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55-627: The Zaydi tribesmen in the northern highlands, particularly those of Hashid and Bakil , constantly resisted Turkish rule in Arabia . Justifying their presence in Yemen as a triumph for Islam, the Ottomans accused the Zaydis of being infidels . Hassan Pasha was appointed governor of Yemen , which enjoyed a period of relative peace from 1585 to 1597. Pupils of al-Mansur al-Qasim suggested that he claim

110-469: A Sayyid , Ibrahim al-Mahatwari, rose against the imam. He was reputed to be a great magician , and his ecstatic followers defeated several of the imam's armies. Eventually he claimed to be the expected Mahdi of Shi'a belief. The imam's sons finally crushed the rebellion, and Ibrahim al-Mahatwari was killed. On the positive side, the reign of al-Mahdi Muhammad enjoyed some external prestige. In 1701-1702 he received envoys from Shah Abbas II of Persia and

165-504: A fatwā or legal statement in favour of Zayd in his rebellion against the Umayyad ruler. He also urged people in secret to join the uprising and delivered funds to Zayd. Unlike Twelver and Isma'ili Shi'ism , Zaydis do not believe in the infallibility of Imams and reject the notion of nass imamate . but believe that an Imam can be any descendant of Hasan ibn ʻAlī or Husayn ibn ʻAlī. Zaydis believe that Zayd ibn Ali in his last hour

220-547: A 10-year truce with the Ottomans. When Imam al-Mansur al-Qasim died in 1620 his son Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad succeeded him and confirmed the truce with the Ottomans. In 1627, the Ottomans lost Aden and Lahej . 'Abdin Pasha was ordered to suppress the rebels but failed and had to retreat to Mocha . After Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad expelled the Ottomans from Sana'a in 1628, only Zabid and Mocha remained under Ottoman possession. Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad captured Zabid in 1634 and allowed

275-685: A favourable view of the first two Rashidun Caliphs . The term " Rāfiḍa " became a popular pejorative term used by the Zaydi scholars against Imami Shias to criticize their rejection of Zayd ibn Ali . While not one of the Twelve Imams embraced by Twelver Shi'ism, Zayd ibn Ali features in historical accounts within Twelver literature in a positive and negative light. In Twelver accounts, Imam Ali al-Ridha narrated how his grandfather, Ja'far al-Sadiq , also supported Zayd ibn Ali's struggle: he

330-667: A man about 80 with handsome figure and countenance. He displayed very little pomp except when going to the Friday prayer; then he would be accompanied by 1,000 foot soldiers and 200 horsemen, together with mounted officers of the household and court. After the Jewish exiles had returned from their banishment to Mawza , Imam al-Mahdi Muhammad is said to have drawn the Jews near to himself, defended them and made it possible for them to return to their previous status. Al-Mahdi Muhammad's long reign

385-490: A new succession line was started in the 19th century by Muhammad bin Yahya Hamid ad-Din . With minor interruptions, these two dynasties ruled in Yemen until the creation of Yemen Arab Republic in 1962. While the rulers ostensibly conformed to Hadawi law (thus the "imamate"), the doctrines had to be modified to allow hereditary, as opposed to traditional merit-based, selection of imams. The end of imam rule in 1962, with

440-467: A period of only three years; of these, al-Mahdi Muhammad finally gained power in 1689 after a violent struggle. The imamate did not follow a cohesive mechanism for succession, and family quarrels and tribal insubordination led to the political decline of the Qasimi dynasty in the 18th century. In 1728 or 1731 the chief representative of Lahej declared himself an independent Sultan in defiance of

495-561: Is often based on just their acceptance of Ali as a rightful successor to prophet Muhammad . Mainstream (" twelver ") Shia sometimes consider Zaydism to be a " fifth school " of Sunni Islam. Zaydis regard rationalism as more important than Quranic literalism and in the past were quite tolerant towards Sunni Shafi'ism , a religion of about half of the Yemenis . Most of the world's Zaydis are located in Northern Yemen , and in

550-618: Is similar to the Hanafi school of Sunni Islamic jurisprudence, as well as the Ibadi school. Abu Hanifa , the founder of the Hanafi school, was favorable and even donated towards the Zaydi cause. Zaydis dismiss religious dissimulation ( taqiyya ). Zaydism does not rely heavily on hadith , but uses those that are consistent with the Qur'an , and is open to hadith . Some sources argue that Zaydism

605-506: Is simply a philosophy of political government that justifies the overthrow of unjust rulers and prioritizes those who are Banu Hashim . Haider states that mainstream Zaydism (Hadawi) is a result of interaction of two currents, Batrism and Jarudism , their followers brought together during the original Zayd's rebellion. These names, also designated as Batri and Jarudi, do not necessarily represent cohesive groups of people, for example, Batrism ideas (proto-Sunni) were dominant among Zaydi in

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660-465: The Caspian Sea were forcefully converted to Twelver Shi'ism in the 16th century. The Zaydis in Yemen had initially lived in the highlands and the northern territories, but extent of their dominance away from their capital of 7 centuries, Saada , had been changing over time. Rassid dynasty was established after an Ottoman invasion in the 16th century. After another interaction with Ottomans,

715-761: The Iranian Alavids of Mazandaran Province and the Buyid dynasty of Gilan Province and the Arab dynasties of the Banu Ukhaidhir of al-Yamama (modern Saudi Arabia ) and the Rassids of Yemen . The Idrisid dynasty in the western Maghreb were another Arab Zaydi dynasty, ruling 788–985. The Alavids established a Zaydi state in Deylaman and Tabaristan (northern Iran) in 864; it lasted until

770-644: The Islamic State – Yemen Province . The Imams of Yemen constitute one line of Zaidi imams. A timeline indicating Zaidi Imams in the early period amongst other Shia Imams as listed in Al-Masaabeeh fee As-Seerah by Ahmad bin Ibrahim is as follows: Al-Mahdi Muhammad Al-Mahdi Muhammad bin Ahmed (October 27, 1637 – August 2, 1718), also known as Ṣāḥib al-Mawāhib ,

825-659: The Ottoman pasha in Jeddah . The soaring prices of coffee, which was still almost solely produced in Yemen, underpinned the resources and prestige of the imamate. Towards the end of al-Mahdi Muhammad's reign several persons rose and claimed the imamate, as a consequence of his highhanded governance and abuse of the laws. An al-Mu'ayyad al-Husayn was proclaimed imam in Sa'dah in 1709–1712, and in 1714 an al-Mutawakkil bin Ali briefly besieged

880-624: The Saudi Arabian area of Najran . In the 7th century some early Muslims expected Ali to become a first caliph , successor to Muhammad . After ascension of Abu Bakr , supporters of Ali (and future Shia) continued to believe only people from the Prophet's family to qualify as rulers and selected one leader, imam, from each generation (the proto-Sunni, in contrast, recognized Abu Bakr as a legitimate first caliph ). The Zaydis emerged in reverence of Zayd ibn Ali 's failed uprising against

935-628: The Umayyad caliph Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ( r.  724–743 ). While a majority of the early Shia recognized Zayd's brother, Muhammad al-Baqir , as the fifth leader, some considered Zayd as the fifth imam, and thus in the 8th century formed the Zaydi or " Fivers " offshoot of Islam. The Zaydis formed the states in what is now known as northern Iran ( Tabaristan , 864 CE , by Hasan ibn Zayd , expanded to Daylam and Gilan ) and later in Yemen (893 CE, by al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya ). The Zaydis on

990-467: The 8th century, and Jarudism (Shia) took over in the 9th century. The following table summarizes the differences between Batri and Jarudi beliefs per Haider: Zaydis’ theological literature puts an emphasis on social justice and human responsibility, and its political implications, i.e. Muslims have an ethical and legal obligation by their religion to rise up and depose unjust leaders including unrighteous sultans and caliphs. Zaydis believe Zayd ibn Ali

1045-587: The Companions wrong in failing to recognise 'Ali as the legitimate Caliph and deny legitimacy to Abu Bakr , Umar and Uthman ; however, they avoid accusing them. The Jarudiyya were active during the late Umayyad Caliphate and early Abbasid Caliphate . Its views, although predominant among the later Zaydis, especially in Yemen under the Hadawi sub-sect, became extinct in Iraq and Iran due to forced conversion of

1100-648: The Jews of Yemen, which culminated in the expulsion of all Jews to a hot and arid region in the Tihama coastal plain. The Qasimid state was the strongest Zaydi state to ever exist. At the death of the imam in 1681, his son Muhammad was prevented from assuming the imamate due to counter-claims by relatives in Rada, Shaharah , Sa'dah and Mansura. Through mediation of the Ulama (religious scholars), one of these, al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad II , took power. Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad II

1155-489: The Ottomans out of the country completely. Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad died in 1644. He was succeeded by Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il , another son of al-Mansur al-Qasim , who conquered Yemen in its entirety, from Asir in the north to Dhofar in the east. During Al-Mutawakkil Isma'il reign and that of his successor, Al-Mahdi Ahmad (1676–1681), the Imamate implemented some of the harshest discriminatory laws ( ghiyar ) against

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1210-445: The Ottomans to leave Mocha peacefully. The reasons behind Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad 's success were the tribes' possession of firearms and the fact that they were unified behind him. In 1632 CE, Al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad sent an expeditionary force of 1000 men to conquer Mecca . The army entered the city in triumph and killed its governor. The Ottomans were not ready to lose Mecca after Yemen, so they sent an army from Egypt to fight

1265-651: The Qasimid Dynasty and conquered Aden thus establishing the Sultanate of Lahej . In 1740 the 'Abdali sultan of Lahej became completely independent. It became independent thanks to the fracturing of the Zaidi State in north Yemen. The Sultanate of Lahej became an independent entity, from 1728 to 1839. The rising power of the fervently Islamist Wahhabi movement on the Arabian Peninsula cost

1320-641: The Sulaymaniyya, except they see Uthman also as in error but not in sin. The term rafida was a term used by Zayd ibn Ali on those who rejected him in his last hours for his refusal to condemn the first two Caliphs of the Muslim world, Abu Bakr and Umar. Zayd bitterly scolds the "rejectors" ( rafidha ) who deserted him, an appellation used by Salafis to refer to Twelver Shi'a to this day. A group of their leaders assembled in his (Zayd's presence) and said: "May God have mercy on you! What do you have to say on

1375-640: The Umayyads during the 8th century. Since 2004 in Yemen , Zaidi fighters have been waging an uprising against factions belonging to the Sunni majority group in the country. The Houthis , as they are often called, have asserted that their actions are for the defense of their community from the government and discrimination, though the Yemeni government in turn accused them of wishing to bring it down and institute religious law. On 21 September 2014, an agreement

1430-634: The Yemenites. Seeing that the Turkish army was too numerous to overcome, the Yemeni army retreated to a valley outside Mecca . Ottoman troops attacked the Yemenis by hiding at the wells that supplied them with water. This plan proceeded successfully, causing the Yemenis over 200 casualties, most from thirst. The tribesmen eventually surrendered and returned to Yemen. By 1636, the Zaydi tribesmen had driven

1485-688: The Zaidi community took the title of Caliph . As such, the ruler of Yemen was known as the Caliph. Al-Hadi ila'l-Haqq Yahya , a descendant of Imam Hasan ibn Ali, founded this Rassid state at Sa'da , al-Yaman, in c. 893–897. The Rassid Imamate continued until the middle of the 20th century, when a 1962 revolution deposed the Imam. After the fall of the Zaydi Imamate in 1962 many Zaydi Shia in northern Yemen had converted to Sunni Islam. The Rassid state

1540-524: The Zaidi state its coastal possessions after 1803 CE. The imam was able to regain them temporarily in 1818, but new intervention by the Ottoman viceroy of Egypt in 1833 again wrested the coast from the ruler in Sana'a. After 1835 the imamate changed hands with great frequency and some imams were assassinated. After 1849 the Zaidi polity descended into chaos that lasted for decades. During that period, Yemen

1595-698: The death of its leader at the hand of the Sunni Samanids in 928. Roughly forty years later, the state was revived in Gilan (Northwest Iran) and survived until 1126. From the 12th–13th centuries, Zaydi communities acknowledged the Imams of Yemen or rival Imams within Iran. The Buyid dynasty was initially Zaidi as were the Banu Ukhaidhir rulers of al-Yamama in the 9th and 10th centuries. The leader of

1650-493: The eighth century following Zayd ibn Ali ‘s unsuccessful rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate . Zaydism is typically considered to be a branch of Shia Islam that comes closest to the Sunni , although the "classical" form of Zaydism (usually referred to as Hadawi ) over the centuries had changed its posture with regard to Sunni and Shia traditions multiple times, to the point where interpretation of Zaydi as Shia

1705-639: The first half of the 18th century, the Europeans broke Yemen's monopoly on coffee by smuggling out coffee trees and cultivating them in their own colonies in the East Indies, East Africa, the West Indies and Latin America. Zaidiyyah Zaydism ( Arabic : الزَّيْدِيَّة , romanized :  az-Zaydiyya ) is one of the three main branches of Shia Islam that emerged in

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1760-408: The gallows in the al-Konasa neighbourhood." After Zayd left, As-Sadiq said, "Woe be to those who hear his call but do not help him!". Jafar al-Sadiq's love for Zayd ibn Ali was so immense that he broke down and cried upon reading the letter informing him of his death and proclaimed: From God we are and to Him is our return. I ask God for my reward in this calamity. He was a really good uncle. My uncle

1815-516: The imam at al-Mawahib. In 1716 al-Mansur al-Husayn rebelled against al-Mahdi Muhammad and set forth his claim ( da'wah ) as king of the northern tribes in the strong fortress Shaharah. His call was heeded in a large part of Yemen. At that time, towns and villages in the outlying regions of Sana'a were attacked by hordes of pillaging armies from the north. Jewish houses in the newly built Jewish Quarter outside of Sana'a, Bir al-'Azab , were ravaged. Al-Mahdi Muhammad sent his nephew al-Qasim to deal with

1870-524: The imamate and fight the Turks. He declined at first but was infuriated by the promotion of the Hanafi school of jurisprudence at the expense of Zaydi Islam . Al-Mansur al-Qasim proclaimed the Imamate in September ;1597, which was the same year the Ottoman authorities inaugurated al-Bakiriyya Mosque . By 1608, Imam al-Mansur (the victorious) regained control over the highlands and signed

1925-481: The imamate broke out between various contenders for a period of three years. Muhammad claimed the imamate in Mansura, but was besieged by opposing relatives. However, he managed to break the siege and capture the enemy leaders. He was now generally acknowledged by the various parts of the country. He is known under the name Ṣāḥib al-Mawāhib because he kept his residence in al-Mawahib east of Dhamar. Al-Mahdi Muhammad

1980-503: The matter of Abu Bakr and Umar?" Zayd said, "I have not heard anyone in my family renouncing them both nor saying anything but good about them...when they were entrusted with government they behaved justly with the people and acted according to the Qur'an and the Sunnah" According to Zaydi traditions, Rāfiḍa referred to those Kufans who deserted and refused to support Zayd ibn Ali , who had

2035-433: The mid-eleventh century. The Hammudid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty in the 11th century in southern Spain. The Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen , also known as North Yemen, existed between 1918 and 1962 in the northern part of what is now Yemen. Its capital was Sana'a until 1948, then Ta'izz. Since the earliest form of Zaydism was Jaroudiah , many of the first Zaidi states were supporters of its position, such as those of

2090-635: The new rulers in Yemen no longer conforming to the requirements of Zaydism, caused Zaydi scholars to call for the restoration of the imamate. This contributed to the North Yemen Civil War that lasted from 1962 to 1970. The national reconciliation of 1970 paused the fighting with traumatized Zaydis following three main routes: In matters of Islamic jurisprudence , the Zaydis follow Zayd Ibn 'Ali 's teachings which are documented in his book Majmu’ Al-Fiqh ( Arabic : مجموع الفِقه ). Zaydi fiqh

2145-413: The predominant external influence in Yemen since the withdrawal of Nasser's Egyptian expeditionary force marking the end of the bitter North Yemen Civil War . There is a wide array of domestic opponents to Houthi rule in Yemen, ranging from the conservative Sunni Islah Party to the secular socialist Southern Movement to the radical Islamists of Al Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula and, since 2014,

2200-631: The present religious sects to Twelver Shi'ism by the Safavid dynasty . The second group, the Sulaymaniyya, named for Sulayman ibn Jarir, held that the Imamate should be a matter to be decided by consultation. They felt that the companions, including Abu Bakr and 'Umar, had been in error in failing to follow 'Ali but it did not amount to sin. The third group is known as the Batriyya , Tabiriyya, or Salihiyya for Kathir an-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih. Their beliefs are virtually identical to those of

2255-465: The situation. After a lost battle, al-Qasim submitted to the pretender-imam. Al-Mahdi Muhammad was forced to yield, and his name was removed from the address in the Friday prayer . However, al-Qasim took the first opportunity to proclaim himself imam, as al-Mutawakkil al-Qasim , thus opposing al-Mansur al-Husayn. In this uneasy situation, the old al-Mahdi Muhammad died in 1718 while his residence al-Mawahib

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2310-429: The status of the first three Rashidun caliphs who succeeded to the political and administrative authority of Muhammad. The earliest group, called Jarudiyya (named for Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad), was opposed to the approval of certain companions of the Prophet . They held that there was sufficient description given by the Prophet that all should have recognized Ali as the rightful caliph. They therefore consider

2365-431: Was a Zaydi Shia dynasty which ruled over Bia pish (eastern Gilan) from the 1370s to 1592. They claimed Sasanian ancestry as well. Alid dynasty of Tabaristan. See Alid dynasties of northern Iran . The Idrisid dynasty was a Zaydi dynasty centered around modern-day Morocco. It was named after its first leader Idris I . The Banu Ukhaidhir was a dynasty that ruled in al-Yamamah (central Arabia ) from 867 to at least

2420-706: Was a man for our world and for our Hereafter. I swear by God that my uncle is a martyr just like the martyrs who fought along with God’s Prophet or Ali or Al-Hassan or Al-Hussein However, in other hadiths, narrated in Al-Kafi , the main Shia book of hadith , Zayd ibn Ali is criticized by his half-brother, Imam Muhammad al-Baqir, for his revolt against the Umayyad Dynasty . According to Alexander Shepard, an Islamic Studies specialist, much of Twelver ahadith and theology

2475-563: Was an Imam of Yemen who ruled in 1689–1718. He belonged to the Qasimid family that was descended from the Islamic prophet Muhammad and dominated the Zaidi imamate in 1597–1962. Muhammad was the son of the imam al-Mahdi Ahmad . When the latter died in 1681, Muhammad was prevented from succeeding him. When the next imam al-Mu'ayyad Muhammad II died in 1686, a struggle for

2530-580: Was betrayed by the people in Kufa . Zaydis reject anthropomorphism and instead, take a rationalist approach to scriptural uses of anthropomorphic expressions, as illustrated in works such as the Kitāb al-Mustarshid by the 9th-century Zaydi imam al-Qasim al-Rassi . There was a difference of opinion among the companions and supporters of Zayd ibn 'Ali, such as Abu al-Jarud Ziyad ibn Abi Ziyad, Sulayman ibn Jarir, Kathir al-Nawa al-Abtar and Hasan ibn Salih, concerning

2585-640: Was founded under Jarudiyya thought; however, increasing interactions with Hanafi and Shafi'i schools of Sunni Islam led to a shift to Sulaimaniyyah thought, especially among the Hadawi sub-sect. In the 21st century, the most prominent Zaidi movement is the Shabab Al Mu'mineen , commonly known as Houthis , who have been engaged in an uprising against the Yemeni Government, causing a grave humanitarian crisis in north Yemen. Some Persian and Arab legends record that Zaidis fled to China from

2640-536: Was interspersed with internal rebellions and crises. In 1689 he attempted to win back Yafa in the east, which had been lost to the Zaidi state in the previous reign. The enterprise failed, however, and Yafa tribesmen raided Ibb in 1708. Sa'dah in the far north rebelled in 1691 under the emir Ali bin Ahmad bin al-Qasim. The emir led an army of tribesmen against San'a, but the siege was defeated. The imam's troops, in turn, conquered Sa'dah and forced Ali to flee. In 1699

2695-508: Was known to Zaidi historiography as a tough and arbitrary ruler who was unwilling to listen to advice. He exacted taxes that were not according to the shariah . On the other hand, he had an ascetic outward appearance and declined silk or fine cloths. His arbitrary killings of subjects gave rise to popular beliefs that his evil actions were influenced by a jinn . A French delegation met the imam in February 1712. The visitors described him as

2750-589: Was not a warlike leader, but rather an ascetic and deeply religious personality who was devoted to learning. The well-known scholar and writer Muhammad ash-Shawkani considered him one of the most righteous imams. He died in 1686 in Hamman Ali in the Anis region, possibly from poisoning. The deceased imam was buried in Jabal Dawran, at the side of his father. Seven contenders claimed the succession after him in

2805-452: Was one of the scholars from the Household of Muhammad and got angry for the sake of the Honorable the Exalted God. He fought with the enemies of God until he got killed in His path. My father Musa ibn Ja’far narrated that he had heard his father Ja’far ibn Muhammad say, "May God bless my uncle Zayd... He consulted with me about his uprising and I told him, "O my uncle! Do this if you are pleased with being killed and your corpse being hung up from

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2860-464: Was signed in Sana'a under UN patronage essentially giving the Houthis control of the government after a decade of conflict. Tribal militias then moved swiftly to consolidate their position in the capital, with the group officially declaring direct control over the state on 6 February 2015. This outcome followed the removal of Yemen's President Ali Abdullah Saleh in 2012 in the wake of protracted Arab Spring protests. Saudi Arabia has exercised

2915-405: Was the rightful successor to the imamate because he led a rebellion against the Umayyad Caliphate, which he believed was tyrannical and corrupt. Muhammad al-Baqir did not engage in political action and the followers of Zayd believed that a true Imām must fight against corrupt rulers. The renowned Muslim jurist Abu Hanifa , who is credited with founding the Hanafi school of Sunni Islam , delivered

2970-408: Was the sole coffee producer in the world. The country established diplomatic relations with the Safavid dynasty of Persia , the Ottomans of Hejaz , the Mughal Empire in India and Ethiopia. The Fasilides of Ethiopia sent three diplomatic missions to Yemen, but the relations did not develop into a political alliance as Fasilides had hoped, due to the rise of powerful feudalists in the country. In

3025-416: Was written to counter Zaydism. The Justanids (Persian: جستانیان‎) were the rulers of a part of Daylam (the mountainous district of Gilan) from 791 to the late 11th century. After Marzuban ibn Justan converted to Islam in 805, the ancient family of Justan's became connected to the Zaydi Alids of the Daylam region. The Justanids adopted the Zaydi form of Shi'ism. The Karkiya dynasty , or Kia dynasty,

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