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68-404: The quadriceps femoris muscle is subdivided into four separate muscles (the 'heads'), with the first superficial to the other three over the femur (from the trochanters to the condyles ): The rectus femoris arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine and from the superior edge of the acetabulum . It is thus a biarticular muscle . The other parts of the quadriceps arise from the surface of

136-402: A bursa intervenes between the deep surface of the ligament and the part of the bone immediately above the tuberosity. Posteriorly, the condyles are separated from each other by a shallow depression, the posterior intercondyloid fossa , which gives attachment to part of the posterior cruciate ligament of the knee-joint . The medial condyle presents posteriorly a deep transverse groove, for

204-439: A lateral and medial border . These three bordes separates the shaft into three surfaces: One anterior , one medial and one lateral. Due to the vast musculature of the thigh the shaft can not be palpated . The third trochanter is a bony projection occasionally present on the proximal femur near the superior border of the gluteal tuberosity. When present, it is oblong, rounded, or conical in shape and sometimes continuous with

272-461: A rough transverse depression for the attachment of the articular capsule of the ankle-joint. The posterior surface is traversed by a shallow groove directed obliquely downward and medialward, continuous with a similar groove on the posterior surface of the talus and serving for the passage of the tendon of the Flexor hallucis longus . The lateral surface presents a triangular rough depression for

340-412: A variable presentation, it consistently originates at the proximal femur, runs between the vastus lateralis and vastus intermedius muscles, and inserts distally at the medial aspect of the patellar base. Historically considered a part of the vastus lateralis muscle, the tensor vastus intermedius muscle is innervated by an independent branch of the femoral nerve and its tendinous belly can be separated from

408-405: Is a deep depression bounded posteriorly by the intertrochanteric crest on the medial surface of the greater trochanter. The lesser trochanter is a cone-shaped extension of the lowest part of the femur neck. The two trochanters are joined by the intertrochanteric crest on the back side and by the intertrochanteric line on the front. A slight ridge is sometimes seen commencing about the middle of

476-403: Is also often absent in mammals or alternatively reduced to a series of creases along the surface of the bone. Structures analogous to the third trochanter are present in mammals, including some primates. Some species of whales , snakes , and other non-walking vertebrates have vestigial femurs. In some snakes the protruding end of a pelvic spur , a vestigial pelvis and femur remnant which

544-500: Is an eminence, situated on a level with the upper border of the tuberosity and at the junction of its anterior and lateral surfaces, for the attachment of the iliotibial band . Just below this a part of the extensor digitorum longus takes origin and a slip from the tendon of the biceps femoris is inserted. The shaft or body of the tibia is triangular in cross-section and forms three borders: an anterior, medial, and lateral or interosseous border. These three borders form three surfaces:

612-400: Is anchored to the lower extremity of the femur . The intercondylar eminence divides the intercondylar area into an anterior and posterior part . The anterolateral region of the anterior intercondylar area are perforated by numerous small openings for nutrient arteries . The articular surfaces of both condyles are concave, particularly centrally. The flatter outer margins are in contact with

680-436: Is attached to the lower and front part of the medial wall of the fossa and the anterior cruciate ligament to an impression on the upper and back part of its lateral wall. The articular surface of the lower end of the femur occupies the anterior, inferior, and posterior surfaces of the condyles. Its front part is named the patellar surface and articulates with the patella ; it presents a median groove which extends downward to

748-414: Is categorized as a long bone and is as such composed of a diaphysis and two epiphyses . The diaphysis is the midsection of the tibia, also known as the shaft or body. While the epiphyses are the two rounded extremities of the bone; an upper (also known as superior or proximal) closest to the thigh and a lower (also known as inferior or distal) closest to the foot . The tibia is most contracted in

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816-520: Is covered by the aponeurosis derived from the tendon of the sartorius , and by the tendons of the Gracilis and Semitendinosus , all of which are inserted nearly as far forward as the anterior crest; in the rest of its extent it is subcutaneous . The lateral surface is narrower than the medial; its upper two-thirds present a shallow groove for the origin of the Tibialis anterior; its lower third

884-547: Is divided by a vertical ridge into two parts; the ridge begins at the popliteal line and is well-marked above, but indistinct below; the medial and broader portion gives origin to the Flexor digitorum longus, the lateral and narrower to part of the Tibialis posterior . The remaining part of the posterior surface is smooth and covered by the Tibialis posterior, Flexor digitorum longus , and Flexor hallucis longus . Immediately below

952-481: Is greater than its antero-posterior (front to back). It consists of two oblong eminences known as the condyles . Anteriorly, the condyles are slightly prominent and are separated by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface. Posteriorly, they project considerably and a deep notch, the Intercondylar fossa of femur , is present between them. The lateral condyle is the more prominent and

1020-465: Is not connected to the rest of the skeleton, plays a role in mating. This role in mating is hypothesized to have possibly occurred in Basilosauridae , an extinct family of whales with well-defined femurs, lower legs and feet. Occasionally, the genes that code for longer extremities cause a modern whale to develop miniature legs ( atavism ). One of the earliest known vertebrates to have a femur

1088-476: Is quadrilateral, and smooth for articulation with the talus. It is concave from before backward, broader in front than behind, and traversed from before backward by a slight elevation, separating two depressions. It is continuous with that on the medial malleolus. The anterior surface of the lower extremity is smooth and rounded above, and covered by the tendons of the Extensor muscles; its lower margin presents

1156-430: Is quite rough due to attachment of muscles and the hip joint capsule . Here the two trochanters , greater and lesser trochanter , are found. The greater trochanter is almost box-shaped and is the most lateral prominent of the femur. The highest point of the greater trochanter is located higher than the collum and reaches the midpoint of the hip joint . The greater trochanter can easily be felt. The trochanteric fossa

1224-414: Is slightly arched, so as to be convex in front, and concave behind, where it is strengthened by a prominent longitudinal ridge, the linea aspera which diverges proximally and distal as the medial and lateral ridge. Proximally the lateral ridge of the linea aspera becomes the gluteal tuberosity while the medial ridge continues as the pectineal line . Besides the linea aspera the shaft has two other bordes;

1292-416: Is smooth, convex, curves gradually forward to the anterior aspect of the bone, and is covered by the tendons of the Tibialis anterior , Extensor hallucis longus , and Extensor digitorum longus , arranged in this order from the medial side. The posterior surface presents, at its upper part, a prominent ridge, the popliteal line, which extends obliquely downward from the back part of the articular facet for

1360-561: Is the Eusthenopteron , a prehistoric lobe-finned fish from the Late Devonian period. A recent study revealed that bone is a much richer source of persistent DNA viruses than earlier perceived. Besides Parvovirus 19 and hepatitis B virus, ten additional ones were discovered, namely several members of the herpes- and polyomavirus families, as well as human papillomavirus 31 and torque teno virus. In invertebrate zoology

1428-404: Is the broader both in its antero-posterior and transverse diameters. The medial condyle is the longer and, when the femur is held with its body perpendicular, projects to a lower level. When, however, the femur is in its natural oblique position the lower surfaces of the two condyles lie practically in the same horizontal plane. The condyles are not quite parallel with one another; the long axis of

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1496-416: Is the only bone in the thigh — the region of the lower limb between the hip and the knee . In many four-legged animals the femur is the upper bone of the hindleg . The top of the femur fits into a socket in the pelvis called the hip joint, and the bottom of the femur connects to the shinbone ( tibia ) and kneecap ( patella ) to form the knee. In humans the femur is the largest and thickest bone in

1564-443: Is thin and prominent, especially its central part, and gives attachment to the interosseous membrane ; it commences above in front of the fibular articular facet, and bifurcates below, to form the boundaries of a triangular rough surface, for the attachment of the interosseous ligament connecting the tibia and fibula. The medial surface is smooth, convex, and broader above than below; its upper third, directed forward and medialward,

1632-468: Is used in the Passover Seder plate . The structure of the tibia in most other tetrapods is essentially similar to that in humans. The tuberosity of the tibia, a crest to which the patellar ligament attaches in mammals, is instead the point for the tendon of the quadriceps muscle in reptiles, birds, and amphibians, which have no patella . [REDACTED] This article incorporates text in

1700-451: The adductor crest . The neck of the femur is generally minimal or absent in the most primitive forms, reflecting a simple attachment to the acetabulum. The greater trochanter was present in the extinct archosaurs , as well as in modern birds and mammals, being associated with the loss of the primitive sprawling gait. The lesser trochanter is a unique development of mammals, which lack both the internal and fourth trochanters. The adductor crest

1768-432: The intercondyloid fossa and two convexities, the lateral of which is broader, more prominent, and extends farther upward than the medial. Each condyle is surmounted by an elevation, the epicondyle . The medial epicondyle is a large convex eminence to which the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint is attached. At its upper part is the adductor tubercle and behind it is a rough impression which gives origin to

1836-408: The lateral tibial condyle and the head of fibula . The joint capsule is reinforced by anterior and posterior ligament of the head of the fibula . The distal tibiofibular joint (tibiofibular syndesmosis) is formed by the rough, convex surface of the medial side of the distal end of the fibula, and a rough concave surface on the lateral side of the tibia. The part of the ankle joint known as

1904-443: The menisci of the knee joint, which here intervene between the two bones. Between the articular facets in the intercondylar area , but nearer the posterior than the anterior aspect of the bone, is the intercondyloid eminence ( spine of tibia ), surmounted on either side by a prominent tubercle, on to the sides of which the articular facets are prolonged; in front of and behind the intercondyloid eminence are rough depressions for

1972-410: The prefemur , connects the trochanter and femur. Tibia The tibia ( / ˈ t ɪ b i ə / ; pl. : tibiae / ˈ t ɪ b i i / or tibias ), also known as the shinbone or shankbone , is the larger, stronger, and anterior (frontal) of the two bones in the leg below the knee in vertebrates (the other being the fibula , behind and to the outside of the tibia); it connects

2040-454: The round ligament to the sides of the acetabular notch . The head of the femur is connected to the shaft through the neck or collum . The neck is 4–5 cm. long and the diameter is smallest front to back and compressed at its middle. The collum forms an angle with the shaft in about 130 degrees. This angle is highly variant. In the infant it is about 150 degrees and in old age reduced to 120 degrees on average. An abnormal increase in

2108-499: The temporal bone to be the strongest bone. The femur length on average is 26.74% of a person's height, a ratio found in both men and women and most ethnic groups with only restricted variation, and is useful in anthropology because it offers a basis for a reasonable estimate of a subject's height from an incomplete skeleton . The femur is categorised as a long bone and comprises a diaphysis (shaft or body ) and two epiphyses (extremities) that articulate with adjacent bones in

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2176-400: The angle is known as coxa valga and an abnormal reduction is called coxa vara . Both the head and neck of the femur is vastly embedded in the hip musculature and can not be directly palpated . In skinny people with the thigh laterally rotated, the head of the femur can be felt deep as a resistance profound (deep) for the femoral artery . The transition area between the head and neck

2244-419: The attachment of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments and the menisci. The anterior surfaces of the condyles are continuous with one another, forming a large somewhat flattened area; this area is triangular, broad above, and perforated by large vascular foramina; narrow below where it ends in a large oblong elevation, the tuberosity of the tibia , which gives attachment to the patellar ligament ;

2312-408: The attachment of the inferior interosseous ligament connecting it with the fibula; the lower part of this depression is smooth, covered with cartilage in the fresh state, and articulates with the fibula. The surface is bounded by two prominent borders (the anterior and posterior colliculi), continuous above with the interosseous crest ; they afford attachment to the anterior and posterior ligaments of

2380-420: The body. The femur is the only bone in the upper leg . The two femurs converge medially toward the knees , where they articulate with the proximal ends of the tibiae . The angle of convergence of the femora is a major factor in determining the femoral-tibial angle . Human females have thicker pelvic bones , causing their femora to converge more than in males. In the condition genu valgum (knock knee)

2448-406: The center of the body, about the seventh week of fetal life, and gradually extends toward the extremities. The center for the upper epiphysis appears before or shortly after birth at close to 34 weeks gestation; it is flattened in form, and has a thin tongue-shaped process in front, which forms the tuberosity ; that for the lower epiphysis appears in the second year. The lower epiphysis fuses with

2516-439: The center. It begins at the back part of the medial condyle, and ends at the posterior border of the medial malleolus; its upper part gives attachment to the tibial collateral ligament of the knee-joint to the extent of about 5 cm., and insertion to some fibers of the popliteus muscle . From its middle third some fibers of the soleus and flexor digitorum longus muscles take origin. The interosseous crest or lateral border

2584-414: The femur as an axis, and are separated by tough connective tissue membranes (or septa ). Each of these compartments has its own blood and nerve supply, and contains a different group of muscles . These compartments are named the anterior , medial and posterior fascial compartments . A femoral fracture that involves the femoral head , femoral neck or the shaft of the femur immediately below

2652-439: The femur. All four parts of the quadriceps muscle ultimately insert into the tuberosity of the tibia via the patella , where the quadriceps tendon becomes the patellar tendon . There is a small fifth muscle of the quadriceps complex — the articularis genus muscle — that is not often included. In addition, cadaver studies have confirmed the presence of a sixth muscle, the tensor vastus intermedius . While this muscle has

2720-422: The femurs converge so much that the knees touch one another. The opposite extreme is genu varum (bow-leggedness) . In the general population of people without either genu valgum or genu varum , the femoral-tibial angle is about 175 degrees. The femur is the largest and thickest bone in the human body. By some tested measures, it is also the strongest bone in the human body, whereas other strength tests show

2788-578: The fibula to the medial border, at the junction of its upper and middle thirds; it marks the lower limit of the insertion of the Popliteus , serves for the attachment of the fascia covering this muscle, and gives origin to part of the Soleus , Flexor digitorum longus , and Tibialis posterior . The triangular area, above this line, gives insertion to the Popliteus. The middle third of the posterior surface

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2856-444: The first hyaline cartilage model of the femur is formed by chondrocytes . Endochondral ossification begins by the end of the embryonic period and primary ossification centers are present in all long bones of the limbs, including the femur, by the 12th week of development. The hindlimb development lags behind forelimb development by 1–2 days. As the femur is the only bone in the thigh, it serves as an attachment point for all

2924-423: The gluteal ridge. A structure of minor importance in humans, the incidence of the third trochanter varies from 17–72% between ethnic groups and it is frequently reported as more common in females than in males. The lower extremity of the femur (or distal extremity) is the thickest femoral extremity, the upper extremity is the shortest femoral extremity. It is somewhat cuboid in form, but its transverse diameter

2992-444: The hip and knee. The upper or proximal extremity (close to the torso ) contains the head , neck , the two trochanters and adjacent structures. The upper extremity is the thinnest femoral extremity, the lower extremity is the thickest femoral extremity. The head of the femur , which articulates with the acetabulum of the pelvic bone , comprises two-thirds of a sphere . It has a small groove, or fovea , connected through

3060-420: The insertion of the tendon of the semimembranosus . Its medial surface is convex, rough, and prominent; it gives attachment to the medial collateral ligament . The lateral condyle presents posteriorly a flat articular facet, nearly circular in form, directed downward, backward, and lateralward, for articulation with the head of the fibula. Its lateral surface is convex, rough, and prominent in front: on it

3128-437: The intertrochanteric crest, and reaching vertically downward for about 5 cm. along the back part of the body: it is called the linea quadrata (or quadrate line). About the junction of the upper one-third and lower two-thirds on the intertrochanteric crest is the quadrate tubercle located. The size of the tubercle varies and it is not always located on the intertrochanteric crest and that also adjacent areas can be part of

3196-414: The knee the tibia forms one of the two articulations with the femur , often referred to as the tibiofemoral components of the knee joint.; it is the weightbearing part of the knee joint. The tibiofibular joints are the articulations between the tibia and fibula which allows very little movement. The proximal tibiofibular joint is a small plane joint . The joint is formed between the undersurface of

3264-422: The knee with the ankle . The tibia is found on the medial side of the leg next to the fibula and closer to the median plane . The tibia is connected to the fibula by the interosseous membrane of leg , forming a type of fibrous joint called a syndesmosis with very little movement. The tibia is named for the flute tibia . It is the second largest bone in the human body , after the femur . The leg bones are

3332-407: The late stance phase is up to 71.6 bodyweight times millimetre. Fractures of the tibia can be divided into those that only involve the tibia; bumper fracture , Segond fracture , Gosselin fracture , toddler's fracture , and those including both the tibia and fibula ; trimalleolar fracture , bimalleolar fracture , Pott's fracture . In Judaism , the tibia, or shankbone, of a goat or sheep

3400-442: The lateral condyle has a circular facet for articulation with the head of the fibula . Beneath the condyles is the tibial tuberosity which serves for attachment of the patellar ligament , a continuation of the quadriceps femoris muscle . The superior articular surface presents two smooth articular facets . The central portions of these facets articulate with the condyles of the femur , while their peripheral portions support

3468-405: The lateral is almost directly antero-posterior, but that of the medial runs backward and medialward. Their opposed surfaces are small, rough, and concave, and form the walls of the intercondyloid fossa . This fossa is limited above by a ridge, the intercondyloid line , and below by the central part of the posterior margin of the patellar surface. The posterior cruciate ligament of the knee joint

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3536-453: The lateral malleolus. The medial surface – see medial malleolus for details. Ankle fractures of the tibia have several classification systems based on location or mechanism: The tibia is supplied with blood from two sources: A nutrient artery , as the main source, and periosteal vessels derived from the anterior tibial artery . The tibia is a part of four joints; the knee, ankle, superior and inferior tibiofibular joint . In

3604-427: The leg forward into the ensuing step. The quadriceps, specifically the vastus medialis, play the important role of stabilizing the patella and the knee joint during gait . The quadriceps femoris muscle is a target for manual therapy and physical therapy from repetitive strain injuries , such as from skiing . The quadriceps femoris muscle is the most common site of myositis ossificans . In strength training ,

3672-410: The lesser trochanter may be classified as a hip fracture , especially when associated with osteoporosis . Femur fractures can be managed in a pre-hospital setting with the use of a traction splint . In primitive tetrapods, the main points of muscle attachment along the femur are the internal trochanter and third trochanter , and a ridge along the ventral surface of the femoral shaft referred to as

3740-399: The lower third and the distal extremity is smaller than the proximal. The proximal or upper extremity of the tibia is expanded in the transverse plane with a medial and lateral condyle , which are both flattened in the horizontal plane. The medial condyle is the larger of the two and is better supported over the shaft . The upper surfaces of the condyles articulate with the femur to form

3808-418: The medial head of the gastrocnemius . The lateral epicondyle which is smaller and less prominent than the medial, gives attachment to the fibular collateral ligament of the knee-joint . The femur develops from the limb buds as a result of interactions between the ectoderm and the underlying mesoderm ; formation occurs roughly around the fourth week of development. By the sixth week of development,

3876-438: The medial, lateral, and posterior. The anterior crest or border , the most prominent of the three, commences above at the tuberosity , and ends below at the anterior margin of the medial malleolus . It is sinuous and prominent in the upper two-thirds of its extent, but smooth and rounded below; it gives attachment to the deep fascia of the leg. The medial border is smooth and rounded above and below, but more prominent in

3944-421: The menisci. The medial condyles superior surface is oval in form and extends laterally onto the side of medial intercondylar tubercle . The lateral condyles superior surface is more circular in form and its medial edge extends onto the side of the lateral intercondylar tubercle . The posterior surface of the medial condyle bears a horizontal groove for part of the attachment of the semimembranosus muscle , whereas

4012-433: The muscles that exert their force over the hip and knee joints. Some biarticular muscles – which cross two joints, like the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscles – also originate from the femur. In all, 23 individual muscles either originate from or insert onto the femur. In cross-section, the thigh is divided up into three separate fascial compartments divided by fascia , each containing muscles. These compartments use

4080-499: The name femur appears in arthropodology . The usage is not homologous with that of vertebrate anatomy; the term "femur" simply has been adopted by analogy and refers, where applicable, to the most proximal of (usually) the two longest jointed segments of the legs of the arthropoda . The two basal segments preceding the femur are the coxa and trochanter . This convention is not followed in carcinology but it applies in arachnology and entomology . In myriapodology another segment,

4148-415: The popliteal line is the nutrient foramen, which is large and directed obliquely downward. The distal end of the tibia is much smaller than the proximal end and presents five surfaces; it is prolonged downward on its medial side as a strong pyramidal process, the medial malleolus . The lower extremity of the tibia together with the fibula and talus forms the ankle joint . The inferior articular surface

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4216-417: The quadrate tubercle, such as the posterior surface of the greater trochanter or the neck of the femur. In a small anatomical study it was shown that the epiphyseal line passes directly through the quadrate tubercle. The body of the femur (or shaft) is large, thick and almost cylindrical in form. It is a little broader above than in the center, broadest and somewhat flattened from before backward below. It

4284-503: The quadriceps are trained by several leg exercises including the squat , leg press , and leg extension . The proper Latin plural form of the adjective quadri ceps would be quadricipites . In modern English usage, quadriceps is used in both the singular and plural form. The singular form quadricep , produced by back-formation , is frequently used. Femur The femur ( / ˈ f iː m ər / ; pl. : femurs or femora / ˈ f ɛ m ər ə / ), or thigh bone ,

4352-424: The strongest long bones as they support the rest of the body. In human anatomy , the tibia is the second largest bone next to the femur . As in other vertebrates the tibia is one of two bones in the lower leg, the other being the fibula , and is a component of the knee and ankle joints. The ossification or formation of the bone starts from three centers, one in the shaft and one in each extremity. The tibia

4420-448: The talocrural joint, is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The articulation between the tibia and the talus bears more weight than between the smaller fibula and the talus. The tibia is ossified from three centers : a primary center for the diaphysis (shaft) and a secondary center for each epiphysis (extremity). Ossification begins in

4488-403: The tibial shaft at about the eighteenth, and the upper one fuses about the twentieth year. Two additional centers occasionally exist, one for the tongue-shaped process of the upper epiphysis, which forms the tuberosity, and one for the medial malleolus . The tibia has been modeled as taking an axial force during walking that is up to 4.7 bodyweight. Its bending moment in the sagittal plane in

4556-419: The tibiofemoral joint, the weightbearing part of the kneejoint. The medial and lateral condyle are separated by the intercondylar area , where the cruciate ligaments and the menisci attach. Here the medial and lateral intercondylar tubercle forms the intercondylar eminence . Together with the medial and lateral condyle the intercondylar region forms the tibial plateau , which both articulates with and

4624-432: The vasti lateralis and intermedius muscles in most cases. The quadriceps femoris is innervated by the femoral nerve, which originates from L2, L3, L4. All four quadriceps are powerful extensors of the knee joint. They are crucial in walking , running , jumping and squatting . Because the rectus femoris attaches to the ilium, it is also a flexor of the hip. This action is also crucial to walking or running, as it swings

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