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80-519: Title "kaid" redirects here. For the tunneling software , see XLink Kai . "Alcaid" redirects here. For the star in Ursa major , see Alkaid . [REDACTED] This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these messages ) [REDACTED] You can help expand this article with text translated from

160-580: A former U.S. Open Tennis Championship runner-up who became governor of Rhode Island. At the time, Wharton described the main house as "incurably ugly.” Wharton agreed to pay $ 80,000 for the property, and she spent thousands more to alter the home's facade, decorate the interior, and landscape the grounds. In 1902, Wharton designed The Mount , her estate in Lenox, Massachusetts , which survives, today, as an example of her design principles. She wrote several of her novels there, including The House of Mirth (1905),

240-431: A given port on their local machine to port 80 on a remote web server. To access the remote web server, users would point their browser to the local port at http://localhost/ Some SSH clients support dynamic port forwarding that allows the user to create a SOCKS 4/5 proxy. In this case users can configure their applications to use their local SOCKS proxy server. This gives more flexibility than creating an SSH tunnel to

320-461: A memoir. In 1873, Wharton wrote a short story and gave it to her mother to read. Stinging from her mother's critique, Wharton decided to write only poetry . While she constantly sought her mother's approval and love, she rarely received either, and their relationship was a troubled one. Before she was 15, Wharton wrote Fast and Loose (1877). In her youth, she wrote about society. Her central themes came from her experiences with her parents. She

400-554: A network through an encrypted channel. It is a software-based approach to network security and the result is transparent encryption. For example, Microsoft Windows machines can share files using the Server Message Block (SMB) protocol, a non-encrypted protocol. If one were to mount a Microsoft Windows file-system remotely through the Internet, someone snooping on the connection could see transferred files. To mount

480-558: A particular server:port, and relays data between that server:port and the client connection. Because this creates a security hole, CONNECT-capable HTTP proxies commonly restrict access to the CONNECT method. The proxy allows connections only to specific ports, such as 443 for HTTPS. Other tunneling methods able to bypass network firewalls make use of different protocols such as DNS , MQTT , SMS . As an example of network layer over network layer, Generic Routing Encapsulation (GRE),

560-736: A poem under a pseudonym in the New York World, in 1879. In 1880, she had five poems published anonymously in the Atlantic Monthly , an important literary magazine. Despite these early successes, she was not encouraged by her family or her social circle, and though she continued to write, she did not publish anything more until her poem "The Last Giustiniani" was published in Scribner's Magazine in October 1889. Between 1880 and 1890, Wharton put her writing aside to participate in

640-451: A protocol running over IP ( IP protocol number 47), often serves to carry IP packets, with RFC 1918 private addresses, over the Internet using delivery packets with public IP addresses. In this case, the delivery and payload protocols are the same, but the payload addresses are incompatible with those of the delivery network. It is also possible to establish a connection using the data link layer. The Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol (L2TP) allows

720-403: A single port as previously described. SOCKS can free the user from the limitations of connecting only to a predefined remote port and server. If an application does not support SOCKS, a proxifier can be used to redirect the application to the local SOCKS proxy server. Some proxifiers, such as Proxycap, support SSH directly, thus avoiding the need for an SSH client. In recent versions of OpenSSH it

800-505: A site allows outgoing connections. For example, an organization may prohibit a user from accessing Internet web pages (port 80) directly without passing through the organization's proxy filter (which provides the organization with a means of monitoring and controlling what the user sees through the web). But users may not wish to have their web traffic monitored or blocked by the organization's proxy filter. If users can connect to an external SSH server , they can create an SSH tunnel to forward

880-536: A story. Wharton began writing poetry and fiction as a young girl, and she attempted to write her first novel at the age of 11. Her mother's criticism quashed her ambition, however, and she turned to poetry. She was 15 years old when her first published work appeared, a translation of a German poem "Was die Steine Erzählen" ("What the Stones Tell") by Heinrich Karl Brugsch , for which she was paid $ 50. Her family did not want her name to appear in print, since writing

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960-480: A trusted security gateway. To understand a particular protocol stack imposed by tunneling, network engineers must understand both the payload and delivery protocol sets. Tunneling a TCP- encapsulating payload (such as PPP ) over a TCP-based connection (such as SSH's port forwarding) is known as "TCP-over-TCP", and doing so can induce a dramatic loss in transmission performance — known as the TCP meltdown problem which

1040-619: Is a word meaning "commander" or "leader." It was a title in the Norman kingdom of Sicily , applied to palatine officials and members of the curia , usually to those who were Muslims or converts to Islam . The word entered the Latin language as gaitus or gaytus . Later the word was used in North Africa for the governor of a fortress or the warden of a prison, also in Spain and Portugal in

1120-456: Is even allowed to create layer 2 or layer 3 tunnels if both ends have enabled such tunneling capabilities. This creates tun (layer 3, default) or tap (layer 2) virtual interfaces on both ends of the connection. This allows normal network management and routing to be used, and when used on routers, the traffic for an entire subnetwork can be tunneled. A pair of tap virtual interfaces function like an Ethernet cable connecting both ends of

1200-435: Is on Wikidata Tunneling protocol Because tunneling involves repackaging the traffic data into a different form, perhaps with encryption as standard, it can hide the nature of the traffic that is run through a tunnel. The tunneling protocol works by using the data portion of a packet (the payload ) to carry the packets that actually provide the service. Tunneling uses a layered protocol model such as those of

1280-718: Is the generously illustrated Italian Villas and Their Gardens of 1904, illustrated by Maxfield Parrish . Over the course of her life, she crossed the Atlantic 60 times. In Europe, her primary destinations were Italy, France, and England. She also went to Morocco. She wrote many books about her travels, including Italian Backgrounds and A Motor-Flight through France . Her husband, Edward Wharton, shared her love of travel and for many years, they spent at least four months of each year abroad, mainly in Italy. Their friend, Egerton Winthrop, accompanied them, on many journeys there. In 1888,

1360-401: Is to provide services that are impractical or unsafe to be offered using only the underlying network services, such as providing a corporate network address to a remote user whose physical network address is not part of the corporate network. Users can also use tunneling to "sneak through" a firewall, using a protocol that the firewall would normally block, but "wrapped" inside a protocol that

1440-457: Is what it does not tell: her criticism of Lucretia Jones [her mother], her difficulties with Teddy, and her affair with Morton Fullerton, which did not come to light until her papers, deposited in Yale's Beinecke Rare Book Room and Manuscript Library , were opened in 1968. On June 1, 1937, Wharton was at her French country home (shared with architect and interior decorator Ogden Codman ), where she

1520-584: Is why virtual private network (VPN) software may instead use a protocol simpler than TCP for the tunnel connection. TCP meltdown occurs when a TCP connection is stacked on top of another. The underlying layer may detect a problem and attempt to compensate, and the layer above it then overcompensates because of that, and this overcompensation causes said delays and degraded transmission performance. A Secure Shell (SSH) tunnel consists of an encrypted tunnel created through an SSH protocol connection. Users may set up SSH tunnels to transfer unencrypted traffic over

1600-670: The Germans invaded Belgium in the fall of 1914 and Paris was flooded with Belgian refugees, she helped to set up the American Hostels for Refugees, which managed to get them shelter, meals, and clothes, and eventually created an employment agency to help them find work. She collected more than $ 100,000 on their behalf. In early 1915, she organized the Children of Flanders Rescue Committee, which gave shelter to nearly 900 Belgian refugees who had fled, when their homes were bombed by

1680-513: The OSI or TCP/IP protocol suite, but usually violates the layering when using the payload to carry a service not normally provided by the network. Typically, the delivery protocol operates at an equal or higher level in the layered model than the payload protocol. A tunneling protocol may, for example, allow a foreign protocol to run over a network that does not support that particular protocol, such as running IPv6 over IPv4 . Another important use

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1760-751: The American Protestant section of the Cimetière des Gonards in Versailles, "with all the honors owed a war hero and a chevalier of the Legion of Honor ... a group of some one hundred friends sang a verse of the hymn 'O Paradise'..." Despite not publishing her first novel until she was forty, Wharton became an extraordinarily productive writer. In addition to her 15 novels, seven novellas, and eighty-five short stories, she published poetry, books on design, travel, literary and cultural criticism, and

1840-549: The English Misplaced Pages. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 1,084 articles in the main category , and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to

1920-479: The English Misplaced Pages. Consider adding a topic to this template: there are already 505 articles in the main category , and specifying |topic= will aid in categorization. Do not translate text that appears unreliable or low-quality. If possible, verify the text with references provided in the foreign-language article. You must provide copyright attribution in the edit summary accompanying your translation by providing an interlanguage link to

2000-532: The French administration, Lyautey, and particularly, his wife. During the post-war years, she divided her time between Hyères and Provence , where she finished The Age of Innocence , in 1920. She returned to the United States only once, after the war, to receive an honorary doctorate from Yale University in 1923. The Age of Innocence (1920) won the 1921 Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, making Wharton

2080-829: The Germans. Aided by her influential connections in the French government, she and her long-time friend, Walter Berry (then president of the American Chamber of Commerce in Paris), were among the few foreigners in France allowed to travel to the front lines, during World War I. She and Berry made five journeys, between February and August 1915, which Wharton described in a series of articles that were first published in Scribner's Magazine and later as Fighting France: From Dunkerque to Belfort , which became an American bestseller. Travelling by car, Wharton and Berry drove through

2160-560: The Jones family in Europe during this time. After returning to the United States with her mother, Wharton continued her courtship with Stevens, announcing their engagement in August 1882. The month the two were to marry, the engagement ended. Wharton's mother, Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander Jones, moved back to Paris in 1883, and she lived there until her death in 1901. On April 29, 1885, at

2240-657: The Moroccan Army. Thami El Glaoui (1879–1956), one of the Lords of the Atlas. Mbarek Bekkay (1907-1961), first Prime minister of Morocco, who was the qaid of Bni Drar . Grands caids , Berber feudal rulers of southern quarter of Morocco under the French Protectorate. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (1876–1948), was given the title of Qaid-Azam or "The Great Leader" as the founder of Pakistan. People with

2320-645: The United States in 1872, they spent their winters in New York City and their summers in Newport, Rhode Island . While in Europe, she was educated by tutors and governesses . She rejected the standards of fashion and etiquette that were expected of young girls at the time, which were intended to allow women to marry well and to be put on display at balls and parties. She considered these fashions superficial and oppressive. Edith wanted more education than she received, so, she read from her father's library and from

2400-671: The Whartons and their friend, James Van Alen, took a cruise through the Aegean islands . Wharton was 26. The trip cost the Whartons $ 10,000 and lasted four months. She kept a travel journal, during this trip, that was thought to be lost but was later published as The Cruise of the Vanadis , now considered her earliest known travel writing. In 1897, Edith Wharton purchased Land's End in Newport, Rhode Island, from Robert Livingston Beeckman ,

2480-558: The Windows file-system securely, one can establish a SSH tunnel that routes all SMB traffic to the remote fileserver through an encrypted channel. Even though the SMB protocol itself contains no encryption, the encrypted SSH channel through which it travels offers security. Once an SSH connection has been established, the tunnel starts with SSH listening to a port on the     remote or local host. Any connections to it are forwarded to

Qaid - Misplaced Pages Continue

2560-544: The actual payload that is being sent, and then sends that payload directly through the tunnel's own TCP connection to the server side, where the OpenSSH server similarly "unwraps" the payload in order to "wrap" it up again for routing to its final destination. Naturally, this wrapping and unwrapping also occurs in the reverse direction of the bidirectional tunnel. SSH tunnels provide a means to bypass firewalls that prohibit certain Internet services – so long as

2640-604: The age of 23, Wharton married Edward Robbins (Teddy) Wharton, who was 12 years her senior, at the Trinity Chapel Complex in Manhattan. From a well-established Boston family, he was a sportsman and a gentleman of the same social class and shared her love of travel. The Whartons set up house at Pencraig Cottage in Newport. In 1893, they bought a house named Land's End, on the other side of Newport, for $ 80,000, and moved into it. Wharton decorated Land's End, with

2720-438: The business arrangements, lined up contributors, and translated the French entries into English. Theodore Roosevelt wrote a two-page introduction, in which he praised Wharton's effort and urged Americans to support the war. She also kept up her own work, continuing to write novels, short stories, and poems, as well as reporting for The New York Times and keeping up her enormous correspondence. Wharton urged Americans to support

2800-461: The connection and can join kernel bridges. Over the years, tunneling and data encapsulation in general have been frequently adopted for malicious reasons, in order to maliciously communicate outside of a protected network. In this context, known tunnels involve protocols such as HTTP , SSH , DNS , MQTT . Edith Wharton Edith Newbold Wharton ( / ˈ hw ɔːr t ən / ; née   Jones ; January 24, 1862 – August 11, 1937)

2880-511: The corresponding article in Portuguese . (August 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Portuguese article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into

2960-501: The corresponding article in Spanish . (August 2015) Click [show] for important translation instructions. View a machine-translated version of the Spanish article. Machine translation, like DeepL or Google Translate , is a useful starting point for translations, but translators must revise errors as necessary and confirm that the translation is accurate, rather than simply copy-pasting machine-translated text into

3040-533: The court of Sicily, confidant of Margaret of Navarre. Richard the Qaid (died 1187), Great Chamberlain under William I of Sicily and Margaret of Navarre. Murat Reis the younger 17th Century Dutch renegado appointed Caid over the region including the kasbah of El- Oualidia , the port of Saffia , and Maladia ( Muladie ) by the Sultan of Morocco . Sir Harry MacLean (1848–1920), Scottish soldier, and instructor to

3120-497: The displaced. She was a "heroic worker on behalf of her adopted country". On April 18, 1916, Raymond Poincaré , the then-President of France, appointed her Chevalier of the Legion of Honour , the country's highest award, in recognition of her dedication to the war effort. Her relief work included setting up workrooms for unemployed French women, organizing concerts to provide work for musicians, raising tens of thousands of dollars for

3200-580: The editors of her letters as "one of the better known failed encounters in the American literary annals.” She spoke fluent French, Italian, and German, and many of her books were published in both French and English. In 1934, Wharton's autobiography , A Backward Glance, was published. In the view of Judith E. Funston, writing on Edith Wharton in American National Biography , What is most notable about A Backward Glance, however,

3280-537: The firewall does not block, such as HTTP . If the firewall policy does not specifically exclude this kind of "wrapping", this trick can function to get around the intended firewall policy (or any set of interlocked firewall policies). Another HTTP-based tunneling method uses the HTTP CONNECT method/command . A client issues the HTTP CONNECT command to an HTTP proxy. The proxy then makes a TCP connection to

Qaid - Misplaced Pages Continue

3360-415: The first of many chronicles of life in old New York. At The Mount, she entertained the cream of American literary society, including her close friend, novelist Henry James , who described the estate as "a delicate French chateau mirrored in a Massachusetts pond". Although she spent many months traveling in Europe nearly every year, with her friend, Egerton Winthrop (a descendant of John Winthrop ), The Mount

3440-551: The first woman to win the award. The three fiction judges – literary critic Stuart Pratt Sherman , literature professor Robert Morss Lovett , and novelist Hamlin Garland – voted to give the prize to Sinclair Lewis for his satire Main Street , but Columbia University's advisory board, led by conservative university president Nicholas Murray Butler , overturned their decision and awarded the prize to The Age of Innocence . Wharton

3520-726: The form with the definite article " alcayde " or " alcaide ". It is also used as a male Arabic given name. Notable qaids [ edit ] Al-Qaid Jawhar (active 950–992), A Slavic general who conquered the Maghreb and Egypt for the Fatimid Caliphate . Al-Qa'id al-Bata'ihi , chief of staff and successor of al-Afdal Shahanshah as vizier of the Fatimid Caliphate. Thomas Brun (active 1137–1154), Englishman who served Roger II of Sicily. Ahmed es-Sikeli , known as Caid Peter (active 1160s), eunuch in

3600-529: The former Dutch government of New York and New Jersey. Her father's first cousin was Caroline Schermerhorn Astor . Fort Stevens, in New York, was named for Wharton's maternal great-grandfather, Ebenezer Stevens , a Revolutionary War hero and general. Wharton was born during the Civil War . However, in describing her family life, Wharton does not mention the war, except that their travels to Europe after

3680-1049: The game Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege , an operator has the name 'Kaid', with the ability to electrify defenses with his unique gadget. In the 1965 science fiction novel Dune , a 'Caid' is a Sardaukar officer assigned to deal with civilians. References [ edit ] ^ "Alcayde". The Shorter Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford UP. 1974. [REDACTED] Wikimedia Commons has media related to Qaids . Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qaid&oldid=1253059246 " Categories : Arabic-language masculine given names Masculine given names Sicilian Arabs Arabic words and phrases Kingdom of Sicily Hidden categories: Articles with short description Short description with empty Wikidata description Articles needing translation from Spanish Misplaced Pages Articles needing translation from Portuguese Misplaced Pages Articles with multiple maintenance issues Articles containing Arabic-language text Commons category link

3760-1261: The given name [ edit ] Qaid ibn Hammad (1028–1045), ruler of Algeria Kaid, nickname of Andrew Belton , (1882—1970), British Army officer active in Morocco Kaïd Ahmed (1921–1978), Algerian nationalist and politician Béji Caïd Essebsi (1926–2019), Elected Tunisian president Al-Qaid Joher Izz al-Din (1942), Indian Islamic Leader Kaid Mohamed (born 1984), Welsh footballer Alcaide as surname [ edit ] Anselmo Pardo Alcaide (1913-1977), Spanish entomologist. Chris Alcaide (1922–2004) American actor Carmen Alcayde (born 1973), Spanish TV presenter and actress David Alcaide (born 1978), Spanish pool player Guillermo Alcaide (born 1986), Spanish tennis player Ana Alcaide (born 1976), Spanish musician Places [ edit ] Draâ El-Kaïd , town in Algeria Alcaide, Fundão , town in Portugal Other uses [ edit ] Alkaid or Elkeid, traditional name of Arabic origin for star Eta Ursae Majoris USS Alkaid (AK-114) , U.S. Navy ship, named after

3840-737: The help of designer Ogden Codman . In 1897, the Whartons purchased their New York home, 884 Park Avenue . Between 1886 and 1897, they traveled overseas, in the period from February to June, mostly visiting Italy but also Paris and England. From her marriage onwards, three interests came to dominate Wharton's life: American houses, writing, and Italy. From the late 1880s until 1902, Teddy Wharton suffered from chronic depression. The couple, then, ceased their extensive travel. At that time, his depression became more debilitating, after which they lived almost exclusively at their estate, The Mount , in Lenox, Massachusetts. During those same years, Wharton, herself,

3920-406: The libraries of her father's friends. Her mother forbade her to read novels until she was married, and Edith obeyed this command. Wharton wrote and told stories from an early age. When her family moved to Europe and she was just four or five, she started what she called "making up." She invented stories for her family and walked with an open book, turning the pages as if reading while improvising

4000-943: The morality of the author, critiques of intellectual pretension, and the "unmasking" of the truth. Wharton's writing also explored themes of "social mores and social reform" as they relate to the "extremes and anxieties of the Gilded Age". A key recurring theme in Wharton's writing is the relationship between the house as a physical space and its relationship to its inhabitant's characteristics and emotions. Maureen Howard argues "Edith Wharton conceived of houses, dwelling places, in extended imagery of shelter and dispossession. Houses – their confinement and their theatrical possibilities ... they are never mere settings." American children's stories containing slang were forbidden in Wharton's childhood home. This included such popular authors as Mark Twain , Bret Harte , and Joel Chandler Harris . She

4080-552: The most lethal acts of revenge ever taken by a writing daughter." In her memoir, A Backward Glance , Wharton describes her mother as indolent, spendthrift, censorious, disapproving, superficial, icy, dry and ironic. Wharton's writings often dealt with themes such as "social and individual fulfillment, repressed sexuality, and the manners of old families and the new elite." Maureen Howard , editor of Edith Wharton: Collected Stories , notes several recurring themes in Wharton's short stories, including confinement and attempts at freedom,

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4160-494: The novella Ethan Frome , and several notable ghost stories. Edith Newbold Jones was born on January 24, 1862, to George Frederic Jones and Lucretia Stevens Rhinelander, at their brownstone at 14 West Twenty-third Street in New York City . To her friends and family, she was known as "Pussy Jones". She had two elder brothers, Frederic Rhinelander and Henry Edward. Frederic married Mary Cadwalader Rawle ; their daughter

4240-529: The rest of her life, spending winters and springs on the French Riviera at Sainte Claire du Vieux Chateau in Hyères . Wharton was a committed supporter of French imperialism , describing herself as a "rabid imperialist,” and the war solidified her political views. After the war, she traveled to Morocco, as the guest of Resident General Hubert Lyautey and wrote the book In Morocco , full of praise for

4320-417: The social rituals of the New York upper classes. She keenly observed the social changes happening around her, which she later used in her writing. Wharton officially came out as a debutante to society in 1879. She was allowed to bare her shoulders and wear her hair up for the first time at a December dance, which was given by a Society matron, Anna Morton. Wharton began a courtship with Henry Leyden Stevens,

4400-457: The son of Paran Stevens, a wealthy hotelier and real estate investor from rural New Hampshire. His sister, Minnie, married Arthur Paget . The Jones family did not approve of Stevens. In the middle of her debutante season, the Jones family returned to Europe in 1881 for her father's health. In spite of this, her father, George Frederic Jones, died of a stroke in Cannes in 1882. Stevens was with

4480-611: The source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Portuguese Misplaced Pages article at [[:pt:Alcaide]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|pt|Alcaide}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Misplaced Pages:Translation . ( Learn how and when to remove this message ) [REDACTED] A clan of mountaineers and their qaid ( In Morocco (1920) by Edith Wharton ) Qaid ( Arabic : قائد qāʾid , "commander"; pl. qaada ), also spelled kaid or caïd ,

4560-438: The source of your translation. A model attribution edit summary is Content in this edit is translated from the existing Spanish Misplaced Pages article at [[:es:Alcaide]]; see its history for attribution. You may also add the template {{Translated|es|Alcaide}} to the talk page . For more guidance, see Misplaced Pages:Translation . [REDACTED] You can help expand this article with text translated from

4640-405: The specified     address and port originating from the     opposing (remote or local, as previously) host. The #TCP meltdown problem is often not a problem when using OpenSSH's port forwarding, because many use cases do not entail TCP-over-TCP tunneling; the meltdown is avoided because the OpenSSH client processes the local, client-side TCP connection in order to get to

4720-519: The star Qaid (film) , 1975 Hindi film starring Leena Chandavarkar and Kamini Kaushal Umar Qaid , 1975 Hindi Bollywood action film The Kingdom of Caid, Society for Creative Anachronism , encompasses Southern California, the Las Vegas metropolitan area, and Hawaii. Khuddamul Ahmadiyya chapter leaders are called Qaid. The Qaid in this terminology is a Muslim youth leader who guides his local khuddam in services to faith and nation. In

4800-520: The transmission of frames between two nodes. A tunnel is not encrypted by default: the TCP/IP protocol chosen determines the level of security. SSH uses port 22 to enable data encryption of payloads being transmitted over a public network (such as the Internet) connection, thereby providing VPN functionality. IPsec has an end-to-end Transport Mode, but can also operate in a tunneling mode through

4880-878: The war effort and encouraged America to enter the war. She wrote the popular romantic novel, Summer in 1917, the war novella, The Marne, in 1918, and A Son at the Front, in 1919 (published 1923). When the war ended, she watched the Victory Parade from the Champs Elysees' balcony of a friend's apartment. After four years of intense effort, she decided to leave Paris for the quiet of the countryside. Wharton settled 10 mi (16 km) north of Paris in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt , buying an 18th-century house on seven acres of land that she called Pavillon Colombe. She lived there, in summer and autumn, for

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4960-500: The war effort, and opening tuberculosis hospitals. In 1915, Wharton edited a charity benefit volume, The Book of the Homeless , which included essays, art, poetry, and musical scores by many major contemporary European and American artists, including Henry James , Joseph Conrad , William Dean Howells , Anna de Noailles , Jean Cocteau , and Walter Gay , among others. Wharton proposed the book to her publisher, Scribner's, handled

5040-511: The war were due to the depreciation of American currency. From 1866 to 1872, the Jones family visited France , Italy , Germany , and Spain . During her travels, the young Edith became fluent in French , German , and Italian . At the age of nine, she suffered from typhoid fever , which nearly killed her, while the family was at a spa in the Black Forest . After the family returned to

5120-411: The war zone, viewing one devastated French village after another. She visited the trenches and was within earshot of artillery fire. She wrote, "We woke to a noise of guns closer and more incessant, and when we went out into the streets, it seemed as if, overnight, a new army had sprung out of the ground". Throughout the war, she worked in charitable efforts for refugees, the injured, the unemployed, and

5200-1074: Was allowed to read Louisa May Alcott but Wharton preferred Lewis Carroll 's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Charles Kingsley 's The Water-Babies, A Fairy Tale for a Land Baby . Wharton's mother forbade her from reading many novels and Wharton said she "read everything else but novels until the day of my marriage." Instead Wharton read the classics, philosophy, history, and poetry in her father's library including Daniel Defoe , John Milton , Thomas Carlyle , Alphonse de Lamartine , Victor Hugo , Jean Racine , Thomas Moore , Lord Byron , William Wordsworth , John Ruskin , and Washington Irving . Biographer Hermione Lee describes Wharton as having read herself "out of Old New York" and her influences included Herbert Spencer , Charles Darwin , Friedrich Nietzsche , T. H. Huxley , George Romanes , James Frazer , and Thorstein Veblen . These influenced her ethnographic style of novelization . Wharton developed

5280-556: Was also nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1927, 1928, and 1930. Wharton was friend and confidante to many prominent intellectuals of her time: Henry James, Sinclair Lewis , Jean Cocteau , and André Gide were all her guests, at one time or another. Theodore Roosevelt, Bernard Berenson , and Kenneth Clark were valued friends, as well. Particularly notable was her meeting with F. Scott Fitzgerald , described by

5360-613: Was an American writer and designer. Wharton drew upon her insider's knowledge of the upper-class New York "aristocracy" to portray, realistically, the lives and morals of the Gilded Age . In 1921, she became the first woman to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for her novel, The Age of Innocence . She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 1996. Her other well-known works are The House of Mirth ,

5440-452: Was at work on a revised edition of The Decoration of Houses , when she suffered a heart attack and collapsed. She died of a stroke on August 11, 1937, at Le Pavillon Colombe , her 18th-century house on Rue de Montmorency in Saint-Brice-sous-Forêt . She died at 5:30 p.m., but her death was not known in Paris. At her bedside was her friend, Mrs. Royall Tyler . Wharton was buried in

5520-417: Was beset with harsh literary criticism from the naturalist school of writers. In addition to novels, Wharton wrote at least 85 short stories. She was also a garden designer , an interior designer , and a taste-maker of her time. She wrote several design books, including her first major published work, The Decoration of Houses (1897), co-authored by Ogden Codman . Another of her "home and garden" books

5600-574: Was discovered, in 2017. It had a radio adaptation broadcast on BBC Radio 3, in 2018. It wouldn't be until 2023, over a century later, that the world stage premiere took place in Canada at the Shaw Festival , directed by Peter Hinton-Davis. She collaborated with Marie Tempest to write another play, but the two only completed four acts, before Marie decided she was no longer interested in costume plays. One of her earliest literary endeavors (1902)

5680-432: Was her primary residence, until 1911. When living there and while traveling abroad, Wharton was usually driven to appointments by her longtime chauffeur and friend, Charles Cook, a native of nearby South Lee, Massachusetts . When her marriage deteriorated, she decided to move, permanently, to France, living, first, at 53 Rue de Varenne, Paris , in an apartment that belonged to George Washington Vanderbilt II . Wharton

5760-574: Was landscape architect Beatrix Farrand . Edith was baptized April 20, 1862, Easter Sunday , at Grace Church . Wharton's paternal family, the Joneses, were a very wealthy and socially prominent family, having made their money in real estate. The saying " keeping up with the Joneses " is said to refer to her father's family. She was related to the Rensselaers , the most prestigious of the old patroon families, who had received land grants from

5840-460: Was not considered a proper occupation for a society woman of her time. Consequently, the poem was published under the name of a friend's father, E. A. Washburn, a cousin of Ralph Waldo Emerson , who supported women's education. In 1877, at the age of 15, she secretly wrote a novella , Fast and Loose . In 1878, her father arranged for a collection of two dozen original poems and five translations, Verses, to be privately published. Wharton published

5920-548: Was preparing to vacation for the summer, when World War I broke out. Though many fled Paris, she moved back to her Paris apartment on the Rue de Varenne and for four years, she was a tireless and ardent supporter of the French war effort. One of the first causes she undertook, in August 1914, was the opening of a workroom for unemployed women. Here, they were fed and paid one franc a day. What began, with 30 women, soon doubled, to 60 women, and their sewing business began to thrive. When

6000-433: Was published: "Mrs. Manstey's View" had very little success, and it took her more than a year to publish another story. She completed "The Fullness of Life,” following her annual European trip with Teddy. Burlingame was critical of this story, but Wharton did not want to make edits to it. This story, along with many others, speaks about her marriage. She sent Bunner Sisters to Scribner's, in 1892. Burlingame wrote back that it

6080-423: Was rejected by Burlingame, she lost confidence in herself. She started travel writing , in 1894. In 1901, Wharton wrote a two-act play called Man of Genius . This play was about an English man who was having an affair with his secretary. The play was rehearsed but was never produced. Another 1901 play, The Shadow of a Doubt , which also came close to being staged but fell through, was thought to be lost, until it

6160-400: Was said to suffer from asthma and periods of depression. In 1908, Teddy Wharton's mental condition was determined to be incurable. In that year, Wharton began an affair with Morton Fullerton , an author, and foreign correspondent for The Times of London, in whom she found an intellectual partner. She divorced Edward Wharton, in 1913, after 28 years of marriage. Around the same time, she

6240-662: Was the translation of the play Es Lebe das Leben ("The Joy of Living"), by Hermann Sudermann. The Joy of Living was criticized for its title, because the heroine swallows poison, at the end, and was a short-lived Broadway production. It was, however, a successful book. Many of Wharton's novels are characterized by subtle use of dramatic irony . Having grown up in upper-class, late-19th-century society, Wharton became one of its most astute critics, in such works as The House of Mirth and The Age of Innocence . Versions of her mother, Lucretia Jones, often appeared in Wharton's fiction. Biographer Hermione Lee described it as "one of

6320-406: Was too long for Scribner's to publish. This story is believed to be based on an experience she had as a child. It did not see publication until 1916, and it is included in the collection called Xingu . After a visit with her friend, Paul Bourget , she wrote "The Good May Come" and "The Lamp of Psyche.” "The Lamp of Psyche" was a comical story, with verbal wit and sorrow. After "Something Exquisite"

6400-425: Was very critical of her work and wrote public reviews criticizing it. She also wrote about her own experiences with life. "Intense Love's Utterance" is a poem written about Henry Stevens. In 1889, she sent out three poems for publication, to Scribner's , Harper's and Century . Edward L. Burlingame published "The Last Giustiniani" for Scribner's . It was not until Wharton was 29 that her first short story

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