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44-523: The convent is located on a site known as Pühitsetud ("blessed" in Estonian) since ancient times. According to a legend, a shepherd from the village of Kuremäe witnessed a divine revelation near a spring of water to this day venerated as holy. Later in the 16th century, locals found an ancient icon of Dormition of the Mother of God under a huge oak tree . The icon still belongs to the convent. In 1888,

88-594: A 16th-century legend, near the local village of Kuremäe , a shepherd witnessed a divine revelation of the Theotokos near a spring of water that is to this day venerated as holy and is famous for many miracles and healings. The icon, which was painted much later, is known as the Pühtitsa icon of the Mother of God "To the spring" (Russian: Пю́хтицкая ико́на Бо́жией Ма́тери «У исто́чника» , romanized : Pyúkhtitskaya ikóna Bózhiyey Máteri “U istóchnika” ). In

132-518: A magnificent church on this site, dedicated to the Theotokos , and the water continued to work miraculous cures, as well as resurrections from the dead , through the intercession of the Theotokos , and therefore it was called "The Life-Giving Spring." Historians Procopius and Cedrenus state that Emperor Justinian erected a new church, larger than the first, in the last years of his reign (559-560), utilizing materials that had remained after

176-527: A small chapel remained at the site of the church. Twenty-five steps led down to the site of the spring, surrounded by a railing. In 1547 the French humanist Petrus Gyllius noted that the church no longer existed, but that ailing people continued to visit the spring of holy water . As a result of the Greek War of Independence of 1821, even the little chapel was destroyed and the spring was left buried under

220-523: A spring was believed to be sacred . In old Russia , continuing Greek traditions, there was a custom to sanctify springs that were located near churches , dedicate them to the Holy Mother , and paint icons of her under the title The Life Giving Spring . A similar revelation of the Theotokos occurred in Estonia in the 16th century. The Pühtitsa Convent is located on a site where, according to

264-486: A variety of formats for rendering Greek and Greek shorthand using Latin letters. Examples include "8elo" and "thelw" for θέλω , "3ava" for ξανά , and "yuxi" for ψυχή . Owing to the difficulties encountered in transliterating and transcribing both ancient and modern Greek into the Latin alphabet, a number of regulatory bodies have been established. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT), in cooperation with

308-615: A variety of romanizations for names and placenames in the 19th and 20th century. The Hellenic Organization for Standardization (ELOT) issued its system in cooperation with the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in 1983. This system was adopted (with minor modifications) by the United Nations ' Fifth Conference on the Standardization of Geographical Names at Montreal in 1987, by

352-593: Is an epithet of the Holy Theotokos that originated with her revelation of a sacred spring ( ‹See Tfd› Greek: ἁγίασμα , translit.   hagíasma ) in Valoukli , Constantinople, to a soldier named Leo Marcellus, who later became Byzantine Emperor Leo I (457-474). Leo built the historic Church of St. Mary of the Spring over this site, which witnessed numerous miraculous healings over

396-410: Is common to mark the long vowels with macrons over the Latin letters and to leave the short vowels unmarked; such macrons should not be confused or conflated with those used by some systems to mark eta and omega as distinct from epsilon , iota , and omicron . Greece's early Attic numerals were based on a small sample of letters (including heta ) arranged in multiples of 5 and 10, likely forming

440-682: Is shaped like the Latinate semicolon . Greek punctuation which has been given formal romanizations include: There are many archaic forms and local variants of the Greek alphabet . Beta , for example, might appear as round Β or pointed [REDACTED] throughout Greece but is also found in the forms [REDACTED] (at Gortyn ), [REDACTED] and [REDACTED] ( Thera ), [REDACTED] ( Argos ), [REDACTED] ( Melos ), [REDACTED] ( Corinth ), [REDACTED] ( Megara and Byzantium ), and even [REDACTED] ( Cyclades ). Well into

484-656: The Byzantine Rite . Additionally, the icon of the Theotokos the "Life-giving Spring" is commemorated on April 4 / 17 in Slavic Orthodox churches. Outside the Imperial City of Constantinople, near the Golden Gate ( Porta Aurea ) used to be found a grove of trees. A shrine was located there with a spring of water, which from early times had been dedicated to the Theotokos . Over time,

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528-470: The Ecumenical Patriarch , Constantius II consecrated the church on February 2, 1835, celebrating with 12 bishops and an enormous flood of the faithful. On September 6, 1955, during the anti-Greek Istanbul Pogrom , the church was one of the targets of the fanatic mob. The building was burned to the ground while the abbot was lynched, and 90-year-old Archimandrite Chrisanthos Mantas

572-595: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO), released a system in 1983 which has since been formally adopted by the United Nations , the United Kingdom and United States. The following tables list several romanization schemes from the Greek alphabet to modern English. Note, however, that the ELOT, UN, and ISO formats for Modern Greek intend themselves as translingual and may be applied in any language using

616-533: The Latin alphabet . The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Ancient or Medieval Greek" system for all works and authors up to the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, although Byzantine Greek was pronounced distinctly and some have considered "Modern" Greek to have begun as early as the 12th century. For treatment of polytonic Greek letters —for example, ᾤ —see also

660-1000: The Latin alphabet . The conventions for writing and romanizing Ancient Greek and Modern Greek differ markedly. The sound of the English letter B ( /b/ ) was written as β in ancient Greek but is now written as the digraph μπ , while the modern β sounds like the English letter V ( /v/ ) instead. The Greek name Ἰωάννης became Johannes in Latin and then John in English, but in modern Greek has become Γιάννης ; this might be written as Yannis , Jani, Ioannis, Yiannis, or Giannis, but not Giannes or Giannēs as it would be for ancient Greek. The word Άγιος might variously appear as Hagiοs, Agios, Aghios, or Ayios, or simply be translated as " Holy " or " Saint " in English forms of Greek placenames . Traditional English renderings of Greek names originated from Roman systems established in antiquity. The Roman alphabet itself

704-804: The Russian Orthodox Church sent a nun from the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma to establish a convent in Pühtitsa. The katholikon was built to Mikhail Preobrazhensky 's designs in the Russian Revival style. It was consecrated in 1910. There are six churches in the convent dedicated to a number of Orthodox Christian Saints such as St. Sergius of Radonezh , St. Simeon the Receiver of God , St. Nicholas , St. Anna

748-694: The Soviet Union in 1944, the convent managed to survive despite the uneasy co-existence with the Communist authorities. Patriarch Alexius II who was the bishop (later the archbishop ) of Tallinn and Estonia in the 1960s was instrumental in the fight to keep the convent from closure. The Pühtitsa Convent and the Pskov-Caves Monastery were the only monasteries in the Soviet Union that did not suspend their activities throughout

792-625: The first letter of the pair indicates vowels which should be taken (and romanized) separately. Although the second vowel is not marked with a superfluous diaeresis in Greek, the first-edition ELOT 743 and the UN systems place a diaeresis on the Latin vowel for the sake of clarity. Apart from the diacritical marks native to Greek itself or used to romanize its characters, linguists also regularly mark vowel length with macrons (  ¯  ) marking long vowels and rounded breves (  ˘  ) marking short vowels . Where these are romanized, it

836-487: The grove had become overgrown and the spring became fetid. The traditional account surrounding the feast of the Life-Giving Spring is recorded by Nikephoros Kallistos Xanthopoulos , the last of the Greek ecclesiastical historians, who flourished around 1320. It begins with a miracle that occurred involving a soldier named Leo Marcellus, the future Byzantine Emperor Leo I . On April 4, 450, as Leo

880-516: The section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below. ELOT approved in 1982 the ELOT 743 standard, revised in 2001, whose Type 2 (Greek: Τύπος 2 , romanized:  Typos 2 ) transcription scheme has been adopted by the Greek and Cypriot governments as standard for romanization of names on Greek and Cypriot passports . It also comprised a Type 1 (Greek: Τύπος 1 , romanized:  Typos 1 ) transliteration table, which

924-410: The transcriptions of Modern Greek into Latin letters used by ELOT, UN and ISO are essentially equivalent, while there remain minor differences in how they approach reversible transliteration . The American Library Association and Library of Congress romanization scheme employs its "Modern Greek" system for all works and authors following the Fall of Constantinople in 1453. In the table below,

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968-791: The 20th century. By 1991, the Pühtitsa monastic community consisted of 161 nuns. In 1990 it was placed under the direct authority of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Russia . 59°12′09″N 27°32′11″E  /  59.20250°N 27.53639°E  / 59.20250; 27.53639 Life-giving Spring The Mother of God of the Life-giving Spring or Life-giving Font ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Ζωοδόχος Πηγή , translit.   Zōodóchos Pēgḗ , modern pronunciation: [zo.oˈðoxos piˈʝi] ; Russian : Живоно́сный Исто́чник , romanized : Zhivonósny Istóchnik , IPA: [ʐɨvɐˈnosnɨj ɪˈstotɕnʲɪk] )

1012-528: The 9th century, Joseph the Hymnographer gave the title 'Life-giving Spring' ( Zōodóchos Pēgḗ ) to a hymn ( Theotokíon ) for the Mother of God for the first time. Apolytikion (Tone 3) Kontakion (Plagal of Tone 4) Romanization of Greek Romanization of Greek is the transliteration ( letter -mapping) or transcription ( sound -mapping) of text from the Greek alphabet into

1056-595: The Prophetess and others. Prince Sergei Shakhovskoy  [ et ] , the Governor of Estland, was the convent's patron and protected it from local landowners, mostly German Lutherans , who opposed the spread of Orthodoxy in Estland. It was the first Orthodox monastery built in Estonia (to the delight of mostly Orthodox local peasants of Jõhvi county). In 1919, after Estonia became independent from Russia ,

1100-676: The United Kingdom's Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use (PCGN) and by the United States' Board on Geographic Names (BGN) in 1996, and by the ISO itself in 1997. Romanization of names for official purposes (as with passports and identity cards) were required to use the ELOT system within Greece until 2011, when a legal decision permitted Greeks to use irregular forms (such as " Demetrios " for Δημήτριος ) provided that official identification and documents also list

1144-624: The centuries, through her intercessions , becoming one of the most important pilgrimage sites in Greek Orthodoxy . Thus the term "Life-giving Font" became an epithet of the Holy Theotokos and she was represented as such in iconography . The feast day of the Life-giving Spring is celebrated on Bright Friday in the Eastern Orthodox Church , and in those Eastern Catholic Churches which follow

1188-436: The classical Greek alphabet such as heta ( Ͱ & ͱ ), meanwhile, usually take their nearest English equivalent (in this case, h ) but are too uncommon to be listed in formal transliteration schemes. Uncommon Greek letters which have been given formal romanizations include: The sounds of Modern Greek have diverged from both those of Ancient Greek and their descendant letters in English and other languages. This led to

1232-653: The erection of the Hagia Sophia . After the erection of the sanctuary, the Byzantines named the Gate that was situated outside the walls of Theodosius II " Gate of the Spring " ( ‹See Tfd› Greek : Πύλη τῆς Πηγῆς , translit.   Pýlē tês Pēgês ). After the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, the church was torn down by the Turks , and the stones used to build a mosque of Sultan Bayezid . Only

1276-629: The feast are combined with the Paschal hymns, and there is often a Lesser Blessing of Waters performed after the Divine Liturgy on Bright Friday. There is also a commemoration of the Icon of the Theotokos the Life-giving Spring observed on April 4 ( Julian Calendar ) / April 17 ( Gregorian Calendar ). This type of icon spread throughout the Orthodox world , particularly in places where

1320-404: The first rather than the second vowel letter, or by having a diaeresis ( ¨ ) over the second letter. For treatment of accents and diaereses —for example, ϊ —also see the section on romanizing Greek diacritical marks below. The traditional polytonic orthography of Greek uses several distinct diacritical marks to render what was originally the pitch accent of Ancient Greek and

1364-459: The grove, take the water which you will find and give it to the thirsty man. Then take the mud [from the stream] and put it on the blind man's eyes.... And build a temple [church] here ... that all who come here will find answers to their petitions ." Leo did as he was told, and when the blind man's eyes were anointed he regained his sight. After his accession to the throne, the Emperor erected

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1408-594: The inspiration for the later Etruscan and Roman numerals . This early system was replaced by Greek numerals which employed the entire alphabet, including the nonstandard letters digamma , stigma , or sigma-tau (placed between epsilon and zeta), koppa (placed between pi and rho), and sampi (placed after omega). As revised in 2001, ELOT 743 provides for the uncommon characters to be given (in Greek) as $ for stigma, + for koppa, and / for sampi. These symbols are not given lower-case equivalents. When used as numbers,

1452-763: The letters are used in combination with the upper keraia numeral sign ⟨ ʹ ⟩ to denote numbers from 1 to 900 and in combination with the lower keraia ⟨ ͵ ⟩ to denote multiples of 1000. ( For a full table of the signs and their values, see Greek numerals .) These values are traditionally romanized as Roman numerals , so that Αλέξανδρος Γ' ο Μακεδών would be translated as Alexander III of Macedon and transliterated as Aléxandros III o Makedṓn rather than Aléxandros G' or Aléxandros 3 . Greek laws and other official documents of Greece which employ these numerals, however, are to be formally romanized using "decimal" Arabic numerals . Ancient Greek text did not mark word division with spaces or interpuncts , instead running

1496-535: The modern period, classical and medieval Greek was also set using a wide array of ligatures , symbols combining or abbreviating various sets of letters, such as those included in Claude Garamond 's 16th-century grecs du roi . For the most part, such variants—as ϖ and [REDACTED] for π , ϛ for σ τ , and ϗ for και —are just silently emended to their standard forms and transliterated accordingly. Letters with no equivalent in

1540-578: The new government confiscated most of the convent's land and transferred the convent to the Estonian Apostolic Orthodox Church , independent of Moscow. During the Second World War the battlefront was at times only a few kilometres away from the convent and Germans organized a concentration camp for Russian prisoners of war inside the monastery compound. Following the second invasion and occupation of Estonia by

1584-418: The presence or absence of word-initial /h/ . In 1982, monotonic orthography was officially introduced for modern Greek. The only diacritics that remain are the acute accent (indicating stress) and the diaeresis (indicating that two consecutive vowels should not be combined). When a Greek diphthong is accented, the accent mark is placed over the second letter of the pair. This means that an accent over

1628-545: The rubble. In 1833 the reforming Ottoman Sultan Mahmud II gave permission for the Christians to rebuild the church. When the foundations of the original church were discovered during the course of construction, the Sultan issued a second firman permitting not only the reconstruction of the small chapel, but of a large church according to the original dimensions. Construction was completed on December 30, 1834, and

1672-547: The sound: ⟨th⟩, ⟨ph⟩, ⟨rh⟩, and ⟨ch⟩. Because English orthography has changed so much from the original Greek , modern scholarly transliteration now usually renders ⟨κ⟩ as ⟨k⟩ and the diphthongs ⟨αι, οι, ει, ου⟩ as ⟨ai, oi, ei, ou⟩. " Greeklish " has also spread within Greece itself, owing to the rapid spread of digital telephony from cultures using the Latin alphabet . Since Greek typefaces and fonts are not always supported or robust, Greek email and chatting has adopted

1716-427: The special rules for vowel combinations ( αι, αυ, ει, ευ, ηυ, οι, ου, ωυ ) only apply when these letters function as digraphs . There are also words where the same letters stand side by side incidentally but represent separate vowels. In these cases each of the two letters is transcribed separately according to the normal rules for single letters. Such cases are marked in Greek orthography by either having an accent on

1760-469: The words together ( scripta continua ). In the Hellenistic period, a variety of symbols arose for punctuation or editorial marking ; such punctuation (or the lack thereof) are variously romanized, inserted, or ignored in different modern editions. Modern Greek punctuation generally follows French with the notable exception of Greek's use of a separate question mark , the erotimatiko , which

1804-611: Was a form of the Cumaean alphabet derived from the Euboean script that valued Χ as / k s / and Η as / h / and used variant forms of Λ and Σ that became L and S . When this script was used to write the classical Greek alphabet, ⟨κ⟩ was replaced with ⟨c⟩, ⟨αι⟩ and ⟨οι⟩ became ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩, and ⟨ει⟩ and ⟨ου⟩ were simplified to ⟨i⟩ (more rarely—corresponding to an earlier pronunciation—⟨e⟩) and ⟨u⟩. Aspirated consonants like ⟨θ⟩, ⟨φ⟩, initial-⟨ρ⟩, and ⟨χ⟩ simply wrote out

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1848-610: Was assassinated by the mob. Another small chapel has been rebuilt on the site, but the church has not yet been restored to its former size. The spring still flows to this day and is considered by the faithful to have wonderworking properties. The feast day is observed on Bright Friday , that is, the Friday following Pascha (Easter). It is the only feast day which may be celebrated during Bright Week, as all other commemorations which happen to fall during this time are usually transferred to another day. The propers (hymns and prayers) of

1892-475: Was extensively modified in the second edition of the standard. International versions of ELOT 743, with an English language standard document, were approved by the UN (V/19, 1987) and the British and American governments. The ISO approved in 1997 its version, ISO 843 , with a different Type 1 transliteration system, which was adopted four years later by ELOT itself, while the U.N. did not update its version. So

1936-438: Was passing by the grove, he came across a blind man who had become lost. Leo took pity on him, led him to the pathway, seated him in the shade and began to search for water to give the thirsty man. Leo heard a voice say to him, "Do not trouble yourself, Leo, to look for water elsewhere, it is right here!" Looking about, he could see no one, and neither could he see any water. Then he heard the voice again, "Leo, Emperor , go into

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