other White Army generals, did not tolerate lawlessness or looting by his troops. However, after he
#523476