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80-675: Quanah Parker ( Comanche : Kwana , lit.   ' smell, odor ' ; c.  1845 – February 23, 1911) was a war leader of the Kwahadi ("Antelope") band of the Comanche Nation . He was likely born into the Nokoni ("Wanderers") band of Tabby-nocca and grew up among the Kwahadis, the son of Kwahadi Comanche chief Peta Nocona and Cynthia Ann Parker , an Anglo-American who had been abducted as an eight-year-old child during

160-734: A Caddo - Delaware religious leader who traveled extensively around the same time as Parker during the early days of the Native American Church movement. Quanah Parker's most famous teaching regarding the spirituality of the Native American Church: The White Man goes into his church house and talks about Jesus , but the Indian goes into his tipi and talks to Jesus. The modern reservation era in Native American history began with

240-610: A cowboy and served with the local militia , fighting against the Comanche . A year later, in 1857, Goodnight joined the Texas Rangers . Goodnight is also known for raising and leading a posse against the Comanche in 1860 that located the Indian supply camp where Cynthia Ann Parker was working with her husband, Peta Nocona , then guiding Texas Rangers to the camp, leading to Cynthia Ann's recapture. In 1864, after serving in

320-620: A Comanche claiming to be a medicine man, called for all the Comanche bands to gather together for a Sun Dance , even though that ritual was Kiowa , and was not a Comanche practice. The bands gathered in May on the Red River, near present-day Texola, Oklahoma . At that gathering, Isatai'i and Quanah Parker recruited warriors for raids into Texas to avenge slain relatives. Other Comanche chiefs, notably Isa-Rosa ("White Wolf") and Tabananika ("Sound of

400-474: A bedroom for each of his seven wives and their children. He had his own private quarters, which were rather plain. Beside his bed were photographs of his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and younger sister Topʉsana. Quanah Parker extended hospitality to many influential people, both Native American and European American. Among the latter were the Texas surveyor W. D. Twichell and the cattleman Charles Goodnight . During

480-446: A bull. Parker was visiting his uncle, John Parker, in Texas where he was attacked, giving him severe wounds. To fight an onset of blood burning fever, a Mexican curandera was summoned and she prepared a strong peyote tea from fresh peyote to heal him. Thereafter, Quanah Parker became involved with peyote, which contains hordenine , mescaline or phenylethylamine alkaloids , and tyramine which act as natural antibiotics when taken in

560-470: A combined form. Quanah Parker taught that the sacred peyote medicine was the sacrament given to the Indian peoples and was to be used with water when taking communion in a traditional Native American Church medicine ceremony. Quanah Parker was a proponent of the "half-moon" style of the peyote ceremony. The "cross" ceremony later evolved in Oklahoma because of Caddo influences introduced by John Wilson ,

640-515: A handful of verbs, termed auxiliary verbs , are frequently combined with others. These forms take the full range of aspectual suffixes. Common auxiliary verbs in Comanche include hani 'to do, make', naha 'to be, become', miʔa 'to go', and katʉ / yʉkwi 'to sit'. An example of how the verbs combine: katʉ to sit +   miʔa to go =   katʉmiʔa to ride (and go) katʉ + miʔa = katʉmiʔa {to sit} {} {to go} {} {to ride (and go)} As mentioned above, Comanche has

720-700: A letter from the President stating his own concern about the issue. The wolf hunt was believed to be one of the reasons that Roosevelt created the Wichita Mountains Wildlife Refuge . Quanah Parker took two wives in 1872 according to Baldwin Parker, one of Quanah Parker's sons. His first wife was Ta-ho-yea (or Tohayea ), the daughter of Mescalero Apache chief Old Wolf. He had wed her in Mescalero by visiting his Apache allies since

800-472: A long vowel is the (ee) in [wakaréʔeː] 'turtle'. Short vowels can be lengthened when they are stressed. Short vowels can be either voiced or voiceless. Unstressed short vowels are usually devoiced when /s/ or /h/ follows and optionally when word-final. Voiceless vowels are non-phonemic and therefore not represented in this chart. In the conventional orthography, these vowels are marked with an underline: ⟨a̱, e̱, i̱, o̱, u̱, ʉ̱⟩ . Comanche has

880-440: A lot of good men, several fine gentlemen, hordes of cunning climbers, plenty of loud-braying asses and plenty of dumb oxen, but I haven't lived long enough or traveled far enough to meet more than two or three men I'd call great. This is a word I will not bandy around. To me, Charles Goodnight was great-natured." Other views have been expressed. In Time-Life's 1973 publication The Cowboys , the author states (p. 62): "Goodnight

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960-571: A partnership with John Chisum , supplying cattle to Fort Sumner. In 1868, Goodnight established Rock Canon Ranch, west of Pueblo, Colorado . To take advantage of available grass, timber, water, and game, Goodnight founded in 1876 what was to become the first Texas Panhandle ranch, the JA Ranch , in the Palo Duro Canyon . By 1885, the ranch covered 1,325,000 acres and held 100,000 head of cattle. In addition to raising cattle 1876,

1040-669: A pilgrimage to sacred sites in Quanah, Texas; tour of his "Star Home" in Cache; dinner; memorial service at Fort Sill Post Cemetery; gourd dance , pow-wow , and worship services. This event is open to the public. May the Great Spirit smile on your little town, May the rain fall in season, and in the warmth of the sunshine after the rain, May the earth yield bountifully, May peace and contentment be with you and your children forever. Comanche language The name Comanche comes from

1120-432: A rich repertoire of instrumental prefixes , and certain verbs (termed instrumental verbs) cannot occur without an instrumental prefix. These prefixes can affect the transitivity of a verb. The Comanche instrumental prefixes are listed below: Comanche parts of speech include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, pronouns, and interjections (such as haa 'yes' and kee 'no'), as well as particles . The standard word order

1200-405: A subordinate verb has the same or different subject as the main verb, and in the case of Comanche, also the temporal relation between the two verbs. When the verb of a subordinate clause has a different subject from the verb of the main clause , and the time of the verbs is simultaneous, the subordinate verb is marked with -ku , and its subject is marked as if it were an object. When the time of

1280-461: A typical Numic consonant inventory. As with the vowel charts, the basic symbols given in this chart are in the IPA , whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them. Comanche stress most commonly falls on the first syllable. Exceptions to this rule, such as in the words Waʔsáasiʔ ' Osage people ', and aná 'ouch!', are marked with an acute accent. For

1360-458: A warrior. He left and rejoined the Kwahadi band with warriors from another band. Quanah Parker surrendered to Mackenzie and was taken to Fort Sill, Indian Territory where he led the Comanches successfully for a number of years on the reservation. Quanah Parker was never elected principal chief of the Comanche by the tribe. The U.S. government appointed him principal chief of the entire nation once

1440-431: Is subject–object–verb , but it can shift in two specific circumstances. The topic of a sentence, though marked with one of two particles, is often placed at the beginning of the sentence, defying the standard word order. Furthermore, the subject of a sentence is often placed second in a sentence. When the subject is also the topic, as is often the case, it ends up in the first position, preserving SOV word order; otherwise,

1520-557: Is based on the life of Goodnight and fictionalizes the founding of the JA Ranch. The Goodnight Trail is the name of a novel by Ralph Compton . Similarly, Mari Sandoz 's Old Jules Country in the part "Some dedicated men" relates the difficulties of Goodnight's cattle drives to Colorado. In James A. Michener 's novel, Centennial , the Skimmerhorn Trail is based on the actual Goodnight-Loving Trail. In addition, his name

1600-482: Is located one-quarter mile (400 m) south of U.S. Highway 287 about 40 miles (60 km) east of Amarillo. The home was renovated by the Armstrong County Museum from 2006 to 2012. The structure was painted to resemble its appearance in 1887. The interior was restored based on research into the original paint and wallpapers used. In 2005, Amarillo businessman Brent Caviness and a partner donated

1680-499: Is mentioned in the novel; the character R. J. Poteet appears to have been based on Goodnight. T.L. Davis ' Shadow Soldier features the Goodnight-Loving cattle drive of 1866 as a means for J.D. Wilkes to make it to Colorado with Oliver Loving and in the sequel Home to Texas, Goodnight is often referenced. All four of Larry McMurtry 's Lonesome Dove series novels include brief appearances by Goodnight. His appearance in

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1760-595: Is the first feature film to have a full Comanche language dub. Charles Goodnight (2) Corinne Goodnight Goodnight (married 1927–1929, his death) Charles Goodnight (March 5, 1836 – December 12, 1929), also known as Charlie Goodnight , was a rancher in the American West . In 1955, he was inducted into the Hall of Great Westerners of the National Cowboy & Western Heritage Museum . Goodnight

1840-541: The Fort Parker massacre in 1836 and assimilated into the Nokoni tribe. Following the apprehension of several Kiowa chiefs in 1871, Quanah Parker emerged as a dominant figure in the Red River War , clashing repeatedly with Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie . With European-Americans hunting American bison , the Comanches' primary sustenance, into near extinction, Quanah Parker eventually surrendered and peaceably led

1920-605: The Goodnight-Loving Trail . The trail crossed ninety miles of the southern portion of the Llano Estacado , before crossing the Pecos River at Horsehead Crossing . Goodnight invented the chuckwagon , during this initial cattle drive. They extended the trail into Colorado, where they established a contract with John Wesley Iliff , eventually providing 30,000 head of longhorn by 1876. They also formed

2000-566: The Pease River Massacre . American forces were led by Sgt. John Spangler, who commanded Company H of the U.S. 2nd Cavalry , and Texas Rangers under Sul Ross would claim that at the end of the battle, he wounded Peta Nocona, who was thereafter killed by Spangler's Mexican servant but this was disputed by eyewitnesses among the Texas Rangers and by Quanah Parker. It was believed that Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos were

2080-580: The Red River in Oklahoma. Quanah Parker, like many of his contemporaries, was originally opposed to the opening of tribal lands for grazing by Anglo ranching interests. Quanah Parker changed his position and forged close relationships with a number of Texas cattlemen, such as Charles Goodnight and the Burnett family. As early as 1880, Quanah Parker was working with these new associates in building his own herds. In 1884, due largely to Quanah Parker's efforts,

2160-624: The Red River War , which culminated in a decisive Army victory in the Battle of Palo Duro Canyon . On September 28, 1874, Mackenzie and his Tonkawa scouts razed the Comanche village at Palo Duro Canyon and killed nearly 1,500 Comanche horses, the main form of the Comanche wealth and power. With their food source depleted, and under constant pressure from the army, the Kwahadi Comanche finally surrendered in 1875. With Colonel Mackenzie and Indian Agent James M. Hayworth, Parker helped settle

2240-555: The Ute word kɨmantsi "enemy, stranger". Their own name for the language is nʉmʉ tekwap ʉ , which means "language of the people". Although efforts are now being made to ensure its survival, most speakers of the language are elderly. In the late 19th century, Comanche children were placed in indigenous boarding schools where they were discouraged from speaking their native language, and even severely punished for doing so. The second generation then grew up speaking English, because of

2320-700: The Wichita Mountains of southwestern Oklahoma. In a letter to rancher Charles Goodnight , Quanah Parker writes, "From the best information I have, I was born about 1850 on Elk Creek just below the Wichita Mountains." Alternative sources cite his birthplace as Laguna Sabinas/Cedar Lake in Gaines County , Texas. Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona also had another son, Pecos ( Pecan ), and a daughter, Topsana (Prairie Flower). In December 1860, Cynthia Ann Parker and Topsana were captured during

2400-511: The prequel Dead Man's Walk is historically inaccurate. The story takes place during the Santa Fe Expedition of 1841, when Goodnight would have been only five years old. Further, Lonesome Dove is a fictionalized account of Goodnight and Loving's third cattle drive. Woodrow F. Call represents Goodnight, Augustus McCrae is Oliver Loving. Though the characters have personalities rather different from their real-life counterparts,

2480-595: The 1860s and had got her for five mules. After a year of marriage and a visit of Mescalero Apache in the Quohada camps, Ta-ho-yea asked to return home, citing as her reason her inability to learn the Comanche language. Quanah Parker sent her back to her people. Quanah Parker's other wife in 1872 was Wec-Keah or Weakeah , daughter of Penateka Comanche subchief Yellow Bear (sometimes Old Bear ). Although first espoused to another warrior, she and Quanah Parker eloped, and took several other warriors with them. Yellow Bear pursued

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2560-428: The 1963 film McLintock! , also starring John Wayne , McLintock (Wayne) and Chief Puma (Michael Pate) speak Comanche several times throughout the film. In a 2013 Boston Globe article, linguist Todd McDaniels of Comanche Nation College commented on Johnny Depp 's attempts to speak the Comanche language in the film The Lone Ranger , saying, "The words were there, the pronunciation was shaky but adequate." In

2640-417: The 2016 film The Magnificent Seven two of the titular characters, a Comanche warrior named Red Harvest and Sam Chisholm, an African-American warrant officer, speak Comanche to each other. In the 2019 TV series The Son , the main character, Eli McCullough, lives with a tribe of Comanche natives, who speak in Comanche to each other and later to him. The 2022 movie Prey , set in the early 18th century,

2720-617: The Apache at about this time. This association may have related to his taking up the Native American Church , or peyote religion. Quanah Parker was said to have taken an Apache wife, but their union was short-lived. The Apache dress, bag and staff in the exhibit may be a remnant of this time in Quanah Parker's early adult life. With the buffalo nearly exterminated and having suffered heavy loss of horses and lodges at

2800-648: The Comanche Nation Language Department has published learning materials. As of 2022, there were fewer than nine fluent native speakers of Comanche, many of the group having succumbed to old age, health problems, or the COVID-19 pandemic . Comanche has a typical Numic vowel inventory of six vowels. In addition, there is the common diphthong /ai/ . Historically, there was a certain amount of free variation between [ai] and [e] (as shown by comparison with Shoshoni cognates), but

2880-687: The Comanche on the Kiowa-Comanche-Apache Reservation in southwestern Indian Territory . Quanah Parker's home in Cache, Oklahoma was called the Star House . Parker went on hunting trips with President Theodore Roosevelt , who often visited him. Nevertheless, he rejected both monogamy and traditional Protestant Christianity in favor of the Native American Church Movement, of which he

2960-570: The Frontier Regiment during the American Civil War , Goodnight returned to Palo Pinto County, Texas . Goodnight described what it took to become a scout, "First, he must be born a natural woodsman and have the faculty of never needing a compass except in snow storms or darkness." In 1866, Oliver Loving and he drove their first herd of cattle from Fort Belknap (Texas) to Fort Sumner , along what would become known as

3040-681: The Goodnights preserved a herd of native plains bison that year, which is said to survive to this day in Caprock Canyons State Park . The herd in Caprock Canyons was actually donated in name by JA Ranch, which Goodnight managed for years. Bison of this herd were introduced into the Yellowstone National Park in 1902 and into the larger zoos and ranches throughout the nation. He also crossbred

3120-522: The Kwahadi to the reservation at Fort Sill , Oklahoma. Quanah Parker was never elected chief by his people but was appointed by the federal government as principal chief of the entire Comanche Nation. He became a primary emissary of southwest indigenous Americans to the United States legislature. In civilian life, he gained wealth as a rancher, settling near Cache, Oklahoma . Though he encouraged Christianization of Comanche people, he also advocated

3200-410: The Kwahadi warrior chief Peta Nocona , also known as Puhtocnocony, Noconie, Tah-con-ne-ah-pe-ah, or Nocona (" Lone Wanderer "). Quanah Parker's paternal grandfather was the Kwahadi chief Iron Jacket (Puhihwikwasu'u), a warrior of the earlier Comanche-American Wars , famous among his people for wearing a Spanish coat of mail . Cynthia Ann Parker and Nocona's first child was Quanah Parker, born in

3280-458: The Parkers. The correspondence between Quanah Parker and Samuel Burk Burnett, Sr. (1849–1922) and his son Thomas Loyd Burnett (1871–1938), expressed mutual admiration and respect. The historical record mentions little of Quanah Parker until his presence in the attack on the buffalo hunters at Adobe Walls on June 27, 1874. Fragmented information exists indicating Quanah Parker had interactions with

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3360-500: The Star House. President Roosevelt and Quanah Parker went wolf hunting together with Burnett near Frederick, Oklahoma . During the occasion, the two discussed serious business. Quanah Parker wanted the tribe to retain ownership of 400,000 acres (1,600 km) that the government planned to sell off to homesteaders, an argument he eventually lost. Quanah Parker asked for help combating unemployment among his people and later received

3440-568: The Sunrise") of the Yamparika , and Big Red Meat of the Nokoni band, identified the buffalo hide merchants as the real threat to their way of life. They suggested that if Quanah Parker were to attack anybody, he should attack the merchants. A war party of around 250 warriors, composed mainly of Comanches and Cheyennes, who were impressed by Isatai'i's claim of protective medicine to protect them from their enemies' bullets, headed into Texas towards

3520-486: The Texas Rangers against her will to Cynthia Ann Parker's brother's home. After 24 years with the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker refused re-assimilation. Topsana died of an illness in 1863. Cynthia Ann Parker died by suicide through voluntary starvation in March 1871. In the Comanche language, kwana means "an odor" or "a smell". Comanche warriors often took on more active, masculine names in maturity, but Quanah Parker retained

3600-507: The United States government. Following the capture of the Kiowa chiefs Sitting Bear , Big Tree , and Satanta , the last two paroled in 1873 after two years thanks to the firm and stubborn behaviour of Guipago , the Kiowa, Comanche, and Southern Cheyenne tribes joined forces in several battles. Colonel Ranald Mackenzie led U.S. Army forces in rounding up or killing the remaining Indians who had not settled on reservations. In 1873, Isatai'i ,

3680-403: The adoption of the Native American Church and Christianity by nearly every Native American tribe and culture within the United States and Canada as a result of Quanah Parker and Wilson's efforts. The peyote religion and the Native American Church were never the traditional religious practice of North American Indian cultures. This religion developed in the nineteenth century, inspired by events of

3760-491: The band and eventually Quanah Parker made peace with him. The two bands united, forming the largest force of Comanche Indians. Over the years, Quanah Parker married six more wives: Chony, Mah-Chetta-Wookey, Ah-Uh-Wuth-Takum, Coby, Toe-Pay, and Tonarcy. A photograph, c.  1890 , by William B. Ellis of Quanah Parker and two of his wives identified them as Topay and Chonie . Quanah Parker had eight wives and twenty-five children (some of whom were adopted). After moving to

3840-504: The belief that it was better for them not to know Comanche. The Comanche language was briefly prominent during World War II . A group of seventeen young men referred to as the Comanche Code Talkers were trained, and used by the U.S. Army to send messages conveying sensitive information in the Comanche language so that it could not be deciphered by the enemy. As of July 2013, there were roughly 25-30 native speakers of

3920-513: The bison with domestic cattle, which he called cattalo . On July 26, 1870, Goodnight married Mary Ann "Molly" Dyer , a teacher from Weatherford, west of Fort Worth . He developed a practical sidesaddle for Molly. One of his great-great-great nephews was professional bull rider Brent Thurman . The Charles and Mary Ann (Molly) Goodnight Ranch House is listed on the National Register of Historic Places . The Goodnight home

4000-461: The fourth syllable of a word with six syllables. The Comanche Alphabet was developed by Dr. Alice Anderton, a linguistic anthropologist, and was adopted as the official Comanche Alphabet by the Comanche Nation in 1994. The alphabet is as follows: Like many languages of the Americas, Comanche can be classified as a polysynthetic language . Comanche nouns are inflected for case and number, and

4080-431: The granite headstones used to mark the graves of his mother and sister. After years of searching, Quanah Parker had their remains moved from Texas and reinterred in 1910 in Oklahoma on the Comanche reservation at Fort Sill. According to his daughter "Wanada" Page Parker, her father helped celebrate President Theodore Roosevelt 's 1905 inauguration by appearing in the parade. In April 1905, Roosevelt visited Quanah Parker at

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4160-746: The hands of the US military, Quanah Parker was one of the leaders to bring the Kwahadi (Antelope) band of Comanches into Fort Sill during late May and early June 1875. This brought an end to their nomadic life on the southern plains and the beginning of an adjustment to more sedentary life. Burk Burnett began moving cattle from South Texas in 1874 to near present-day Wichita Falls, Texas . There he established his ranch headquarters in 1881. Changing weather patterns and severe drought caused grasslands to wither and die in Texas. Burnett and other ranchers met with Comanche and Kiowa tribes to lease land on their reservation—nearly 1 million acres (400,000 ha) just north of

4240-459: The harsh land to build empires, Burnett learned Comanche ways, passing both the love of the land and his friendship with the natives to his family. As a sign of their regard for Burnett, the Comanches gave him a name in their own language: Mas-sa-suta, meaning "Big Boss". Quanah Parker earned the respect of US governmental leaders as he adapted to the white man's life and became a prosperous rancher in Oklahoma. His spacious, two-story Star House had

4320-620: The home and 30 acres (12 ha). Mary Ann Goodnight taught children in the bunkhouse. The cowboys slept there at night, and she moved their things aside for school during the day, Goodin said. The house was scheduled to open in April 2013. Goodnight is presented as a good and decent man. J. Frank Dobie, who knew Goodnight, is quoted in Charles Goodnight: Father of the Texas Panhandle as having said: "I have met

4400-407: The language possesses a dual number. Like many Uto-Aztecan languages, nouns may take an absolutive suffix. Many cases are also marked using postpositions . Personal pronouns exist for three numbers (singular, dual, and plural) and three persons . They have different forms depending on whether or not they are the subject or object of a verb, possessive (including reflexive possessive forms), or

4480-440: The language, according to The Boston Globe . The Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee offers dictionaries and language-learning materials. Comanche language courses were available at the now-closed Comanche Nation College . The college previously conducted a language-recording project, as the language is "mostly oral", and emphasized instruction for tribal members. On the language-learning platform Memrise ,

4560-447: The name his mother gave him, initially in tribute to her after her recapture. After Peta Nocona's death (c. 1864), being now Parra-o-coom ("Bull Bear") the head chief of the Kwahadi people, Horseback , the head chief of the Nokoni people, took young Quanah Parker and his brother Pecos under his wing. After Peta Nocona and Iron Jacket, Horseback taught them the ways of the Comanche warrior, and Quanah Parker grew to considerable standing as

4640-628: The next 27 years Quanah Parker and the Burnetts shared many experiences. Burnett helped by contributing money for the construction of Star House, Quanah Parker's large frame home. Burnett asked for (and received) Quanah Parker's participation in a parade with a large group of warriors at the Fort Worth Fat Stock Show and other public events. The "Parade" lance depicted in the exhibit was usually carried by Quanah Parker at such public gatherings. Burnett assisted Quanah Parker in buying

4720-523: The novel borrows heavily from actual events, in particular Loving's ambush by Indians and Goodnight's attentive care as Loving died from an arrow-induced infection. Call returns McCrae's body to Texas, just as Goodnight returned Loving for burial in Weatherford. The marker that Call carves for Deets is based on an epitaph Charles Goodnight created for Bose Ikard , an ex-slave who worked alongside Goodnight most of his life. He also plays his largest role in

4800-528: The object of a postposition. Like many languages of the Americas , Comanche first-person plural pronouns have both inclusive and exclusive forms . The Comanche paradigm for nominal number suffixes is illustrated below (in the practical orthography): Many of the verb stems regularly are suppletive : intransitive verbs are suppletive for singular versus plural subject and transitive verbs are suppletive for singular versus plural object . Verbs can take various affixes, including incorporated nouns before

4880-490: The only two to have escaped on horseback, and were tracked by Ranger Charles Goodnight but escaped to rendezvous with other Nokoni. Some, including Quanah Parker himself, claim this story is false and that he, his brother, and his father Peta Nocona were not at the battle, that they were at the larger camp miles away, and that Peta Nocona died years later of illness caused by wounds from battles with Apache. Cynthia Ann Parker, along with her infant daughter Topsana, were taken by

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4960-474: The people had gathered on the reservation and later introduced general elections. In October 1867, when Quanah Parker was only a young man, he had come along with the Comanche chiefs as an observer at treaty negotiations at Medicine Lodge, Kansas. Horseback made a statement about Quanah Parker's refusal to sign the treaty. In the early 1870s, the Plains Indians were losing the battle for their land with

5040-426: The purposes of stress placement, the diphthongs /ai/, /oi/, and /ui/ act as one vowel with one mora . Additionally, possessive pronouns, which serve as proclitics , do not affect the stress of a word, so that nʉ + námi 'my sister' retains its stress on the /a/ in námi . Secondary stress is placed on the second syllable of a two-syllable word; the third syllable of a word with three, four, or five syllables; and

5120-414: The reservation, Quanah Parker got in touch with his white relatives from his mother's family. He stayed for a few weeks with them, where he studied English and Western culture, and learned white farming techniques . Quanah Parker is credited as one of the first important leaders of the Native American Church movement. Quanah Parker adopted the peyote religion after having been gored in southern Texas by

5200-522: The span of a single lifetime from a Stone Age warrior to a statesman in the age of the Industrial Revolution , but he never lost a battle to the white man and he also accepted the challenge and responsibility of leading the whole Comanche tribe on the difficult road toward their new existence." Although praised by many in his tribe as a preserver of their culture, Quanah Parker also had Comanche critics. Some claimed that he "sold out to

5280-433: The stem. Most verb affixes are suffixes, except for voicing-changing prefixes and instrumental prefixes. The verb stem can take a number of prefixes and suffixes. A sketch of all the elements that may be affixed to the verb is given on the right: In addition to verbal affixes, Comanche verbs can also be augmented by other verbs. Although in principle Comanche verbs may be freely combined with other verbs, in actuality only

5360-593: The subject will be placed second. For example, the English sentence 'I hit the man' could be rendered in Comanche with the components in either of the following two orders: 'I' (topic) 'man' (object) 'hit' (an aspect marker) - the standard SOV word order - or 'man' (object and topic) 'I' 'hit' (an aspect marker) - an OSV word order, which accentuates the role of the man who was hit. Like other Numic languages, Comanche has switch-reference markers to handle subordination. This refers to markers which indicate whether or not

5440-623: The syncretic Native American Church alternative, and fought for the legal use of peyote in the movement's religious practices. He was elected deputy sheriff of Lawton in 1902. After his death in 1911, the leadership title of Chief was replaced with chairman; Quanah Parker is thereby described as the "Last Chief of the Comanche", a term also applied to Horseback . He is buried at Chief's Knoll on Fort Sill. Many cities and highway systems in southwest Oklahoma and north Texas, once southern Comancheria , bear reference to his name. Quanah Parker's mother, Cynthia Ann Parker (born c.  1827 ),

5520-556: The time being east and west of the Mississippi River , Quanah Parker's leadership, and influences from Native Americans of Mexico and other southern tribes . They had used peyote in spiritual practices since ancient times. He advocated only using mind-altering substances for ritual purposes. Quanah Parker acted in several silent films, including The Bank Robbery (1908). At the age of 66, Quanah Parker died on February 23, 1911, at Star House . In 1911, Quanah Parker's body

5600-448: The trading post of Adobe Walls . The raid should have been a slaughter, but the saloonkeeper had heard about the coming raid and kept his customers from going to bed by offering free drinks. Around 4 am, the raiders drove down into the valley. Quanah Parker and his band were unable to penetrate the two-foot thick sod walls and were repelled by the hide merchants' long-range .50 caliber Sharps rifles . As they retreated, Quanah Parker's horse

5680-414: The tribes received their first "grass" payments for grazing rights on Comanche, Kiowa and Apache lands. It is during this period that the bonds between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family grew strong. Burnett ran 10,000 cattle until the end of the lease in 1902. The cattle baron had a strong feeling for Native American rights, and his respect for them was genuine. Where other cattle kings fought natives and

5760-460: The variation is no longer so common and most morphemes have become fixed on either /ai/ or /e/ . In the following chart, the basic symbols given are in the IPA , whereas the equivalent symbols in the conventional orthography are given to the right of them. Comanche distinguishes vowels by length. Vowels can be either long or short. Long vowels are never devoiced and in the orthography they are represented as (aa, ee, ii, oo, uu, ʉʉ). An example of

5840-483: The verbs is not simultaneous, the subordinate verb is marked with one of several affixes depending on the duration of the subordinate verb and whether it refers to an action which occurred before that described by the main verb or one which occurred after. In the 1956 film The Searchers , starring John Wayne , there are several badly pronounced Comanche words interspersed, such as nawyecka ( nooyʉka 'move camp around') and timoway ( tʉmʉʉ 'buy, trade'). In

5920-561: The white man" by adapting and becoming a rancher. He dressed and lived in what some viewed as a more European-American than Comanche style. Critic Paul Chaat Smith called "Quanah Parker: sellout or patriot?" the "basic Comanche political question". Quanah Parker did adopt some European-American ways, but he always wore his hair long and in braids. He also refused to follow U.S. marriage laws and had up to eight wives at one time. The Quanah Parker Society, based in Cache, Oklahoma , holds an annual family reunion and powwow. Events usually include

6000-412: Was a founder. The story of the unique friendship that grew between Quanah Parker and the Burnett family is addressed in the exhibition of cultural artifacts that were given to the Burnett family from the Parker family. The presentation of a cultural relic as significant as Quanah Parker's war lance was not done lightly. It is a clear indication of the high esteem to which the Burnett family was regarded by

6080-417: Was a member of the large Parker frontier family that settled in east Texas in the 1830s. She was captured in 1836 ( c.  age eight ) by Comanches during the raid of Fort Parker near present-day Groesbeck, Texas . Given the Comanche name Nadua (Foundling), she was adopted into the Nokoni band of Comanches, as foster daughter of Tabby-nocca. Assimilated into the Comanche, Cynthia Ann Parker married

6160-541: Was born in Macoupin County, Illinois , northeast of St. Louis , the fourth child of Charles Goodnight and the former Charlotte Collier. Goodnight's father's grave is located in a pasture south of Bunker Hill, Illinois . Goodnight was descended from immigrant pioneer Hans Michael Gutknecht, from Mannheim, Germany , making him a distant relative of Harry S. Truman . Goodnight moved to Texas in 1846 with his mother and stepfather , Hiram Daugherty. In 1856, he became

6240-560: Was interred at Post Oak Mission Cemetery near Cache, Oklahoma . In 1957, his remains were moved to Fort Sill Post Cemetery at Fort Sill , Oklahoma, along with his mother Cynthia Ann Parker and sister Topsannah ("Prairie Flower"). The inscription on his tombstone reads: Resting Here Until Day Breaks And Shadows Fall and Darkness Disappears is Quanah Parker Last Chief of the Comanches Born 1852 Died Feb. 23, 1911 Biographer Bill Neeley wrote: "Not only did Quanah pass within

6320-469: Was no better than the rest. Once when his wife expressed shock at some vigilante hangings ('I understand', she exclaimed, 'they hanged them to a telegraph pole!') Charlie replied quietly, 'Well, I don't think it hurt the telegraph pole.' What she didn't know was that the victims had actually been strung up with Goodnight's full approval." The men hanged were caught in the act of murder and cattle rustling. The western novelist Matt Braun 's novel Texas Empire

6400-459: Was shot out from under him at five hundred yards. He hid behind a buffalo carcass, and was hit by a bullet that ricocheted off a powder horn around his neck and lodged between his shoulder blade and his neck. The wound was not serious, and Quanah Parker was rescued and brought back out of the range of the buffalo guns. The attack on Adobe Walls caused a reversal of policy in Washington. It led to

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