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29-538: Qijia may refer to: Qijia culture , early Bronze Age culture distributed around western Gansu and eastern Qinghai, China Qijia, Longhua County , town in Longhua County, Hebei, China Qijia Township , township in Shangyi County, Hebei, China Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

58-770: A few pieces of grey ware. They are handmade, there being no evidence of wheel-made ware. While the Qijia culture pottery has its own stylistic characteristics, it also shares many traits in common with the Longshan culture in Shaanxi. Some elements of the Majiayao culture are also present. Machang culture (马厂) also flourished in 2500–2000 BC along the Yellow River; it was an outgrowth of the Banshan culture. Machang culture

87-495: A frontier of some 4,000 miles. Supposedly this migration took place in just five to six generations and enabled people from Finland in the west to Thailand in the east to employ the same metal working technology and in some areas, horse breeding and riding. However, further excavations and research in Ban Chiang and Ban Non Wat (both Thailand) argue the idea that Seima-Turbino brought metal workings into southeast Asia

116-457: A highly sophisticated and massive bronze industry. Various types of Seima-Turbino style objects are known from the early cultures of China: It has been conjectured that changes in climate in this region around 2000  BCE and the ensuing ecological, economic and political changes triggered a rapid and massive migration westward into northeast Europe, eastward into Korea , and southward into Southeast Asia ( Vietnam and Thailand ) across

145-770: Is a pattern of burial sites with similar bronze artifacts. Seima-Turbino is attested across northern Eurasia , particularly Siberia and Central Asia , maybe from Fennoscandia to Mongolia , Northeast China , Russian Far East , Korea , and Japan . The homeland is considered to be the Altai Mountains . These findings have suggested a common point of cultural origin, possession of advanced metal working technology, and unexplained rapid migration. The buried were nomadic warriors and metal-workers, traveling on horseback or two-wheeled carts . Anthony (2007) dated Seima-Turbino to "before 1900 BCE onwards." Currently, both Childebayeva (2017) and Marchenko (2017) date

174-583: Is based on inaccurate and unreliable radiocarbon dating at the site of Ban Chiang. It is now agreed by virtually every specialist in Southeast Asian prehistory that the Bronze Age of Southeast Asia occurred too late to be related to ST, and the cast bronzes are quite different. The distribution of Seima-Turbino sites is argued to display a correlation with the range of paternal haplogroup N-M231 (N3a3’6 [corrected to 2020: "N" basic]) as well as

203-568: Is named after the Qijiaping Site (齐家坪) in Gansu Province. Prior to Qijia culture, in the same area there existed Majiayao culture that was also familiar with metalwork. At the end of the third millennium B.C., Qijia culture succeeded Majiayao culture at sites in three main geographic zones: Eastern Gansu, Middle Gansu, and Western Gansu/Eastern Qinghai. The Qijia culture benefited from the warm and humid climatic conditions from

232-706: The Afanasievo culture and the Majiayao culture and the Qijia culture have been considered for the transmission of bronze technology. During this period, Central Asian styles of pottery and ornamentation, in addition to bronze techniques, were also introduced to the Qijia Culture and the Siba culture . In particular, bronze knife technology was probably transferred from the Seima-Turbino phenomenon through

261-643: The Saiano-Altai region that tin bronze (alloys of copper and tin) began to be used, initially through forging and progressively through casting techniques, marking the true start of the Bronze Age . The bronzes found were technologically advanced for the time, including lost wax casting, and showed high degree of artist input in their design. Horses were the most common shapes for the hilts of blades. Weapons such as spearheads with hooks, single-bladed knives and socketed axes with geometric designs traveled west and east from Xinjiang. The culture spread from

290-838: The Sintashta culture ), to that of the Late Neolithic/Bronze Age Eastern Siberians , which peaks among Uralic-speaking Nganasan people . They also displayed affinity to Okunevo culture remains, which in turn is affiliated with the Seima-Turbino culture. One male could be modelled as deriving their ancestry entirely from Sintashta Middle-Late Bronze Age. Two males were assigned to the Y-haplogroup R1a (R1a-M417 and R1a-Z645), two to C2a, one to N1a1a1a1a (N-L392), one to Q1b (Q-M346), and one to R1b1a1a (R1b-M73). The mtDNA haplogroups of

319-706: The Yangshao culture . Mogou remains belonged exclusively to paternal haplogroup O-M175 (O3a). The Qijia culture people were 80% Yellow river neolithic farmer and 20% Amur hunter gatherer. A mix of 34-36% Ancient Northeast Asian and 64-66% Yellow River neolithic farmer were the results of the Di-Qiang people in eastern Hexi Corridor (Gansu) who were related to the Qijia culture during the Neolithic. Seima-Turbino culture The Seima-Turbino culture , also Seima-Turbinsky culture or Seima-Turbino phenomenon ,

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348-687: The Altai mountains to the west and to the east. These cultures are noted for being nomadic forest and steppe societies with metal working, sometimes without having first developed agricultural methods. The development of this metalworking ability appears to have occurred quite quickly. ST bronzes have been discovered as far west as the Baltic Sea and the Borodino treasure in Moldavia . The Seima-Turbino culture may have been identical with

377-641: The Late Glacial to the Middle Holocene, which led to flourishing agricultural production and rapid population growth. These conditions changed with the aridification of the Late Holocene, provoking material and cultural decline. The ultimate origin of metallurgy for the Qijia, Siba and other cultures in Gansu is unknown and requires further investigation. Qijia culture produced some of

406-475: The Majiayao culture. A large quantity of metal ware, mostly copper objects, including some bronzes, have been excavated from various sites in Gansu province and at Gamatai in Qinghai province. 25 pieces of metalwork were analyzed for their composition. Those made from copper were the most numerous, accounting for 64 per cent of the total. The rest represented various copper alloys, including tin. Contacts between

435-662: The Seima-Turbino complex to ca. 2200 – 1900 BCE. The name derives from the Seyma cemetery near the confluence of the Oka River and Volga River , first excavated around 1914, and the Turbino cemetery in Perm , first excavated in 1924. Seima-Turbino (ST) weapons contain tin bronze ore originating from the Altai Mountains region (central Mongolia and southern Siberia ), with further ST discoveries pointing more specifically to

464-587: The Seima-Turbino culture to the north, were made precisely at the same time the Shang reported intense protracted conflicts with the northern tribes of the "Guifang". This would suggest that the Guifang were the Altaic Seima-Turbino culture itself, and that their century-long conflict with the Shang led to the transfer of various object and manufacturing techniques. Particularly, the introduction of

493-594: The Southern Siberian Munkhkhairkhan culture to various Chinese cultures, such as the Qijia culture, Erlitou culture or Lower Xiajiadian culture , where very similar knives have been found. Many of the artifacts of the Qijia culture are thought to have derived from the Seima-Turbino culture of the Altai Mountains area. Techniques of pottery-making are marked by a fine red ware and a coarse reddish-brown ware. There are also

522-569: The culture, the Qijia culture retreated from the west and suffered a reduction in population size. Some scholars hold that Siwa culture was a descendant of the Qijia culture. Also, Kayue culture is believed by some to have developed from the western part of the Qijia culture. Genetic analyses of ancient remains associated with the Qijia and Mogou sites were found to display high genetic affinity with modern Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples , particularly modern Qiang people and Han Chinese , as well as with ancient 'Yellow River farmers' associated with

551-517: The earliest bronze and copper mirrors found in China. Extensive domestication of horses was found at many Qijia sites. The archaeological sites at Lajia , Huangniangniangtai, Qinweijia, and Dahezhuang are associated with the Qijia culture. Qijia sites were also found in Ningxia and Inner Mongolia Autonomous regions. A total of over 350 sites of the Qijia culture have been found superimposed on

580-407: The individuals included those common in both east Eurasia (A10, C1, C4, G2a1) and west Eurasia (H1, H101, U5a, R1b, R1a). According to the study authors, the Seima-Turbino associated samples "harbor an extremely diverse mix of western and eastern Eurasian ancestries", and the observed genetic heterogeneity "can either suggest a group at an early stage of admixture, or signify the heterogeneous nature of

609-658: The northern tribes of the Guifang ("Devil's Country") reported by Chinese historical chronicles of the Shang dynasty (c. 1600 BC–c. 1046 BC). Several of the Shang dynasty artifacts of the Yin Ruins and from the tomb of Fu Hao (died c.1200 BCE), excavated in Shang capital of Anyang , are similar to Seima-Turbino culture artifacts, such as socketed spearheads with a single side hook, jade figurines and knives with deer-headed pommel. These Late Shang artifacts, visibly derived from

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638-577: The socketed spearheads with a single side hook seems to date back to the period of the Taosi culture , when the earliest and most faithful Seima-Turbino types start to appear in China, circa 2100-2000 BCE. These early artifacts suggest that Chinese bronze metallurgy initially derived from the cultures of the Eurasian steppes. Soon however, China was able to appropriate this technology and refine it, particularly through its mastery of bronze casting, to create

667-449: The southeastern portions of the Altai and Xinjiang . These sites have been identified with the origin of the ST culture. Originally, the lack of tin ore in Eurasian steppes meant that metallurgy was initially based on copper or " arsenical bronze " (actually copper with more or less arsenic content, with the effect of hardening it). It is only from the rise of the Seima-Turbino culture in

696-498: The title Qijia . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Qijia&oldid=771617355 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Place name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Qijia culture The Qijia Culture

725-530: The westwards spread of "Neo-Siberian" ancestry, both being maximized among the Uralic-speaking Nganasans . Seima-Turbino material culture and "Neo-Siberian" ancestry are suggested to have arrived in the western part of Eurasia (Northeastern Europe) during the interval of 4.2–3.7  kya , paralleling the suggested arrival time of Uralic languages , although one study argued that the first influx of "Neo-Siberian" ancestry to northeast Europe

754-681: Was already 7,500 years ago. Childebayeva et al. (2024) analysed DNA from nine individuals (eight males and one female) buried at the Seima-Turbino-associated site of Rostovka in Omsk (Russia), one of the few Seima-Turbino sites with preserved human remains. The individuals were found to carry diverse ancestry components, ranging between a genetic profile represented by the Western Steppe Middle-Late Bronze Age Herders (similar to

783-577: Was inhabited during the first half of the second millennium BCE. Thousands of funerary goods have been found, such as pottery vessels, bone ornaments and implements, shells, and metal objects. To date, this represents by far the biggest find of copper and bronze objects ascribed to the Qijia culture, as more than three hundred items were found here. The finds are mostly implements, such as knives, and ornaments, such as buttons, earrings and beads. Some types of objects, such as torques and armbands, were not found before. Examination reveals that tin bronze (Cu-Sn)

812-530: Was partly contemporary with the Qijia; although they were quite different, there was cultural exchange between them. Some scholars consider Machang culture as only a phase of the larger Majiayao culture, with the Qijia being derived from the Machang. The Qijia Culture Cemetery at Mogou in Lintan County , Gansu was excavated beginning from 2008. More than one thousand graves have been found there. The area

841-465: Was the most important alloy used at the Mogou site. Other alloys, such as Cu-Sn-Pb (lead) and Cu-Sn-As (arsenic), were also in use. Some items were manufactured by casting and hot-forging. Two iron fragments were recently excavated at the Mogou cemetery. They have been dated to the 14th century BC. One of the fragments was made of bloomery iron rather than meteoritic iron . During the late stages of

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