Kyrgyz is a Turkic language of the Kipchak branch spoken in Central Asia . Kyrgyz is the official language of Kyrgyzstan and a significant minority language in the Kizilsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Prefecture in Xinjiang , China and in the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region of Tajikistan . There is a very high level of mutual intelligibility between Kyrgyz, Kazakh , and Altay . A dialect of Kyrgyz known as Pamiri Kyrgyz is spoken in north-eastern Afghanistan and northern Pakistan . Kyrgyz is also spoken by many ethnic Kyrgyz through the former Soviet Union , Afghanistan , Turkey , parts of northern Pakistan , and Russia .
84-817: Kyrgyz was originally written in Göktürk script , gradually replaced by the Perso-Arabic alphabet (in use until 1928 in the USSR, still in use in China). Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin-script alphabet , the Uniform Turkic Alphabet , was used. In 1940, Soviet authorities replaced the Latin script with the Cyrillic alphabet for all Turkic languages on its territory. When Kyrgyzstan became independent following
168-487: A critical level. During the visit, Japarov said that "there are no political contradictions between our countries" and that "We have many common interests". He visited Tashkent a week later, where he and Uzbek President Shavkat Mirziyoev agreed to solve all border issues in three months. In June 2021, Sadyr Japarov and his Turkmen counterpart Gurbanguly Berdymukhamedov met to discuss the possibility of Turkmenistan supplying Kyrgyzstan with natural gas and electricity in
252-587: A decree on the celebration of the 120th anniversary of the birth of political figure Zhusup Abdrakhmanov. Japarov has emphasized his administration will have a "multipronged" foreign policy, with Russia, Kazakhstan, and Uzbekistan being major partners under his leadership. Japarov has favorable views of China. He described the China-Kyrgyzstan relations as the closest it has ever been. He has stated that China and Kyrgyzstan are dedicated to opposing East Turkestan terrorist forces, including through
336-524: A gold mining enterprise. At the same time, unknown people extorted $ 3 million from the manager of the Canadian Centerra in exchange for stopping the rallies. On 27 June 2013, during the protests against Kumtor in Karakol , the protesters tried to kidnap the akim of the region Emilbek Kaptagaev and take him hostage. The Kyrgyz authorities accused Japarov and Kubanychbek Kadyrov of organizing
420-584: A language shift. After the Mongol conquest in 1207 and a series of revolts against the Yuan dynasty , Kyrgyz-speaking tribes started to migrate to Tian Shan , which was already populated by various Turco-Mongol tribes. As Chaghatai Ulus subjects, the Kyrgyz converted to Islam . Persian and Arabic vocabulary loaned to the Kyrgyz language, but to a much lesser extent than Kazakh , Uzbek and Uyghur . Kyrgyz
504-745: A massive report entitled Russia's allies in the war against Ukraine. Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan are a reliable rear of the Russian army with attached materials. The Open Dialog Foundation is headquartered in Brussels and is actively supported by the European Union . Report mentions Japarov as a person who is proposed to be sanctioned for helping Russia to circumvent sanctions . From the report: "In 2022, Kyrgyzstan exported 115,920 electric detonators to Russia worth $ 882,400, although it did not make any deliveries in 2021. Electric detonators are used in
588-956: A member of the South Siberian branch of Turkic languages. The successor of the Yenisei Kyrgyz language today are the Khakas in Russian Federation and Fuyu Kyrgyz in Northeastern China . In 925, when the Liao dynasty defeated the Yenisei Kyrgyz and expelled them from the Mongolian steppes, some Ancient Kyrgyz elites settled in Altai and Xinjiang where they mixed with the local Kipchaks , resulting in
672-415: A number of case endings that change based on vowel harmony and the sort of consonant they follow (see the section on phonology ). Normally the decision between the velar ( [ɡ ~ ɣ] , [k] ) and uvular ( [ɢ ~ ʁ] and [χ ~ q] ) pronunciation of ⟨г⟩ and ⟨к⟩ is based on the backness of the following vowel—i.e. back vowels imply a uvular rendering and front vowels imply
756-755: A number of bronze mirrors. The website of the Language Committee of Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan lists 54 inscriptions from the Orkhon area, 106 from the Yenisei area, 15 from the Talas area, and 78 from the Altai area. The most famous of the inscriptions are the two monuments ( obelisks ) which were erected in the Orkhon Valley between 732 and 735 in honor of
840-501: A president to serve two consecutive terms and massively lowered the powers of parliament which earned nickname for a new draft for the Constitution of Kyrgyzstan as " Khan -stitution". In addition, the formation of People's Kurultai was compared to Turkmenistan 's Khalk Maslakhaty (People's Council) with Article 7 of the new Kyrgyz constitution stating that "the highest deliberative, consultative and coordinating body of democracy
924-620: A thorough comparison. The text is most likely derived from Aramaic via Sogdian alphabet and Graphic father Syriac alphabet . Contemporary Chinese sources conflict as to whether the Turks had a written language by the 6th century. The 7th century Book of Zhou mentions that the Turks had a written language similar to that of the Sogdians. Two other sources, the Book of Sui and the History of
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#17327727620251008-742: A vast public spending spree, much of which is going to companies owned by Japarov through complex networks of proxies. Japarov was born in Keng-Suu , a village in the Tüp District in what was then the Kirghiz SSR within the Soviet Union , in the family of Nurgozho and Kadic Japarov. After finishing his middle school education in 1986, he joined the Kyrgyz National Academy of Physical Culture and Sport. In 1987, Japarov
1092-434: A velar rendering—and the vowel in suffixes is decided based on the preceding vowel in the word. However, with the dative suffix in Kyrgyz, the vowel is decided normally, but the decision between velars and uvulars can be decided based on a contacting consonant, for example банк /bank/ 'bank' + GA yields банкка /bankka/ , not /bankqa/ as predicted by the following vowel. Kyrgyz has eight personal pronouns: The declension of
1176-545: A vowel distinct from /ɑ/ is questionable. The United States Peace Corps trains its volunteers using a "Left-Right Shift" method when carrying out language training in Kyrgyzstan. Kyrgyz has spent centuries in contact with numerous other languages, and as such has borrowed extensively from them. These languages include: Uzbek, Oirat , Mongolian, Russian , and Arabic . Historically the Old Turkic Script
1260-404: Is 104 times more than in 2021. Exports of printed circuits in 2022 amounted to $ 23,700 – 11 times more than in 2021. The export of computers for automatic processing from Kyrgyzstan to Russia amounted to $ 2.5 million, which is almost 7 times more than in 2021. The export of electrical machinery and equipment for special purposes increased 9 times - from $ 40,700 in 2021 to $ 367,300 in 2022." Some of
1344-569: Is U+10C00–U+10C4F. It was added to the Unicode standard in October 2009, with the release of version 5.2. It includes separate "Orkhon" and "Yenisei" variants of individual characters. Since Windows 8 Unicode Old Turkic writing support was added in the Segoe font. Sadyr Japarov Sadyr Nurgojo uulu Japarov (born 6 December 1968) is a Kyrgyz politician who has been serving as
1428-582: Is an attempt to seize power and lead to totalitarianism, he called on lawmakers to reject the new version of the Basic Law. After the adoption of the new Constitution following the 2021 constitutional referendum and the subsequent 2021 government system referendum , Kyrgyzstan dropped 50 positions in the freedom of speech rating. Since 2012, Japarov has advocated the nationalization of the Kumtor gold mine located in his native Issyk-Kul Region , and accused
1512-451: Is divided into two main dialects, Northern and Southern. Northern having more Mongolian loanwords and Southern having more Uzbek ones. Standard Kyrgyz is based on Northern Kyrgyz. There is also a third smaller dialect called Pamiri Kyrgyz. /a/ appears only in borrowings from Persian or when followed by a front vowel later in the word (regressive assimilation), e.g. /ajdøʃ/ 'sloping' instead of */ɑjdøʃ/ . In most dialects, its status as
1596-526: Is similar to a bill introduced in 2013 before finally being withdrawn. Both versions of the law present similarities to Russia's own undesirable organisations law . Prior to the adoption of this law, Russian Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu made statements about the potential danger posed by foreign NGOs in Central Asia for Russian interests. Sadyr Japarov became the main driver in promoting this law and publicly supported it. The law gives prosecutors
1680-519: Is sometimes used as a word separator. In some cases a ring ( U+2E30 ⸰ RING POINT ) is used instead. A reading example (right to left): 𐱅𐰭𐰼𐰃 transliterated t²ñr²i , this spells the name of the Turkic sky god, Täñri ( /tæŋri/ ). Variants of the script were found from Mongolia and Xinjiang in the east to the Balkans in the west. The preserved inscriptions were dated to between
1764-543: Is the People's Kurultai." The changes were described by Associate Professor William Partlett of Melbourne Law School as moving "toward a form of presidentialism that is close to the authoritarian-style 'crown-presidentialism' in the post-Soviet Eurasian space." The amendments are opposed by both Kyrgyz experts and human rights activists, as well as international organizations, including the Venice Commission of
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#17327727620251848-410: Is viewed to be autocratic and authoritarian , as he consolidated power and stifled dissent. Prior to Japarov taking charge, Kyrgyzstan was known for having a relatively open political climate compared to other post-Soviet states of Central Asia. He reintroduced a presidential system via constitutional and government system referendums which increased his executive powers to absolute and reduced
1932-726: The 2005 Tulip Revolution . In March 2005, he was elected as member of the Supreme Council from the Tüp electoral district where he headed the Kelechek parliamentary faction. He was a supporter of President Kurmanbek Bakiyev . In 2006, Japarov was a member of the State Awards Commission. In 2007, he was Deputy Chairman of the Amnesty Commission. In the 2007 parliamentary elections , he participated in
2016-642: The Aramaic alphabet in particular via the Pahlavi and Sogdian alphabets of Persia , or possibly via Kharosthi used to write Sanskrit . It has also been speculated that tamgas (livestock brands used by Eurasian nomads) were one of the sources of the Old Turkic script, but despite similarities in shape and forms, this hypothesis has been widely rejected as unverifiable, largely because early tamgas are too poorly attested and understood to be subject to
2100-576: The Göktürk prince Kül Tigin and his brother the emperor Bilge Kağan . The Tonyukuk inscription , a monument situated somewhat farther east, is slightly earlier, dating to c. 722 . These inscriptions relate in epic language the legendary origins of the Turks , the golden age of their history, their subjugation by the Chinese ( Tang-Gokturk wars ), and their liberation by Bilge . The Old Turkic manuscripts, of which there are none earlier than
2184-647: The Kyrgyzstan Constitution stating that the speaker of the Supreme Council should succeed to the office, Kanatbek Isaev refused to assume office, resulting in Japarov becoming the acting president. He was confirmed as president of Kyrgyzstan by parliament on 16 October 2020. Since coming to power in 2020, Sadyr Japarov appointed his longtime friend Kamchybek Tashiev as the head of the State Committee for National Security , making him
2268-679: The Turkish alphabet , e.g. the Common Turkic Alphabet . There are political shades to the Cyrillic-Latin debate. In April 2023, Russia suspended dairy exports to Kyrgyzstan after a proposal by the chairman of Kyrgyzstan's National Commission for the State Language and Language Policies, Kanybek Osmonaliev, to change the alphabet from Cyrillic to Latin to bring the country in line with other Turkic nations. Osmonaliev
2352-401: The president of Kyrgyzstan since 28 January 2021. He previously held the post of acting prime minister of Kyrgyzstan in the 2020 interim government , following the resignation of President Sooronbay Jeenbekov . Japarov also became acting president of Kyrgyzstan after Jeenbekov's resignation, but resigned himself on 14 November 2020 to run for the 2021 presidential election , in which he
2436-501: The 2010 parliamentary election from some "Kazakh friends." According to the electoral legislation, receiving assistance from abroad is prohibited by law. In the book, Sadyr Japarov accused Akhmatbek Keldibekov of embezzling funds from "Kazakh friends" in the 2010 elections. Keldibekov was also a close associate of fugitive President Kurmanbek Bakiyev and was the head of the tax service of the Kyrgyz Republic. During one of
2520-632: The 7th to 10th century, were discovered in present-day Mongolia (the area of the Second Turkic Khaganate and the Uyghur Khaganate that succeeded it), in the upper Yenisey basin of central-south Siberia , and in smaller numbers, in the Altay mountains and Xinjiang . The texts are mostly epitaphs (official or private), but there are also graffiti and a handful of short inscriptions found on archaeological artifacts, including
2604-470: The 8th and 10th centuries. These alphabets are divided into four groups by Kyzlasov (1994) The Asiatic group is further divided into three related alphabets: The Eurasiatic group is further divided into five related alphabets: A number of alphabets are incompletely collected due to the limitations of the extant inscriptions. Evidence in the study of the Turkic scripts includes Turkic-Chinese bilingual inscriptions, contemporaneous Turkic inscriptions in
Kyrgyz language - Misplaced Pages Continue
2688-410: The 9th century, were found in present-day Xinjiang and represent Old Uyghur , a different Turkic dialect from the one represented in the Old Turkic inscriptions in the Orkhon valley and elsewhere. They include Irk Bitig , a 9th-century manuscript book on divination. Old Turkic being a synharmonic language , a number of consonant signs are divided into two "synharmonic sets", one for front vowels and
2772-532: The Ata-Zhurt faction, which included Sadyr Japarov - he was a vice-chairman of the party and supported its leader. Party positioned itself as far-right and ultra-nationalist - party leadership at that time was also known for their ultra-nationalist statements on the verge of fascism : "Pure-blooded Kyrgyz should rule Kyrgyzstan, without admixtures of other bloodlines. We always followed others: Jews, Tatars, Russians. Babanov came to power, now we are hanging out with
2856-574: The Council of Europe and the OSCE Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights. Kyrgyz deputy Omurbek Tekebayev and former prime minister Felix Kulov also compared the strengthening of the presidential powers and the introduction of the institution of the People's Kurultai with the usurpation of power in Turkmenistan. Former deputy Sadiq Sher-Niyaz said that the draft constitution
2940-769: The Criminal Code of the Kyrgyz Republic "Forcible seizure of power or forcible retention of power." In March 2013, the Pervomaisky District Court of Bishkek found them guilty and sentenced them to one year and six months in prison. But in June 2013, the Bishkek City Court acquitted the politicians and released them in the courtroom. After one of these rallies in May 2013, residents of Issyk-Kul villages seized an electrical substation and de-energized
3024-640: The Dostuk Hotel approved his appointment that night, but the opposition's nominee, Tilek Toktogaziev, declared himself to be the legitimate head of government . Toktogaziev asserted the election to be illegal, claiming that members were pressured by Japarov's supporters who had gathered near the hotel. Opponents of Japarov also highlighted the absence of a quorum and a violation of parliamentary procedure. On 13 October, then-President Sooronbay Jeenbekov rejected Japarov's appointment as prime minister due to proxy voting occurring. Jeenbekov requested for
3108-1356: The Greek alphabet, literal translations into Slavic languages, and paper fragments with Turkic cursive writing from religion, Manichaeism , Buddhist , and legal subjects of the 8th to 10th centuries found in Xinjiang . Transcription of part of Bilge Kağan's inscription (lines 36-38). 𐰖𐰕𐰸𐰞𐱃----: 𐰋𐰃𐰼𐰘𐰀: 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰑𐰀: 𐱃𐰃: 𐰚𐰇𐰾𐰃: 𐰖𐰸: 𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃: 𐰉𐰆: 𐰘𐰼𐰓𐰀: 𐰢𐰭𐰀: 𐰴𐰆𐰺: 𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃: 𐰢𐰤: 𐰇𐰕𐰢: 𐰴𐰍𐰣: 𐰆𐰞𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰢: 𐰇𐰲𐰤: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣𐰍: ----𐰇----: 𐰴𐰞𐰢𐰑𐰢: 𐰃𐰠𐰏: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰇𐰏: 𐰘𐰏𐰓𐰃: 𐰴𐰕𐰍𐰦𐰢: 𐰃𐰑----: ----𐱅𐰃𐰼𐰠𐰯: 𐰘----: 𐰦𐰀: 𐰾𐰇𐰤𐱁𐰓𐰢: 𐰾𐰇𐰾𐰃𐰤: 𐰽𐰨𐰑𐰢: 𐰃𐰲𐰚𐰏𐰢𐰀: 𐰱𐰚𐰓𐰃: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣: 𐰉𐰆𐰡𐰃: 𐰇𐰠𐰏𐰢𐰀: 𐰇𐰠𐱅𐰃: 𐰾𐰠𐰭𐰀: 𐰸𐰆𐰑𐰃: 𐰖𐰆𐰺𐰯𐰣: 𐰴𐰺𐰍𐰣: 𐰶𐰃𐰽𐰞𐱃𐰀: 𐰋𐰃𐰤: 𐰉𐰺𐰴𐰃𐰤: 𐰦𐰀: 𐰉𐰆𐰕𐰑𐰢: ----: 𐰘𐱁𐰴𐰀: 𐰍𐰑𐰃: 𐰆𐰖𐰍𐰺: 𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼: 𐰘𐰇𐰕𐰲𐰀: 𐰼𐰏: 𐰃𐰠𐰏𐰼𐰇: 𐱅𐰕𐰯: 𐰉𐰺𐰑𐰃: ----: 𐱅𐰃: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐰰: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣: 𐰀𐰲: 𐰼𐱅𐰃: 𐰆𐰞: 𐰘𐰃𐰞𐰴𐰃𐰍: 𐰞𐰯: 𐰃𐰏𐱅𐰢: 𐰆𐱃𐰕: 𐰺𐱃𐰸𐰃: 𐱅𐰇𐰼𐱅: 𐰖𐱁𐰢𐰀: 𐰆𐰍𐰕: 𐱅𐰕𐰯: 𐱃𐰉𐰍𐰲𐰴𐰀: 𐰚𐰃𐰼𐱅𐰃: 𐰇𐰚𐰤𐰯: 𐰾𐰇𐰠𐰓𐰢: 𐰽𐰆𐰴𐰣: ----: 𐰆𐰍𐰞𐰃𐰤: 𐰖𐰆𐱃𐰕𐰃𐰤: 𐰦𐰀: 𐰞𐱃𐰢: 𐰚𐰃: 𐰠𐱅𐰋𐰼𐰠𐰏: 𐰉𐰆𐰑𐰣: The Unicode block for Old Turkic
3192-535: The Issyk-Kul Bank in order to help the business empire of Maksim Bakiev , the son of then-president Kurmanbek Bakiyev . Japarov sister, Raikul Japarova, in alliance with Lithuanian businessman Mikhail Nadel , a friend of Maksim Bakiyev, forcibly seized the Issyk-Kul Bank. Later, Raikul Japarova, becoming the nominal chairman of the Issyk-Kul bank, carried out all the instructions of Nadel to carry out all
3276-566: The Kyrgyz nationalists and provoking the conflict. Following the revolution, Japarov was re-elected as a member of Supreme Council on the party list of Ata-Zhurt led by Kamchybek Tashiev , which won the majority of seats in the 2010 parliamentary election . From there, he became the chairman of the Committee on Judicial and Legal issues. In his book 10 Years in Politics , Japarov later admitted that party received 3 million dollars for
3360-569: The Northern Dynasties , claim that the Turks did not have a written language. According to István Vásáry, Old Turkic script was invented under the rule of the first khagans and was modelled after the Sogdian fashion. Several variants of the script came into being as early as the first half of the 6th century. The Old Turkic corpus consists of about two hundred inscriptions, plus a number of manuscripts. The inscriptions, dating from
3444-462: The President's posts advocating use of the substance, saying "We've removed this post as we do not allow anyone, including elected officials, to share misinformation that could lead to imminent physical harm or spread false claims about how to cure or prevent COVID-19". During Japarov's time working in anti-corruption departments, he formed friendly ties with Kamchybek Tashiev , the leader of
Kyrgyz language - Misplaced Pages Continue
3528-753: The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, a plan to adopt the Latin alphabet became popular. Although the plan has not been implemented, it remains in occasional discussion. Kyrgyz is a Common Turkic language belonging to the Kipchak branch of the family. It is considered to be an East Kipchak language , forming a subfamily with the Southern Altai language within the greater Kipchak branch. Internally, Kyrgyz has three distinct varieties; Northern and Southern Kyrgyz. Language should not be confused with Old Kyrgyz ( Yenisei Kyrgyz ) language which classified as
3612-689: The Tajik leadership don't want a war with Kyrgyzstan, noting their experience in the Tajik Civil War . At the same time, he also accused "certain forces" of destabilizing the situation on the border. He declared 1 and 2 May as a period of nationwide mourning. In 2024, Kyrgyzstan also adopted a new law requiring foreign-funded NGOs engaged in political activity to register with the Ministry of Justice and submit to greater government oversight of their activities. According to Human Rights Watch, this law
3696-555: The activities. NBKR documents stated that through this bank, Sadyr Japarov and his sister laundered $ 5 billion for Maxim Bakiyev . Among which, according to the statement of the previous head of the State Committee for National Security, Abdil Segizbayev, there was money from drug trafficking and arms trafficking stating, "He made a turnover of this money and pulled it out clean and took his interest.". In 2020, Erkinbek Asrandiev , ex-deputy prime minister and former auditor of
3780-485: The attempts of seizing the Bishkek White House and kidnapping an akim , which led for him to flee Kyrgyzstan for exile in 2013 to avoid prosecution. Japarov returned to Kyrgyzstan in 2017, where he was arrested and imprisoned for 11 years due to his prior illegal political activities. His prison sentence time was cut short after eventually being freed by his supporters during the 2020 Kyrgyz Revolution and leading for his rise to power in Kyrgyzstan. Japarov's presidency
3864-568: The authorities of Kyrgyzstan. Initially, the director of the TV channel was convicted for rebroadcasting media material from Kazakhstan media, and later the owner of the channel, Ravshan Jeenbekov , and his wife were imprisoned in a pre-trial detention center. Political activist and journalist of Next TV Adilet Baltabai was arrested for speaking out against the opening of a casino in Kyrgyzstan, and sentenced to 5 years in prison. More than 20 politicians and political activists were arrested in October 2022. The arrests caused massive indignation on
3948-432: The autumn and winter. At the time, Kyrgyzstan authorities had plans to convert the Bishkek coal-burning power plant to gas. On 17 June, Ulukbek Maripov, head of the Kyrgyz cabinet, stated his view that gas was too costly. Japarov has adopted a pro-Russia stance. His first plan for a trip to a foreign country while in office was to Russia on 25–26 February 2021. The Open Dialog Foundation in May 2023 published
4032-405: The bank in 2013, also confirmed the raiding of the Issyk-Kul bank and its use for the purpose of laundering the funds of the ruling regime by Japarov and his sister Raikul. He stated it as a main reason for rejecting Japarov's offer to work in his cabinet of ministers in 2020. Another remark concerns the fact that, being the High Commissioner for Corruption, Japarov did not take any measures against
4116-437: The clashes. On 30 April, he held a telephone conversation with the President of Tajikistan Emomali Rahmon , during which he agreed to participate in a face-to-face meeting in Dushanbe in the second half of May. He also proposed the creation of a peacekeeping commission composed of elders from both countries. Later that day, Japarov addressed the Kyrgyz people, where he called for calm particularly from youth, underlining that
4200-400: The construction of a complex with an area of 163 thousand square meters in the vicinity of Bishkek. m. for parallel import of goods to Russia. As experts note, its appearance will increase the volume of high-quality warehouses in Kyrgyzstan by almost four times. However, the warehouse builders deny all allegations. During the 2021 Kyrgyzstan–Tajikistan conflict , he led the Kyrgyz response to
4284-509: The corruption schemes of the clan of Kurmanbek Bakiyev, his brother Janish Bakiyev and son Maxim Bakiyev, but rather maintained warm family relations with them. In 2010, President Bakiyev was overthrown in the Kyrgyz Revolution of 2010 . As a result of interethnic clashes that took place soon in Osh and Jalal-Abad , Japarov and his associates took an active part, which according to their own statements, they tried to prevent clashes. However they were accused by opponents in actively supporting
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#17327727620254368-421: The detention, Sadyr Japarov told the mothers of the detained activists that they "should have raised their children better" and that "they themselves are to blame" President Sadyr Japarov together with head of SCNC were perceived as one of the lobbyists in the transfer of the Kempir-Abad reservoir to the possession of Uzbekistan , the preparation of the agreement was carried out in complete secrecy and this aroused
4452-495: The enterprise was nationalized and taken away from the Canadian company that had been developing it for almost 30 years, the Kumtor gold mining enterprise became unprofitable. Judging by the quarterly and annual reports published on the company's website, Kumtor became unprofitable in the first quarter of 2023. Japarov's first five executive orders were related to spiritual development, a new personnel policy, business protection, migration, and mining. On 11 February, Japarov signed
4536-430: The goods imported into Kyrgyzstan are not actually delivered to the declared destination. Since these goods are delivered to Kyrgyzstan from Europe through the territory of Russia, cargo carriers leave the goods in Russia, and in Kyrgyzstan they simply receive stamps that the goods were supposedly imported to Kyrgyzstan. This is confirmed by the Finnish national public broadcaster Yle , which in March 2023 reported, citing
4620-411: The head of state in the Vostokelectro company. Japarov's niece Perizat Japarova holds the position of Deputy Head of the Digital Development Department of the Presidential Administration. Since the start of the presidency of Sadyr Japarov, Kyrgyzstan has dropped 50 positions in Reporters Without Borders' freedom of speech rating. Another case is the closure of the Kyrgyz Next TV channel, sanctioned by
4704-457: The head of the Finnish customs control, that some of the goods either remain in Russia on their way to Kyrgyzstan or are re-exported from Kyrgyzstan to Russia. The shipments were also investigated by representatives of Radio Liberty in Kyrgyzstan, about how companies in Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan supply Western equipment to Russian firms associated with the invasion of Ukraine . The Russian edition of Kommersant also announced on 9 August 2023,
4788-417: The lists of the pro-presidential party Ak Jol , which won the majority of seats in parliament but went on to work as an adviser to the president. From 2008 to 2010, Japarov worked as an authorized representative of the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption. Japarov, during his tenure as a supreme commissioner in the National Agency for the Prevention of Corruption, was repeatedly accused of raiding
4872-399: The management company, Centerra Gold , of environmental violations and corruption. His stance has earned him popularity among his fellow natives of the region. On 14 May 2021, he signed into a bill allowing for temporary government control over the mine, eight days after it was approved by parliament. In response, Centerra Gold launched arbitration against Kyrgyzstan over the mine. After
4956-472: The most common. The copula has an irregular relativised form экен(дик) which may be used equivalently to forms of the verb бол- be (болгон(дук), болор). Relativised verb forms may, and often do, take nominal possessive endings as well as case endings. Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights : Old Turkic script The Old Turkic script (also known as variously Göktürk script , Orkhon script , Orkhon-Yenisey script , Turkic runes )
5040-476: The numerous relatives of Japarov, who have received high positions over the past two years: Almaz Akmatov became chairman of the Accounts Chamber, Tashtanbek Kaimazarov - head of the State Migration Service, Nurbek Alimov - head of the North-Eastern Customs. Another relative of the president, Akylbek Tumonbaev, is the leader of the Eldik parliamentary group, and Turusbek Tumonbaed is head of Bishkekasphaltservice. Investigative journalists also identified relatives of
5124-482: The other for back vowels. Such vowels can be taken as intrinsic to the consonant sign , giving the Old Turkic alphabet an aspect of an abugida script. In these cases, it is customary to use superscript numerals ¹ and ² to mark consonant signs used with back and front vowels, respectively. This convention was introduced by Thomsen (1893), and followed by Gabain (1941), Malov (1951) and Tekin (1968). A colon -like symbol ( U+205A ⁚ TWO DOT PUNCTUATION )
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#17327727620255208-477: The parliament to reconvene and vote again for the nomination; this happened the following day, with Japarov again winning parliamentary nomination. Japarov successfully was approved as prime minister by Jeenbekov, but he was initially unsuccessful in persuading the president to step down until a new general election could be held. The following day, on 15 October, Jeenbekov resigned from the presidency, leading Japarov to declare himself as acting president. Despite
5292-412: The parliament's influence, as well as creating the People's Kurultai which resulted in Kyrgyzstan facing a serious democratic backsliding . Several opposition politicians and activists were arrested, independent media outlets have been shut down and journalists arrested, and new laws aimed at suppressing independent media were introduced. Under his presidency, the Kyrgyzstan government has embarked on
5376-423: The part of the human rights and international community. The arrests were condemned by human rights organizations such as Human Rights Watch , International Partnership for Human Rights , Amnesty International the Norwegian Helsinki Committee , and others. Activists stated that they were intimidated at meetings with authorities on border issues. Most of the nearly 20 arrested people are still in detention. After
5460-409: The plan. The protest leaders were detained, but Japarov, who denied his involvement, fled Kyrgyzstan and lived in Cyprus for some time. In 2017, Japarov attempted to return to Kyrgyzstan. On 25 March 2017, he was detained at the Kyrgyz-Kazakh border. In the case of allegedly attempting to kidnap Emilbek Kaptagaev, he was sentenced to 11 years and 6 months in prison. While in prison, Japarov founded
5544-518: The political party Mekenchil with Kamchybek Tashiyev . Between 2018 and 2019, the party and its supporters grew and organized protests against Japarov's imprisonment. On 5 October 2020, protests and demonstrations against the results of the parliamentary elections began throughout Kyrgyzstan. After the release of Japarov from a seized government building on 6 October, he was taken to Ala-Too Square in Bishkek where he sought appointment to become prime minister. Members of parliament staying at
5628-488: The power to extrajudicially declare foreign and international organizations "undesirable" in Kyrgyzstan and shut them down. Organizations are subject to heavy fines and lengthy prison sentences if they fail to dissolve when given notice to do so. Before his presidency, Japarov has repeatedly insisted that he was against the idea of his closest relatives to interfere in political processes, as well as to hold any high government positions. The media have repeatedly written about
5712-480: The production of anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. In turn, Kyrgyzstan imported 193,536 electric detonators from Canada in 2022 worth $ 3.7 million. There is reason to believe that Kyrgyzstan re-exported Canadian-made electric detonators to Russia. Exports of radar, radio navigation and radio remote control equipment in 2022 amounted to 169,800 dollars, which is 60% more than in 2021. The amount of exports of telescopic sights (for weapons) from Kyrgyzstan to Russia in 2022
5796-943: The pronouns is outlined in the following chart. Singular pronouns (with the exception of сиз, which used to be plural) exhibit irregularities, while plural pronouns don't. Irregular forms are highlighted in bold. In addition to the pronouns, there are several more sets of morphemes dealing with person. Verbs are conjugated by analyzing the root verb: 1) determine whether the end letter is a vowel or consonant 2) add appropriate suffix while following vowel-harmony/shift rules. To form complement clauses , Kyrgyz nominalises verb phrases. For example, "I don't know what I saw" would be: Мен Men I эмнени emneni what- ACC . DEF көргөнүмдү körgönümdü see-ing- 1SG - ACC . DEF билбейм bilbeym know- NEG - 1SG Мен эмнени көргөнүмдү билбейм Men emneni körgönümdü bilbeym I what-ACC.DEF see-ing-1SG-ACC.DEF know-NEG-1SG roughly "I don't know my having seen what," where
5880-530: The rallies for the nationalization of the Kumtor Gold Mine in the fall of 2012, the protesters attempted to take over the White House in Bishkek . While Japarov, in a bulletproof vest and with weapons, entered the parliament, his allies, deputies, Mamytov and Tashiev, led people to storm the parliamentary fence. They had a large arsenal with them: automatic pistols, Makarov pistols, hunting carbines with hundreds of rounds, metal crowbars, stones and knives. Tashiev and Japarov were both charged under Article 295 of
5964-429: The repatriation of suspects. Japarov has suggested Kyrgyzstan pay off debt to China with mineral concessions. On 2–3 March 2021, Japarov visited Nur-Sultan , where he held consultations with Kazakhstan President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and former president Nursultan Nazarbayev . Japarov secured a protocol aimed to ensure energy security of Kyrgyzstan by preventing Toktogul Reservoir from running out of water to
6048-544: The report. Human rights activists suggest that the decision to early dismiss Atyr Abdrakhmatova from office is related to her activities to protect the rights of those politically persecuted in the case. Japarov has been described as a nationalist and a populist . Among Western media, he has been compared to politicians like Ilham Aliyev and Donald Trump . Japarov is accused of adherence to Kyrgyz nationalism, with many labelling him as "a staunch nationalist inclined to violence", and an anti- Uzbek . Many allege that during
6132-439: The second most-powerful official in Kyrgyzstan. Tashiev is infamously known for his explosive nature, threats against the opposition, the family clan in power in all areas of executive power, as well as reprisals against journalists. Japarov initiated a series of constitutional reforms which were criticized by journalists and human rights activists for establishing an absolute presidential system in Kyrgyzstan, as it allowed for
6216-625: The suggestion of the Ata-Jurt Kyrgyzstan parliamentary faction. On 19 April 2023, Atyr Abdrakhmatova presented her annual report on the situation of human rights in Kyrgyzstan, in which she pointed to the growing pressure on freedom of speech. Without listening to the Commissioner's report, the deputies voted to cancel the decision of the Committee on Constitutional Legislation of the Parliament of 18 April 2023 to take note of
6300-448: The suspicions of the public masses. At a public hearing together with the president Japarov, head of Kyrgyz special services and friend of Sadyr Japarov - Kamchybek Tashiev - made a series of threats against politicians, saying “I have already registered five or six people. After, I will hit one or two in the teeth”, he said. On 3 May 2023, the Parliament of Kyrgyzstan dismissed Human Rights Ombudsman Atyr Abdrakhmatova ahead of schedule at
6384-440: The time of Japarov's work in anti-corruption departments, he "did not show significant success in the fight against corruption", being accused of having connections with a " thief in law " and northern crime boss, Kamchy Kolbaev. In April 2021, Japarov promoted toxic Aconitum root as a treatment for COVID-19 . Subsequently, at least four people were admitted to hospital suffering from poisoning. Facebook had previously removed
6468-449: The verb phrase "I saw what" is treated as a nominal object of the verb "to know." The sentence above is also an excellent example of Kyrgyz vowel harmony; notice that all the vowel sounds are front vowels. Several nominalisation strategies are used depending on the temporal properties of the relativised verb phrase: -GAn(dIK) for general past tense, -AAr for future/potential unrealised events, and -A turgan(dɯq) for non-perfective events are
6552-560: Was $ 199,700, which is 13 times more than in 2021. Deliveries of parts of aircraft, helicopters and unmanned aerial vehicles from Kyrgyzstan to Russia increased from zero in 2021 to $ 1.5 million in 2022. In 2019–2021, Kyrgyzstan did not export parts of lasers, devices, and optical instruments to Russia, but in 2022, exports amounted to $ 193,100. In 2022, Kyrgyzstan also abnormally increased the re-export of dual-use goods: $ 315,700, 109 times more than in 2021. Shipments of integrated circuits from Kyrgyzstan to Russia in 2022 amounted to $ 612,800, which
6636-664: Was drafted into the Soviet Army , where he served for two years in Novosibirsk as a commander in a telecommunications division. After returning in 1989 with the rank of Junior Sergeant , Japarov continued his education in the academy until 1991. In 2006, Japarov graduated from the Kyrgyz-Russian Slavic University in Bishkek with a degree in law. Japarov started his political career after
6720-418: Was elected to succeed the acting president, Talant Mamytov . Japarov began his political career as a deputy in 2005 after being elected to the Supreme Council and from 2007 served in the presidential administration under Kurmanbek Bakiyev before his overthrow in the 2010 Kyrgyz Revolution . From there, Japarov returned working as a deputy and held popular rallies to overthrow the Kyrgyz government during
6804-544: Was later used within the Uyghur Khaganate . Additionally, a Yenisei variant is known from 9th-century Yenisei Kirghiz inscriptions, and it has likely cousins in the Talas Valley of Turkestan and the Old Hungarian alphabet of the 10th century. Words were usually written from right to left . Many scientists, starting with Vilhelm Thomsen (1893), suggested that Orkhon script is derived from descendants of
6888-754: Was reprimanded by President Sadyr Japarov , who later clarified that Kyrgyzstan had no plans to replace the Cyrillic alphabet. (1928–1938) ع * ق * Kyrgyz follows a subject-object-verb word order, Kyrgyz also has no grammatical gender with gender being implied through context. Kyrgyz lacks several analytic grammatical features that english has, these include: auxiliary verbs (ex: to have), definite articles (ex: the), indefinite articles (ex: a/an), and modal verbs (ex: should; will), dependent clauses , and subordinating conjugations (ex: that; before; while). Kyrgyz instead replaces these with various synthetic grammatical substutes. Nouns in Kyrgyz take
6972-684: Was the alphabet used by the Göktürks and other early Turkic khanates from the 8th to 10th centuries to record the Old Turkic language . The script is named after the Orkhon Valley in Mongolia where early 8th-century inscriptions were discovered in an 1889 expedition by Nikolai Yadrintsev . These Orkhon inscriptions were published by Vasily Radlov and deciphered by the Danish philologist Vilhelm Thomsen in 1893. This writing system
7056-488: Was the first script used to write Kyrgyz. The Kyrgyz in Kyrgyzstan use a Cyrillic alphabet , which uses all the Russian letters plus ң , ө and ү . Though in the Xinjiang region of China, an Arabic alphabet is used. Between 1928 and 1940, a Latin alphabet was used for many minority languages in the USSR, including Kyrgyz. There have been attempts after 1990 to introduce other Latin alphabets which are closer to
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