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73-644: The Quad 4 is the first domestic regular production DOHC four-cylinder engine wholly designed and built by GM, the only similar prior example being the Chevrolet Cosworth Vega , whose DOHC head was designed by Cosworth in England. In addition to the 2.3-liter DOHC Quad 4s, there was also a short-lived 2.3-liter SOHC variant called the "Quad OHC", available from 1992 to 1994, and the 2.4-liter Twin Cam, available from 1996 to 2002. The Quad 4

146-467: A Car and Driver feature alerted the public to an upcoming 140 hp (100 kW) Cosworth Vega. The engine needed more dynamometer time, new cam profiles to trade some high-end power for more low-end torque , and a tubular header to replace the cast iron exhaust manifold . Although delayed, the project now received higher priority, more engineering manpower and more funding. Chevrolet dealers began accepting large deposits for early delivery. The design

219-429: A Pulse Air system, functionally the same as an air pump but without the pump's six-horsepower loss. A larger catalytic converter further guarded against power loss. More advanced ignition timing, and the lead-free fuel required with the converter, prevented exhaust-valve failure. Chevrolet required all engines to survive 200 hours at full load. The Cosworth lasted over 500 hours. For a clutch burst test, Cale Wade revved

292-601: A stainless steel exhaust header and Bendix electronic fuel injection (EFI), with four injector valves, an electronic control unit (ECU), five independent sensors and two fuel pumps . Some 60 lb (27 kg) lighter than the SOHC Vega engine, it develops maximum power at 5,600 rpm and is redlined at 6,500 rpm, whereas the SOHC Vega engine peaks at 4,400 rpm and runs to 5,000 rpm. Final ratings are 110 hp (82 kW) at 5,600 rpm, 107 lb⋅ft (145 N⋅m) of torque at 4,800 rpm. 3,508 of

365-566: A turbocharger or supercharger ) is used, the compression ratio is often lower than naturally aspirated engines . This is due to the turbocharger or supercharger already having compressed the air before it enters the cylinders. Engines using port fuel-injection typically run lower boost pressures and/or compression ratios than direct injected engines because port fuel injection causes the air–fuel mixture to be heated together, leading to detonation. Conversely, directly injected engines can run higher boost because heated air will not detonate without

438-504: A " houndstooth " type named sport-cloth. In January, a "Sky-Roof" with tinted reflectorized sliding glass and 8-track tape player options were introduced. In February, eight 1976 Vega exterior colors were added: Antique White, Dark Blue Metallic, Firethorn Metallic, Mahogany Metallic, Dark Green Metallic, Buckskin, Medium Saddle Metallic, and Medium Orange; plus two additional interior colors, Firethorn and Buckskin. 1,447 1976 models were built. In November 1975, it had been decided to discontinue

511-510: A 12-car development program to accumulate test mileage in a range of environments including high altitude, heat and cold, to test the engine’s eligibility. At the GM desert proving ground, the car reached 122 mph (196 km/h). In April, 1973 the design was frozen and two cars were built to accumulate mileage for EPA emission certification. The press was notified of the program and in August 1973

584-470: A 1974 pre-production Cosworth Vega's time of 7.7 seconds was the fastest that year. Testing a 1975 model, the magazine said: "The outstanding feature of the Cosworth Vega is its excellent balance. Roll-stiffness distribution is ideal, with little understeer entering a turn, and just the right amount of drift from the tail as you put your foot down to exit . . . Through the woods or down a mountain,

657-613: A 7.5-inch (190 mm) ring gear. A limited slip differential was optional. Included were GT springs, shocks, and stabilizer bars (larger at the rear than the Vega GT's); exclusive BR70-13 BSW radial tires on British-made 6 inch, gold-painted cast aluminum wheels with Chevy center caps; black-finished wiper arms, H.D. radiator and provisions for “Fast Steer” option. The Cosworth was the first Chevrolet passenger car with electronic fuel injection. Air conditioning, power steering and power brakes were not offered. A pilot line 1976 model

730-469: A base Vega and only $ 900 below the 1975 Chevrolet Corvette . Known at Cosworth Engineering as Project EA, a Cosworth racing engine based on the Vega aluminum block produced a reported 260 hp (190 kW) and powered Chevron and Lola race cars to wins in the 2-liter class in their first outings. The ZO9 Cosworth Vega engine is a de-tuned version. Bore, stroke and valve sizes are identical but it lacks

803-534: A bore of 3.5 in (89 mm) and a stroke of 3.1 in (79 mm), the engine displaced 1,955 cc (119.30 cu in). The electronic fuel injection system came from Rochester Products, while Delco Electronics provided the engine's high-voltage ignition system. The RE was fitted with a single turbocharger from Garrett AiResearch . Output estimates for the Batten RE engine range from 750 to 900 hp (560 to 670 kW). A Batten RE engine powered

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876-400: A compression ratio of 14:1 to 16:1. In a piston engine , the static compression ratio ( C R {\displaystyle \mathrm {CR} } ) is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke , and the volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the top of its stroke . It is therefore calculated by

949-533: A displacement of 2,260 cc (137.9 cu in). In base form it put out 150 bhp (112 kW) from 1988 to 1989 and 160 bhp (119 kW) from 1990 to 1992. The naturally aspirated Quad 4 was able to produce that power with a 9.5:1 compression ratio , and was able to meet emission standards without using an EGR system. Minor running changes to the base Quad 4 included different crankshafts, cams, and manifolds , all meant to increase torque and reduce NVH. A slightly augmented version of

1022-399: A fuel being present. Higher compression ratios can make gasoline (petrol) engines subject to engine knocking (also known as "detonation", "pre-ignition", or "pinging") if lower octane-rated fuel is used. This can reduce efficiency or damage the engine if knock sensors are not present to modify the ignition timing. Diesel engines use higher compression ratios than petrol engines, because

1095-561: A long way at that, is the Cosworth Vega. It had the fastest 0-60 time, the fastest quarter-mile time, and tied with the Saab for the shortest braking distance". "The Cosworth is American, and a collector's item, and it came close, damn close to winning the whole thing." Car and Driver chose the Cosworth Vega as one of the "10 Best Collectible Cars" in its fourth annual Ten Best issue, saying: "We're talking about historical significance here." Compression ratio The compression ratio

1168-464: A minor following in hot rodding circles due to its resemblance to a 1930s Offenhauser engine once the ribbed aluminum cover was removed, exposing the tall cam towers and deep valley between them holding the spark plugs. The LD2 is the original version of the Quad ;4, introduced in 1987 for the 1988 model year. Bore × stroke are 92 mm × 85 mm (3.6 in × 3.3 in), for

1241-555: A minor update halfway through the 1999 model year that eliminated the exhaust gas recirculation, increased the compression ratio from 9.5:1 to 9.7:1, and switched from low impedance fuel injectors to high impedance. For increased reliability this engine also saw other minor updates in the 2000s towards the end of its use in General Motors vehicles. In 2001, changes included a smaller knock sensor, flat-top pistons instead of dished, new oiling passages, newer stronger timing chain,

1314-399: A number of 170 hp (130 kW). Applications: For 1995 only, a balance shaft-equipped version of the 2.3-liter engine was produced. This arrangement ensures a constant load on the shafts: the crank drives one shaft, which drives the second, which then drives the oil pump . The shafts spin at twice the engine rpm , forcing the redline to be reduced from 6800 to 6500 rpm. Output

1387-622: A photo is shown of an Oldsmobile V8 engine developed using Quad 4 technology. The engine is called the Quad 8. What was shown was apparently a mock-up of the engine, possibly built by Feuling Engineering. The engine made an appearance at a Specialty Equipment Market Association ( SEMA ) show in Las Vegas, but did not go into production. The Quad 8 was featured in an article in the June 1993 issue of American Rodder magazine. Chevrolet Cosworth Vega The Chevrolet Cosworth Vega

1460-483: A program looking for more power and higher efficiency from the engine. Part of the project included building the Oldsmobile Aerotechs in pursuit of new land speed records. Two new twin-cam four-cylinder engines were built, based not on production Quad 4 parts, but on a set of engineering parameters derived from the engine, which Oldsmobile referred to as the "production architecture." Under this scheme

1533-604: A redesigned cylinder head. In the mid-1990s, these engines, like their earlier 2.3-liter counterparts, were known for timing chain failures, as well as water pump failures, in which the water pumps were often difficult and costly to access and replace. LD9s also had very small oil passages, making for less than adequate lubrication, and costly engine repairs if not maintained properly. Bore was decreased from 92 to 90 mm (3.62 to 3.54 in) and stroke increased from 85 to 94 mm (3.35 to 3.70 in) for better torque. Power came in at 150 bhp (112 kW). This engine received

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1606-427: A redesigned water pump, a redesigned starter motor, and a higher capacity catalytic converter . An improved belt-tensioner was introduced in 2002. Applications: At the same time that Oldsmobile announced the planned high-output "HO" Quad 4 in 1988, they suggested that a turbocharged version producing up to 250 bhp (186 kW) was planned. A turbocharged Quad 4 with a reported 200 hp (149 kW)

1679-541: A removable cam-carrier that doubles as a guide for the valve lifters. Each camshaft has five bearings and is turned by individual cam gears on the front end. The camshafts , water pump and fan are driven by a fiberglass cord-reinforced neoprene rubber belt, much like the Vega 140 cu in (2,294 cc) engine. The cylinder head has sintered iron valve seats and cast iron valve seats. Race-bred forged aluminum pistons with heat-treated forged steel crankshaft and connecting rods enhance durability. The engine has

1752-546: A result of the first round of exhaust port size reduction to improve emissions and other changes to the Quad 4 architecture to reduce NVH. The additional 10 hp (7 kW) came from longer duration cams and a different PROM . Part of the W41 drivetrain was a specific version of the HM-282/NVG-T550 with a gear set otherwise unavailable. All W41 five-speed transmissions had a final drive ratio (FDR) of 3.94:1 whereas

1825-519: A similar cylinder head design on what is reported to be a Cosworth block to create a Feuling/Oldsmobile V8 engine intended for Indianapolis. This was a different engine than Oldsmobile's own Aurora IMSA/IRL racing V8. Output of the Feuling BE engine is estimated to have been approximately 1,000 hp (750 kW). It was used in the long-tail Aerotech car. Applications: Oldsmobile Aerotech long-tail In an episode of MotorWeek from early 1988,

1898-479: A single-plane serpentine belt. Fuel is delivered by an electronic fuel injection system, and spark is produced by a distributorless ignition system called "direct-fire", that alternately fires two ignition coils located under the cast aluminum engine cover. Following the engine's release in 1988, Oldsmobile promoted the Quad 4 name with cars like the Oldsmobile Aerotech . Although the engines in

1971-556: A variable compression ratio was introduced in 2019. Variable compression ratio is a technology to adjust the compression ratio of an internal combustion engine while the engine is in operation. This is done to increase fuel efficiency while under varying loads. Variable compression engines allow the volume above the piston at top dead centre to be changed. Higher loads require lower ratios to increase power, while lower loads need higher ratios to increase efficiency, i.e. to lower fuel consumption. For automotive use this needs to be done as

2044-417: Is 150 bhp (112 kW) and 150 lb⋅ft (203 N⋅m). This was the only Quad 4 produced in 1995, and was known as a transitional year for the engine family. Applications: The "high output" 2.3-liter LG0 was rated at 180 hp (134 kW) from 1989 to 1992, 175 hp (130 kW) in 1993 and 170 hp (127 kW) in 1994. Both the 1993 and 1994 power reductions were a direct result of

2117-464: Is a polytropic value for the ratio of specific heats for the combustion gases at the temperatures present (this compensates for the temperature rise caused by compression, as well as heat lost to the cylinder) Under ideal (adiabatic) conditions, the ratio of specific heats would be 1.4, but a lower value, generally between 1.2 and 1.3 is used, since the amount of heat lost will vary among engines based on design, size and materials used. For example, if

2190-570: Is a subcompact four-passenger automobile produced by Chevrolet for the 1975 and 1976 model years. It is a limited-production version of the Chevrolet Vega , with higher performance. Chevrolet developed the car's all-aluminum inline-four 122 cu in (1,999 cc) engine, and British company Cosworth Engineering designed the DOHC cylinder head. 5,000 engines were built. 3,508 cars were made. They were priced nearly double that of

2263-492: Is a wagon-back sports coupe concept with a 2.3-liter Quad 4 making 230 hp (170 kW) with some form of forced induction. The Aerotech III is essentially a preview of the 1990 Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme sedan, and came with a supercharged 2.3-litre Quad 4 that developed 230 hp (170 kW). Even before the production Quad 4 was released, Oldsmobile engineering's Chief Engineer Ted Louckes and Future Systems and Technology engineer Bill Porterfield had begun

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2336-480: Is at the top of its stroke . The dynamic compression ratio is a more advanced calculation which also takes into account gases entering and exiting the cylinder during the compression phase. A high compression ratio is desirable because it allows an engine to extract more mechanical energy from a given mass of air–fuel mixture due to its higher thermal efficiency . This occurs because internal combustion engines are heat engines , and higher compression ratios permit

2409-436: Is derived from the engine's four-cylinder, four valve-per-cylinder layout. The engine has a cast iron block . The head , camshaft carriers, and timing chain cover are aluminum, and the sump is die-cast aluminum. Although cogged timing belts were becoming popular among contemporary overhead cam designs, the Quad 4 uses timing chains to drive both camshafts, as well as the water pump. Engine accessories are driven by

2482-628: Is higher with more conservative intake camshaft timing (i.e. soon after BDC), and lower with more radical intake camshaft timing (i.e. later after BDC). Regardless, the dynamic compression ratio is always lower than the static compression ratio. Absolute cylinder pressure is used to calculate the dynamic compression ratio, using the following formula: P cylinder = P atmospheric × CR γ {\displaystyle P_{\text{cylinder}}=P_{\text{atmospheric}}\times {\text{CR}}^{\gamma }} where γ {\displaystyle \gamma }

2555-466: Is however, the Cosworth Vega is still way down the excitement ladder from what it would be with another 30 or 40 bhp . Then it would really be something." Road Test magazine, in its 1976 "Supercoupe Shootout"— Alfa vs. Mazda vs. Lancia vs. Saab vs. Cosworth Vega—said: "The results are in Figure 2. Read 'em and weep, all you foreign-is-better nuts, because right there at the top, and by

2628-407: Is the ratio between the volume of the cylinder and combustion chamber in an internal combustion engine at their maximum and minimum values. A fundamental specification for such engines, it can be measured in two different ways. The simpler way is the static compression ratio : the ratio of the volume of the cylinder when the piston is at the bottom of its stroke to that volume when the piston

2701-452: Is very good [...] All the drivers agreed that it is a far better handling car than those Vega derivatives such as the Monza that have been fitted out with V6 or V8 engines [...] We can't resist saying that with the Cosworth Vega engine, the Vega now runs the way it should have run all the time—easy, smooth, good response, good handling: a nice balance between performance and economy. Sweet as it

2774-566: The Aurora V8 and Shortstar V6 were based on the Cadillac Northstar V8 architecture. First released to the public as a regular production option for the 1988 Oldsmobile Cutlass Calais and Pontiac Grand Am , the engine's availability expanded to Buick in late 1988 and Chevrolet in 1990, after which it became a mainstay in GM's lineup. The Quad 4 underwent two rounds of exhaust port size reductions , followed by

2847-661: The Ferguson TE20 tractor had a compression ratio of 4.5:1 for operation on tractor vaporising oil with an octane rating between 55 and 70. Motorsport engines often run on high-octane petrol and can therefore use higher compression ratios. For example, motorcycle racing engines can use compression ratios as high as 14.7:1, and it is common to find motorcycles with compression ratios above 12.0:1 designed for 95 or higher octane fuel. Ethanol and methanol can take significantly higher compression ratios than gasoline. Racing engines burning methanol and ethanol fuel often have

2920-564: The 1988–1992½ LD2 and LG0 transmissions all used a 3.61:1 FDR; the 3.94:1 FDR was used on all 1992½–1994 LG0 transmissions, but retained the standard HM-282/NVG-T550 gear set. W41 applications: This SOHC variant of the Quad 4 was intended to replace the Pontiac 2.5 L Tech IV OHV "Iron Duke" engine. Debuting in 1992 and called the Quad OHC, this eight-valve engine produced 120 hp (89 kW), 40 hp (30 kW) less than

2993-511: The 5,000 engines were used. GM disassembled about 500 and scrapped the remainder. Car and Driver said in August 1973: "Cosworth Vega 16-Valve. More than an engine. A taut-muscled GT coupe to devastate the smugness of BMW 2002tii 's and 5-speed Alfa GTV 's. A limited run of 4000 machines, each one built away from the tumult of the assembly line to precision tolerances, as a show of technical force by Chevrolet. All of them will be collector's items." The magazine's History of 0-60 article said

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3066-468: The Cosworth is a feisty aggressor willing, if not altogether able to take on the world's best GT cars." Motor Trend magazine's test of a 1975 version said it "goes like the proverbial bat out of Carlsburg Caverns [...] At moderate speeds, the car is as close to neutral handling as any American car I have ever driven..." The Road & Track test of a 1976 model said: "The Cosworth Vega's handling

3139-567: The EA engine’s dry sump lubricating system (unnecessary in a street use car), has a lower compression ratio and different valve timing, and uses Bendix electronic fuel injection instead of Lucas mechanical injection to cope with a wider range of operating conditions as well as emission controls. In March, 1970 John DeLorean , GM’s general manager and vice-president, sent engine designer Calvin Wade to England in search of cylinder head technology to improve

3212-519: The LD2 was offered in some Oldsmobile Achieva models with the SC (and possibly SL) trim packages. In this application the LD2 engine had a device called a vortex valve installed in the throttle body, and a ram-air cold-air intake was installed near the driver's side headlamp with ducting to direct the air to the engine intake. While some references rate this engine at 180 hp, Oldsmobile's own literature reports

3285-492: The Oldsmobile Aerotechs were purpose-built and turbocharged, they was meant to showcase the design's capability. At the 1988 Indianapolis 500 , the pace car was an Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme convertible powered by a turbocharged production Quad 4. After positive reviews for the first few years of sales, the automotive press began to criticize the Quad 4 for its NVH levels when compared to turbocharged four-cylinders, V6es , and occasionally V8s . The design gained

3358-595: The Quad 4s of the same era. Torque was 140 lb⋅ft (190 N⋅m). Power dropped to 115 hp (86 kW) in 1993 with an attempt by GM to reduce the NVH of the engine. Although power and fuel economy were better than the Tech IV, the Quad OHC was retired after 1994 when the DOHC version became standard. Applications: The LD9 Twin Cam was a 2.4-liter Quad 4 variant which debuted in 1996 with balance shafts and

3431-441: The Vega's performance. Fuel injection would be needed to control emissions without power loss; also stronger internal parts to work with the existing block and the Cosworth head. That summer, DeLorean authorized Wade to build a prototype Cosworth Vega engine. A meager budget, and resistance from managers between Wade and DeLorean, meant low priority for the project, but once approved by DeLorean it could not be killed. In June, 1971

3504-471: The addition of balance shafts in 1995 to address its levels of noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH). Further changes were made for the 1996 model year when the engine's bore and stroke were changed, and the engine was subsequently renamed the "Twin Cam". The Quad 4 engine lineup was cancelled after the 2002 model year . It was replaced by the Ecotec for the 2003 model year. The Quad 4 name

3577-522: The car after the 1976 model year. Total production of 3,508 cars ended in July 1976 with a Medium Saddle Metallic model delivered to a Cleveland, Ohio dealer. 190,321 Vega hatchback coupes were produced in the same period. The Cosworth Vega Twin-Cam engine is a 122 cu in (1,999 cc) inline-four with die-cast aluminum alloy cylinder block and Type 356 aluminum alloy , 16-valve cylinder head with double overhead camshafts ( DOHC ) held in

3650-420: The complex shape of V c {\displaystyle V_{c}} it is usually measured directly. This is often done by filling the cylinder with liquid and then measuring the volume of the used liquid. Most engines use a fixed compression ratio, however a variable compression ratio engine is able to adjust the compression ratio while the engine is in operation. The first production engine with

3723-470: The derivative engines had to keep the Quad 4's four-stroke combustion cycle, double overhead cams, multi-valve cylinder head and, significantly, 100 mm (3.94 in) bore spacing. The Batten RE engine was designed by Rudy Sayn and Andy Schwartz of Batten Heads in Detroit, and followed the restrictions set out by Oldsmobile. The engine's cylinder head, block, and sump are all of aluminum alloy, with

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3796-432: The engine is running in response to the load and driving demands. The 2019 Infiniti QX50 is the first commercially available car that uses a variable compression ratio engine. The static compression ratio discussed above — calculated solely based on the cylinder and combustion chamber volumes — does not take into account any gases entering or exiting the cylinder during the compression phase. In most automotive engines,

3869-525: The engine to 9,400 rpm under its own power without damage to clutch or engine. Three cars, in three different configurations, resumed mileage accumulation in September 1974. By January, 1975 the mileage was completed with no failures. One configuration stayed within 1975 California limits, making the Cosworth Vega the only GM car certified for all 50 states. On March 14, 1975 the EPA emissions certificate

3942-458: The first car rose far in excess of the permitted 3 grams per mile (1.9 g/km), owing to burned exhaust valves. For certification, five months’ durability miles would have to be re-accumulated. Development resumed, to improve emissions durability and ready the engine for more stringent 1975 standards. The fuel injection was redesigned for better air distribution. High-energy electronic ignition and mandatory catalytic converter were added; also

4015-430: The first such commercial engine from 2013, used adaptive fuel injectors among other techniques to ease cold start. The compression ratio may be higher in engines running exclusively on liquefied petroleum gas (LPG or "propane autogas") or compressed natural gas , due to the higher octane rating of these fuels. Kerosene engines typically use a compression ratio of 6.5 or lower. The petrol-paraffin engine version of

4088-496: The first two rounds of exhaust port size reductions for NVH control. The LG0 is differentiated from the LD2 engine by aggressive camshafts and an extra half point of compression; 9.5:1 to 10.0:1. Premium fuel with a 91 octane rating or higher was recommended for these engines due to the compression ratio. The LG0 was introduced with special production runs of 200 Cutlass Calais International Series coupes, and 200 Grand Am SE coupes, all featuring bright red paint and gray interiors. It

4161-473: The formula C R = V d + V c V c {\displaystyle \mathrm {CR} ={\frac {V_{d}+V_{c}}{V_{c}}}} where V d {\displaystyle V_{d}} can be estimated by the cylinder volume formula: V d = π 4 b 2 s {\displaystyle V_{d}={\tfrac {\pi }{4}}b^{2}s} where Because of

4234-463: The intake valve closure (which seals the cylinder) takes place during the compression phase (i.e. after bottom dead centre , BDC), which can cause some of the gases to be pushed back out through the intake valve. On the other hand, intake port tuning and scavenging can cause a greater amount of gas to be trapped in the cylinder than the static volume would suggest. The dynamic compression ratio accounts for these factors. The dynamic compression ratio

4307-450: The lack of a spark plug means that the compression ratio must increase the temperature of the air in the cylinder sufficiently to ignite the diesel using compression ignition . Compression ratios are often between 14:1 and 23:1 for direct injection diesel engines, and between 18:1 and 23:1 for indirect injection diesel engines. At the lower end of 14:1, NOx emissions are reduced at a cost of more difficult cold-start. Mazda's Skyactiv-D ,

4380-557: The original Chicago Auto Show vehicle, with a clear Plexiglas hood, is in the GM Heritage Collection. All 2,061 1975 Cosworth Vegas were finished in black acrylic lacquer with gold "Cosworth Twin Cam" lettering on the front fenders and rear cove panel and gold pinstriping on hood bulge, body sides, wheel openings, and rear cove. (Black was unavailable on other Vegas until mid-1976.) Most have black interiors. The custom interior with perforated vinyl seat trim (RPO ZJ1)

4453-559: The prototype gave 170 hp (130 kW) on dual Holley-Weber two-barrel carburetors . At Easter, 1972 GM President Edward Cole drove three Vegas for comparison: a base model, an all-aluminum small-block V8-powered prototype, and the Cosworth. He pledged approval from the Engineering Policy Group for DeLorean's request to initiate Cosworth production. Approval of development aimed at U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) certification soon followed, and Wade began

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4526-423: The same combustion temperature to be reached with less fuel, while giving a longer expansion cycle, creating more mechanical power output and lowering the exhaust temperature. In petrol (gasoline) engines used in passenger cars for the past 20 years, compression ratios have typically been between 8:1 and 12:1. Several production engines have used higher compression ratios, including: When forced induction (e.g.

4599-484: The short-tail Aerotech car. Applications: Oldsmobile Aerotech short-tail In Ventura, California, Feuling Engineering undertook development of an experimental engine subject to the same set of restrictions set by Oldsmobile. Feuling's design focused on thermal efficiency and heat rejection. Like the Batten engine, Feuling's BE is an all-aluminum design, with an alloy sump able to handle structural loads. The Feuling block

4672-424: The static compression ratio is 10:1, and the dynamic compression ratio is 7.5:1, a useful value for cylinder pressure would be 7.5 × atmospheric pressure, or 13.7  bar (relative to atmospheric pressure). The two corrections for dynamic compression ratio affect cylinder pressure in opposite directions, but not in equal strength. An engine with high static compression ratio and late intake valve closure will have

4745-405: The sump also able to handle structural loads. The RE also has an unusual coolant distribution manifold. The RE's designers retained the valve angles and sizes, pent-roof combustion chambers, dual chain-driven camshafts, and stock piston crown shapes of the production Quad 4. The RE is a wet sleeve design, with four cast iron cylinder liners attached to an upper cylinder block deck plate. With

4818-508: Was built in September 1975, and volume 1976 production began in December 1975. A 1976 facelift included wider grill, tri-color tail lamps and extensive body anti-rust improvements. A new Borg-Warner five-speed manual overdrive transmission with 4.10 axle was optional. The exhaust system had a single tailpipe instead of 1975’s dual outlets. Seat trim changed to grained vinyl, and the optional extra-charge cloth trim seat inserts were changed to

4891-613: Was developed by Keith Black Racing Engines, who produced a Y-block with deep skirts. This engine was also linered — in this case by a set of aluminum/ Nikasil liners courtesy of Mahle . The engine's camshaft profiles were the result of a collaboration between Feuling, Engle Manufacturing Company, and Dick Jones Camshafts. In the BE, the camshafts are driven by timing belts rather than chains. Each intake and exhaust valve has its own external port. External manifolding connects each exhaust port to one of two different turbochargers. Feuling later used

4964-508: Was frozen again in January, 1974. A stainless steel header was specified, to increase power between 2,000 rpm up and the 7,000 rpm redline. Camshaft lift and duration were eased back and the torque curve reshaped to a street-oriented peak of 5,200 rpm. Project coordinator William Large built two cars for durability testing. By April 1974, the engines ran “clean” for 40,000 miles (64,000 km), after which hydrocarbon curves on

5037-512: Was installed in an Oldsmobile 98 that was previewed by MotorWeek . A turbocharged Quad 4 was never released as a production option. The pace car for the 1988 Indianapolis 500 was an Oldsmobile Cutlass Supreme that had been converted into an open car by Cars and Concepts. The engine was a turbocharged 2.3-liter Quad 4 built mainly with factory parts that produced 250 hp (190 kW) at 6400 rpm. The Oldsmobile Aerotech II and Aerotech III were both released in 1989. The Aerotech II

5110-544: Was issued, allowing sale of 1975 models. Production began immediately to fill the order backlog. 30 engines per day were hand-built — two- and three-worker teams to each engine — in the Tonawanda, New York engine plant's "clean room", originally devised for the ZL-1 all-aluminum 427 cu in (6,997 cc) V8. At the Vega's Lordstown assembly plant, Cosworth production was 1.6 cars per hour. Cosworth Vega 0001,

5183-481: Was only available when paired with the heavy-duty Getrag -designed HM-282/NVG-T550 five-speed manual transmission . A limited production version of the LG0 engine was offered in select Oldsmobiles with the designation "W41" (listed below). LG0 applications: The W41 was the most powerful Quad 4. The 1991–1992 W41s were rated at 190 hp (142 kW), while the 1993 W41 was rated at 185 hp (138 kW) as

5256-557: Was originally expected to debut in 1987, but was delayed for one year. From as early as 1988, Oldsmobile announced that a high-output "HO" Quad 4 with 180 bhp (134 kW) was forhcoming. All Quad 4 family engines were produced at the Lansing Engine Plant (plant five) in Delta Township near Lansing, Michigan . The Twin Cam was the last engine that was engineered and produced solely by Oldsmobile;

5329-467: Was standard, with black cloth seat inserts a $ 50 option. About 16 percent had white vinyl interiors. All Cosworths had a gold-colored engine-turned dash bezel, gold-plated dash plaque with build sequence number, 8,000 rpm tachometer , and Cosworth Twin-Cam Vega steering wheel emblem. 'Torque arm' rear suspension is like that of the Monza 2+2 , and the axle, from the Monza 2+2, gives a 3.73:1 ratio from

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