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82-454: Emperor Quang Trung ( Vietnamese: [kwāːŋ ʈūŋm] ; chữ Hán : 光中 , 1753 – 16 September 1792) or Nguyễn Huệ ( Vietnamese: [ŋwĩəŋ hwêˀ] ; chữ Hán : 阮惠 ), also known as Nguyễn Quang Bình ( Vietnamese: [ŋwĩəŋ kwāːŋ ɓîŋ̟] ; chữ Hán : 阮光平 ), or Hồ Thơm ( chữ Hán : 胡𦹳) was the second emperor of the Tây Sơn dynasty , reigning from 1788 until 1792. He

164-408: A đạo (道) was composed of several cơ (奇), a cơ was composed of several đội (隊). Quang Trung organized the army into five major wings: tiền-quân ("army of the front"), hậu-quân ("army of the rear"), trung-quân ("army of the center"), tả-quân ("army of the left"), hữu-quân ("army of the right"). Tây Sơn army was recruited by enforced conscription. Chose one in three adult males ( đinh 丁),

246-619: A French priest Pigneau de Behaine . After the battle, Huệ and Lữ returned to Quy Nhơn , only a small army was left in Gia Định. Nguyễn Ánh returned and occupied Gia Định in the next year. With the help of de Behaine, Ánh made Western weapons, recruited Western adventurers, proclaiming the restoration of Nguyễn lords' regime. In 1782, a Tây Sơn army under Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Huệ reoccupied Gia Định. Nguyễn Ánh had to flee to Phú Quốc . In Phú Quốc, Nguyễn supporters suffered from Tây Sơn's frequent attacks and lacked food and drinking water. Châu Văn Tiếp

328-508: A chữ Hán character causing confusion between pronunciations. Chữ Hán can be classified into the traditional classification for Chinese characters , this is called lục thư ( 六書 , Chinese: liùshū), meaning six types of Chinese characters. The characters are largely based on 214 radicals set by the Kangxi Dictionary . Some chữ Hán characters were simplified into variants of characters that were easier to write, but they are not

410-432: A chữ Nôm character. Most chữ Hán characters that were used for Vietnamese words were often used for their Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations rather than their meaning which could be completely different from the actual word being used. These characters were called chữ giả tá (phonetic loan characters), due to them being borrowed phonetically. This was one reason why it was preferred to create a chữ Nôm character rather than using

492-466: A civil war broke out. But the military might of Huệ was stronger than Nhạc. Huệ besieged Quy Nhơn for several months. The main forces of Gia Định was called back to support Nhạc, but was defeated in Phú Yên , its commander Đặng Văn Chân surrendered to Huệ. Nhạc climbed onto the city wall, and shouted to Huệ: "How can you use the pot of skin to cook meat like that?" It is an old custom, if hunters seized

574-525: A conflict with Nguyễn Huệ and he sent a letter to Huệ in which he expressed that a necessary prerequisite for a cease-fire was an apology of Huệ to the emperor. Nguyễn Huệ sought to restore the tributary relationship in order to deter a joint Qing- Siam pincer attack and prevent further Chinese attempts to restore the Lê dynasty. Nguyễn Huệ sent a ritually submissive request to the Qianlong Emperor under

656-661: A desire to expand Tây Sơn's authority. He sent a large army led by his youngest brother Nguyễn Lữ to launch a sudden attack against Gia Định (now called Ho Chi Minh City) by sea. Lữ's raid was successful: he occupied Saigon and forced the Nguyễn Lord and his followers to flee to Biên Hòa . His success was short-lived, however, when an army loyal to the Nguyễn Lords and led by a man named Đỗ Thanh Nhơn rose against him in Đông Sơn. The loyalist army attacked and forced Tây Sơn's troops to withdraw from Saigon. Before withdrawing, Lữ seized

738-677: A navy led by Nguyễn Văn Tuyết (Commander Tuyết), sailed from Lục Đầu River to attack Lê supporters in Hải Dương ; another navy led by Nguyễn Văn Lộc (Commander Lộc), sailed from Lục Đầu River to attack Phượng Nhãn and Lạng Giang ; a cavalry (including war elephants) led by Đặng Tiến Đông , marched to attack Cen Yidong in Đống Đa ; another cavalry (including war elephants) led by Nguyễn Tăng Long (Commander Long) marched past Sơn Tây to attack Xu Shiheng in Ngọc Hồi (a place near Thanh Trì ). Meanwhile, Chinese soldiers were preparing to celebrate

820-537: A night raid. Sở and Lân opened the gate to let them in. Huệ captured Nhậm and had him executed. Huệ led his army back to Phú Xuân. Lê Duy Cận remained in his position; Ngô Văn Sở, Phan Văn Lân, Nguyễn Văn Tuyết , Nguyễn Văn Dụng , Trần Thuận Ngôn and Ngô Thì Nhậm , were left in Thăng Long to watch Cận. Lê Chiêu Thống never abandoned his attempt to regain the throne. He hid in Bảo Lộc Mountain; in there, he had

902-586: A part of the new elementary curriculum complied by Ministry of Education and Training after the Vietnam War. Today, Chinese characters can still be seen adorned in temples and old buildings. Chữ Hán is now relegated to obscurity and cultural aspects of Vietnam. During Vietnamese festivals, calligraphists will write some couplets written in Chinese characters wishing prosperity and longevity. Calligraphists that are skilled in calligraphy are called ông đồ. This

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984-480: A plan to fight against Tây Sơn. His mother, Empress Dowager Mẫn , fled to Longzhou , called for help from Qing China in order to restore Lê dynasty . The Qianlong Emperor of Qing China decided to restore Lê Chiêu Thống to the throne, though under Qing protection. Two Chinese armies invaded Vietnam in October of the lunar year Mậu Thân (November, 1788): Liangguang army under Sun Shiyi and Xu Shiheng , as

1066-644: A prey in the jungle without a pot, they would flay it and use its skin to cook meat. Using this metaphor, Nhạc indicated that brothers should not fight with each other. Huệ was moved to tears, and decided to retreat. Taking the advice of Trần Văn Kỷ , Huệ decided to reach a peace agreement Nhạc. The two brothers chose Bến Bản as a boundary; the area north to Quảng Ngãi was Huệ's area; the area south to Thăng Bình and Điện Bàn belonged to Nhạc. From then on, they ceased fire with each other. During Nguyễn Huệ's absence, northern Vietnam fell into chaos again. The regime of Trịnh lord restored. Lê Chiêu Thống could not control

1148-459: A single character. While most characters usually have one or two pronunciations, some characters can have up to as many as four pronunciations and more. An example of this would be the character 行 hàng – which could have the readings hàng , hành , hãng , hạng , and hạnh . The readings typically depend on the context and definition of the word. If talking about a store or goods, the reading hàng would be used, but if talking about virtue ,

1230-405: A stubborn resistance from Tây Sơn army, and could not capture any important places. Unable to repulse the enemy, general Trương Văn Đa sent Đặng Văn Trấn to Quy Nhơn for help. The Tây Sơn reinforcements led by Nguyễn Huệ reached Gia Định in 1785. Huệ sent an envoy to Siamese army under a banner of truce. Huệ showed fear deliberately, requested Siamese not to support Nguyễn Ánh. It proved that it

1312-480: A woman from the Dinh family and had a son named Hồ Phi Tiễn , Huệ's grandfather. Hồ Phi Tiễn did not continue farming as his father, but instead traded in betel . Through his work he met and married Nguyễn Thị Đồng (阮氏仝), the only daughter of a rich betel tradesman residing in Tây Sơn village . One of their children was Huệ's father Hồ Phi Phúc (胡丕福, also known as Nguyễn Phi Phúc). Some sources say that in taking on

1394-805: Is especially reflected in the poem, Ông đồ, by Vũ Đình Liên. The poem talks about the ông đồ during Tết and how the art of Vietnamese calligraphy is no longer appreciated. In the preface of Khải đồng thuyết ước ( 啟童說約 ; 1853) written by Phạm Phục Trai ( 范复齋 ), it has the passage, 余童年，先君子從俗命之，先讀《三字經》及三皇諸史，次則讀經傳，習時舉業文字，求合場規，取青紫而已 。 Dư đồng niên, tiên quân tử tùng tục mệnh chi, tiên độc “Tam tự kinh” cập Tam Hoàng chư sử, thứ tắc độc kinh truyện, tập thì cử nghiệp văn tự, cầu hợp trường quy, thủ thanh tử nhi dĩ. Tôi hồi tuổi nhỏ nghe các bậc quân tử đời trước theo lệ thường dạy mà dạy bảo, trước hết đọc Tam tự kinh và các sử đời Tam Hoàng, tiếp theo thì đọc kinh truyện, tập lối chữ nghĩa cử nghiệp thời thượng, sao cho hợp trường quy để được làm quan mà thôi. In my childhood, under

1476-551: Is further shown with Neo-Confucianism becoming the state ideology of the Lê dynasty . Classical Chinese is referred to as Hán văn ( 漢文 ) and văn ngôn ( 文言 ). After the conquest of Nanyue ( Vietnamese : Nam Việt; chữ Hán: 南越 ), parts of modern-day Northern Vietnam were incorporated into the Jiāozhǐ province ( Vietnamese : Giao Chỉ ; chữ Hán : 交趾 ) of the Han dynasty . It

1558-417: Is the character, 𫢋 phật (⿰亻天) which is a common variant of the character 佛 meaning 'Buddha'. It is composed of the radicals, 人 nhân [ 亻 ] and 天 thiên, all together to mean 'heavenly person'. The character 匕 (chuỷ) or 〻 is often used as an iteration mark to indicate that the current chữ Hán character is to be repeated. This is used in words that use reduplication . For example, in

1640-487: The Chinese New Year festival, and planned to march further south to capture Phú Xuân on 6 January of the next lunar year (31 January 1789). As Vietnamese New Year ( Tết ) was generally celebrated on the same day, Chinese generals assumed that Tây Sơn army would not attack in these days. However, subsequent events proved that they were wrong. Nguyễn Huệ made a surprise and fast attack against Chinese forces during

1722-518: The Four Books and Five Classics . While literature in Vietnamese (written with chữ Nôm ) was the minority. Literature such as Nam quốc sơn hà (chữ Hán: 南國山河 ) and Truyền kỳ mạn lục (chữ Hán: 傳奇漫錄 ) being written with Chinese characters. With every new dynasty with the exception of two dynasties, Literary Chinese and thus Chinese characters remained in common usage. It was until in

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1804-505: The Red River . According to Draft History of Qing , over half number of Chinese soldiers died in the battle. Sun Shiyi, the commander-in-chief of Chinese army, abandoned his army, fled for his life back to China with several soldiers. Lê Chiêu Tông also fled to China. Huệ marched into Thăng Long, his clothes was blackened by gunpowder. Tây Sơn army marched further north after the battle; they reached Lạng Sơn, and threatened to march across

1886-502: The Sino-Xenic pronunciations. Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings (âm phi Hán Việt; 音非漢越 ) are pronunciations that were not consistently derived from Middle Chinese. Typically these readings came from Old Chinese, Cantonese, and other Chinese dialects. ( Old > Middle ) Nôm readings (âm Nôm; 音喃 ) were used when there were characters that were phonetically close to a native Vietnamese word's pronunciation would be used as

1968-481: The Three Character Classic ( 三字經 ). The primers were often glossed with chữ Nôm. As such with Nhất thiên tự ( 一千字 ), it was designed to allow students to make the transition from Vietnamese grammar to Classical Chinese grammar . If students read the Chinese characters only, the words will be in an alternating rhyme of three and four, but if it was read with the chữ Nôm glosses, it would be in

2050-646: The 20th century that Chinese characters alongside chữ Nôm began to fall into disuse. The French Indo-Chinese administration sought to westernise and modernise Vietnam by abolishing the Confucian court examinations . During this time, the French language was used for the administration. The French officials favoured Vietnamese being written in the Vietnamese alphabet. Chinese characters were still being taught in classes (in South Vietnam ) up to 1975, but failed to be

2132-577: The New Year holiday. They reached Thăng Long in the night of 3 January of the next lunar year (28 January 1789). In the fierce 4-day battle, most of Chinese soldiers were unprepared, they were disastrously defeated by the Tây Sơn army in Ngọc Hồi and Đống Đa (part of modern Hanoi). Qing generals Xu Shiheng , Shang Weisheng , Zhang Chaolong and Cen Yidong were killed in action. Many Chinese soldiers and porters were killed in action, or drowned while crossing

2214-585: The Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần fled, this time by sea to Gia Dinh, accompanied by Nguyễn Phúc Ánh , and leaving behind his nephew Nguyễn Phúc Dương . Early in 1775, the army of the Trịnh Lords marched on Quảng Nam at the same time as the Tây Sơn troops reached Quảng Nam. Tây Sơn troops searched for and then captured Nguyễn Phúc Dương. The army of the Trịnh Lords crossed the Hải Vân Pass , engaged

2296-466: The Nguyễn government. In 1774, the government of the Nguyễn lords sent a large army led by general Tống Phước Hiệp against the Tây Sơn rebels. From Gia Định , the troops marched to northern central Vietnam, and after several battles they recaptured Bình Thuận , Diên Khánh , and Bình Khang (modern Ninh Hòa ). The rebel army of the Tây Sơn now only held the land from Phú Yên to Quảng Ngãi . Also in 1774,

2378-472: The Nguyễn government. For the purpose of resisting against the excessive power of Trương Phúc Loan and coming to the assistance of Prince Nguyễn Phúc Dương, the Tây Sơn Brothers gathered an army and revolted against the government of the Nguyễn Lords. The rebel army of the Tây Sơn quickly occupied the central part of Nguyễn's territory covering from Quy Nhơn to Bình Thuận, thereby weakening the authority of

2460-469: The Qing's supremacy and stabilize their southern border. Chinese and Vietnamese sources agreed that Nguyễn sent an imposter with a delegation to Beijing, where they were received with lavish imperial favors. The Qianlong Emperor approved the proposal and bestowed Nguyễn with the title An Nam quốc vương ("King of Annam"). The title indicated that Huệ was recognized as the legal ruler of Vietnam and Lê Chiêu Thống

2542-625: The Siamese army. Phraya Wichinarong led Siamese infantry marched to Cambodia , and manoeuvred the Cambodian army. The Cambodian regent, Chaophraya Aphaiphubet (Baen) , recruited five thousand soldiers to accompany with Siamese troops. Siamese troops defeated Tây Sơn army and captured several places including Rạch Giá , Trấn Giang ( Cần Thơ ), Ba Thắc (Srok Pra-sak, Sóc Trăng ), Trà Ôn, Sa Đéc , Mân Thít (or Mang thít, Man Thiết), and controlled Hà Tiên, An Giang and Vĩnh Long . However, they met

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2624-483: The Sino-Vietnamese name for Đèo Ba Dội. Practically all surnames in Vietnamese are Sino-Vietnamese words; they were once written in Chinese characters. Such as common surnames include Nguyễn ( 阮 ), Trần ( 陳 ), Lê ( 黎 ), Lý ( 李 ), etc. Owing to historical contact with Chinese characters before the adoption of Chinese characters and how they were adapted into Vietnamese, multiple readings can exist for

2706-512: The Tây Sơn troops, and defeated them. At the same time, the general of the Nguyễn lords Tống Phước Hiệp (宋福洽) led his troops against Phú Yên , forcing the Tây Sơn army to withdraw. Fearing a war on two fronts, Nguyễn Nhạc sent Hoàng Ngũ Phúc a proposal that if the Trịnh lords recognized the Tây Sơn Rebel Army, the Tây Sơn would help the Trịnh lords fight against the Nguyễn Lords. The proposal

2788-606: The Vietnamese lục bát rhyme. These books gave students a foundation to start learning more difficult texts that involved longer sentences and more difficult grammatical structures in Literary Chinese. Students would study texts such as Sơ học vấn tân ( 𥘉學問津 ; 'inquiring in elementary studies'), Ấu học ngũ ngôn thi ( 幼學五言詩 ; 'elementary learning of the five-character verses'), Minh tâm bảo giám ( 明心寶鑑 ; 'precious lessons of enlightenment'), and Minh Đạo gia huấn ( 明道家訓 ; 'precepts of Minh Đạo'). These books taught

2870-571: The West, success in the North'. You are born in Tây Sơn District, you must do your best." Nguyễn Nhạc then gathered people to help him in his rebellion, saying to "overthrow the Trịnh lords, revive the Lê dynasty". Seeking to overthrow the corrupted Trương Phúc Loan and to help the prince Nguyễn Phúc Dương , the eldest of the Tây Sơn Brothers, Nguyễn Nhạc , gathered an army and revolted in 1771. He

2952-450: The age of 40. Prior to his death, he had made plans to continue his march southwards in order to destroy the army of Nguyễn Ánh , a surviving heir of the Nguyễn lords. Nguyễn Huệ's death marked the beginning of the downfall of the Tây Sơn dynasty. His successors were unable to implement the plans he had made for ruling Vietnam, leaving the empire weak and vulnerable. The Tây Sơn dynasty was overthrown by its enemy, Nguyễn Ánh, who established

3034-454: The age of 6. The first grade level was called ấu học ( 幼學 ) (ages 6–12), next was tiểu học ( 小學 ) (ages under 27), and then finally, trung học ( 中學 ) (ages under 30). Đại học ( 大學 ) at this time referred to students studying in the national academies. The education reform by North Vietnam in 1950 eliminated the use of chữ Hán and chữ Nôm. Chinese characters were still taught in schools in South Vietnam until 1975. During those times,

3116-540: The basic sentences necessary to read Literary Chinese and taught core Confucian values and concepts such as filial piety . In Sơ học vấn tân ( 𥘉學問津 ), it has four character phrases that were divided into three sections, one on Chinese history, then Vietnamese history, and lastly on words of advice on education. During the period of reformed imperial examinations (khoa cử cải lương; 科舉改良 ) that took place from 1906 to 1919, there were three grades of education. Students would start learning Chinese characters beginning from

3198-806: The border to arrest Lê Chiêu Thống. After Nguyễn Huệ defeated the Later Lê dynasty , the last Lê emperor Lê Chiêu Thống and high ranking Lê loyalists fled Vietnam for asylum in Qing China and went to Beijing . Lê Chiêu Thống was appointed a Chinese mandarin of the fourth rank in the Han Yellow Bordered Banner , while lower ranking loyalists were sent to cultivate government land and join the Green Standard Army in Sichuan and Zhejiang . They adopted Qing clothing and adopt

3280-456: The capture of Phú Xuân, Chỉnh encouraged Huệ to overthrow Trịnh lord . Huệ took his advice, marched further north without Nguyễn Nhạc's order. Tây Sơn army easily defeated several Trịnh troops. When they reached Thăng Long (modern Hanoi), Trịnh Khải came to the battlefield to fight against Tây Sơn army. Tây Sơn army attacked war elephants with arquebuses, finally, they captured Thăng Long (modern Hanoi) successfully. Huệ met Lê Hiển Tông in

3362-425: The chosen one should join the army. Ch%E1%BB%AF H%C3%A1n The main Vietnamese term used for Chinese characters is chữ Hán ( 𡨸漢 ). It is made of chữ meaning 'character' and Hán 'Han (referring to the Han dynasty )'. Other synonyms of chữ Hán includes chữ Nho ( 𡨸儒 , literally ' Confucian characters') and Hán tự ( 漢字 ) which was borrowed directly from Chinese. Chữ Nho

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3444-864: The civil official, took charge of judicial litigation; phân-suất (分率), the military official, took charge of army provisions. The official system of Tây Sơn dynasty was not mentioned in official records, but we could find several names of official positions in history records, such as tam công (三公), tam thiếu (三少), Đại-chủng-tể (大冢宰), Đại-tư-đồ (大司徒), Đại-tư-khấu (大司寇), Đại-tư-mã (大司馬), Đại-tư-không (大司空), Đại-tư-cối (大司會), Đại-tư-lệ (大司隸), Thái-úy (太尉), Đại-tổng-quản (大總管), Đại-đổng-lý (大董理), Đại-đô-đốc (大都督), Đại-đô-hộ (大都護), Trung-thư-sảnh (中書廳), Trung-thư-lệnh (中書令), Đại-học-sĩ (大學士), Hiệp-biện đại-học-sĩ (協辦大學士), Thị-trung ngự-sử (侍中御史), Lục-bộ thượng-thư (六部尚書), Tả-hữu đồng-nghị (左右同議), Tả-hữu phụng-nghị (左右奉議), Thị-lang (侍郎), Tư-vụ (司務), Hàn-lâm (翰林), etc. The system of military units :

3526-538: The government arrested Trương Phúc Loan and gave him up to the troops of the Trịnh Lords . The Trịnh lords, however, continued attacking Phú Xuân under the pretext of helping the Nguyễn Lords suppress the Tây Sơn rebellion. The Nguyễn Lord Nguyễn Phúc Thuần and his officials initially attempted to resist the attack, but ended up fleeing to Quảng Nam . Seizing the opportunity, Nguyễn Nhạc led an army (with naval support from Chinese pirates) against Nguyễn lords. Once again,

3608-685: The guidance of my elders and conforming to the customs, I first studied the "Three Character Classic" and various histories of the Three Emperors. Afterward, I delved into the classics and their commentaries, honing my skills in calligraphy and writing, aiming to conform to the rules of society and attain a respectable status. Children around the age of 6–8 begin learning chữ Hán at schools. Students began by learning characters from books such as Nhất thiên tự ( 一千字 ; 'one thousand characters'), Tam thiên tự ( 三千字 ; 'three thousand characters'), Ngũ thiên tự ( 五千字 ; 'five thousand characters'), and

3690-548: The heart to abandon him again; Chỉnh was left in Nghệ An together with a Tây Sơn general, Nguyễn Văn Duệ . In the same year, Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself as Trung ương Hoàng đế (中央皇帝 "the Central Emperor"). Huệ received the title Bắc Bình Vương (北平王 "King of Northern Conquering"), the area north to Hải Vân was given as his fief. But not long after, he came into conflict with Nguyễn Nhạc. Nhạc attacked on Huệ at first,

3772-498: The imperial Nguyễn dynasty in 1802. According to multiple sources, Nguyễn Huệ's ancestors were peasants who lived in Nghệ An . They left Nghệ An and moved to southern Vietnam after an attack by the Nguyễn lords against the Trịnh lords in Nghệ An. His ancestors' surname was Hồ ( 胡 ), but Huệ's great-grandfather Hồ Phi Long , who was a servant of the Dinh family of Bằng Chân hamlet, Tuy Viễn district (or An Nhơn), Quy Nhơn province, married

3854-572: The late Tang dynasty (618-907). Vietnamese scholars used Chinese rime dictionaries to derive consistent pronunciations for Chinese characters. After Vietnam had regained independence, its rulers sought to build the country on the Chinese model, during this time, Literary Chinese was used for formal government documents. Around this, the Japanese and Koreans also borrowed large amount of characters into their languages and derived consistent pronunciations, these pronunciations are collectively known as

3936-613: The local foodstores and took them back to Quy Nhơn . In 1776, Nguyễn Nhạc proclaimed himself King of Tây Sơn ( Vietnamese : Tây Sơn Vương ), choosing Đồ Bàn as his capital, renamed it Thành Hoàng Đế (Imperial City). He gave Huệ the title Phụ Chính (Vice National Administrator). In 1777, Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ led an army marched further south. They captured Saigon, destroyed Nguyễn lords' army successfully. Most members of Nguyễn royal family killed or executed in this campaign, except Nguyễn Ánh . Ánh fled to Rạch Giá then to Hà Tiên . Finally, Ánh fled to Pulo Panjang together with

4018-797: The main force, marched across the South Suppressing Pass (present day Friendship Pass ); Yungui army under Wu Dajing , marched across the Horse Pass ( Maguan ); the two armies aimed to attack Thăng Long directly. When Liangguang army reached Lạng Sơn , Sun announced that there was a very large number of Qing army, in order to threaten Tây Sơn soldiers. Chinese marched south swiftly. Realizing Tây Sơn army could not stop Chinese army from marching to Thăng Long, Ngô Văn Sở accepted Ngô Thì Nhậm's idea, abandoned Thăng Long and retreated to Tam Điệp orderly. In Tam Điệp, Ngô Văn Sở sent Nguyễn Văn Tuyết to Phú Xuân to ask for aid. Nguyễn Huệ knew

4100-404: The name of Nguyễn Quang Bình (also referred to as Ruan Guangping). In 1789, the Qianlong Emperor agreed to re-establish the tributary relationship and enfeoff Nguyễn as the king of Annam on the condition that Nguyễn personally lead a special delegation to Beijing to celebrate the Qianlong Emperor's 80th birthday. For the Qianlong Emperor, the motivation for accepting the arrangement was to retain

4182-515: The next day; he said he marched north to overthrow of Trịnh lords, and did not have any other intentions. Huệ was warmly welcomed by Lê Hiển Tông, and received the position Nguyên-soái (元帥 "supreme commander") noble title Uy-quốc-công (威國公). He also married Lê Ngọc Hân , a daughter of the Lê Emperor. The old emperor died several days later. Lê Chiêu Thống was enthroned by Huệ. Although he had not been proclaimed as an Emperor at all, Nguyễn Huệ

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4264-428: The north. En route, he died of natural causes. Phúc's death marked the end of the Trịnh Lords' interventions in the south. While the army of the Trịnh Lords withdrew to Thuận Hóa , Tây Sơn moved quickly in sending its troops to take over the abandoned territory and to suppress elements loyal to the Nguyễn Lords. Having gained a lot of new rich land without facing much opposition, the Tây Sơn army grew stronger. Nhạc had

4346-476: The number of his soldiers reached 100,000. In Thọ Hạc (Thanh Hóa), he made an invigorating speech before his soldiers. Soldiers replied a great shout of approval. They were encouraged, and marched quickly. Huệ arrived in Tam Điệp on Lunar 20 December (15 January 1789). In there, Huệ gathered together the whole forces, and divided them into five branches: main force led by Huệ, marched north to attack Thăng Long directly;

4428-510: The official language for writing whether if it was government documents or literature. Every succeeding dynasty modeled their imperial exams after China's model . Scholars drew lessons from Neo-Confucianism and used its teachings to implement laws in the country. The spread of Confucianism meant the spread of Chinese characters, thus the name for Chinese characters in Vietnamese is called chữ Nho (literally: 'Confucian characters; 𡨸儒 ). Scholars were focused on reading Chinese classics such as

4510-525: The poem Chinh phụ ngâm khúc ( 征婦吟曲 ), the character 悠 (du) is repeated twice in the third line of the poem. It is written as 悠〻 to represent 悠悠 (du du). The way the marker is used is very similar to how Chinese and Japanese use their iteration marker 々 . Japanese uses 々 as an iteration marker, so, for example, 人人 (hitobito) would be written as 人々 (hitobito). Nguy%E1%BB%85n Ph%C3%BAc Lu%C3%A2n Nguyễn Phúc Luân or Nguyễn Phúc Côn ( 阮 福 㫻 , 24 October 1733– 30 January 1765)

4592-470: The queue hairstyle, effectively becoming naturalized subjects of the Qing dynasty affording them protection against Vietnamese demands for extradition. Some Lê loyalists were also sent to Central Asia in Urumqi . Modern descendants of the Lê monarch can be traced to southern Vietnam and Urumqi , Xinjiang . The irate Qianlong Emperor of the Qing replaced Sun Shiyi with Fuk'anggan . Fuk'anggan did not want

4674-938: The reading hạnh would be used. But typically, knowing what readings was not a large problem due to context and compound words. Most Sino-Vietnamese words are restricted to being in compound words. Readings for chữ Hán, often classified into Sino-Vietnamese readings and Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings. Non-Sino-Vietnamese readings are derived from Old Chinese and recent Chinese borrowings during the 17th–20th centuries when Chinese people migrated to Vietnam. Most of these readings were food related as Cantonese Chinese had introduced their food into Vietnam. Borrowings from Old Chinese are also referred to as Early Sino-Vietnamese pronunciations according to Mark Alves. Sino-Vietnamese readings are usually referred to as âm Hán Việt ( 音漢越 ; literally "sound Sino-Vietnamese"), which are Vietnamese systematic pronunciations of Middle Chinese characters. These readings were largely borrowed into Vietnamese during

4756-423: The rebel army, recruited new soldiers, fortified Đồ Bàn fortress, and built new bases, preparing for an attack. Tống Phước Hiệp, who had been deceived by Nguyễn Nhạc peaceful overtures, did not pay much attention to Nhạc's activities. He did not prepare for either defending or attacking. Nhạc made use of Hiệp's inactivity, and sent troops led by his brother Nguyễn Huệ against him. The Tây Sơn troops swiftly defeated

4838-417: The rich, and help the poor" ( công bằng, không tham nhũng, và chỉ cướp của của người giàu, giúp người nghèo ). After 200 years of holding power in southern Vietnam, the government of the Nguyễn Lords had become progressively weaker, due to its poor leadership and internal conflicts. Following the death of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát , the powerful official Trương Phúc Loan began to arrogate to himself control over

4920-462: The ruler of northern Vietnam, Trịnh Sâm , sent a massive army of 30,000 soldiers led by general Hoàng Ngũ Phúc southwards with the same purpose as that of the Tây Sơn rebel army, namely to help the Nguyễn Lords fight Trương Phúc Loan . The northern troops were unobstructed in their march to Phú Xuân , the governmental capital of the Nguyễn Lords. The government of the Nguyễn Lords feared the beginning of an unmanageable war on two fronts. Officials of

5002-689: The same simplified characters used by current-day Chinese. According to Trịnh Khắc Mạnh, when he analysed the early 13th century book, 釋氏寶鼎行持秘旨全章 (Thích thị Bảo đỉnh hành trì bí chỉ toàn chương). He found that the number of character variants is double the number of variants borrowed from China. This means that Vietnamese variant characters may differ from Chinese variants and simplified characters , for example: Some characters matching Simplified Chinese do exist, but these characters are rare in Vietnamese literature. There are other variants such as 𭓇 học (variant of 學 ; ⿳⿰〢⿻ 丨 𰀪 冖子 ) and 𱻊 nghĩa (variant of 義 ; ⿱𦍌 又 ). Another prominent example

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5084-491: The situation on Lunar 24 November (21 December 1788), cursing the invaders. Huệ declared that Lê Chiêu Thống was a national traitor and not qualified for the throne. In the next day, Nguyễn Huệ erected an altar on a hill south of Phú Xuân and proclaimed himself Emperor Quang Trung, in effect abolishing the Lê dynasty. After the coronation, he marched north with 60,000 soldiers. He recruited volunteers in Nghệ An Province, now

5166-636: The situation, he asked for assistance from Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh. Though Trịnh Bồng was banished from Thăng Long, Chỉnh became the new regent just like Trịnh lords before. After learning about actions of Chỉnh, an army under Vũ Văn Nhậm was sent by Huệ to attack Thăng Long. Chỉnh was swiftly defeated and fled together with Lê Chiêu Thống. Chỉnh was found and executed, but Nhậm could not find Lê Chiêu Thống. In order to gain popularity among Northern Vietnamese, Nhậm install Lê Duy Cận as giám quốc ("Prince Regent"). Two generals, Ngô Văn Sở and Phan Văn Lân , reported it to Huệ. Huệ led an army marched north, and launched

5248-596: The surname Nguyễn , the family followed the surname of Huệ's mother; other sources say that it followed the surname of Nguyễn lords of southern Vietnam. Nguyễn Huệ was born in 1753 in Tây Sơn village, Quy Nhơn Province (now Bình Định Province ). His father had eight children; later, three of them took part in the Tây Sơn Rebellion. According to Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện , the Tây Sơn brothers , listed from eldest to youngest, were Nguyễn Nhạc , Nguyễn Lữ , Nguyễn Huệ. However, other source reported that Nguyễn Lữ

5330-764: The textbooks that were used were mainly derived from colonial textbooks. There were two main textbooks, Hán-văn tân khóa bản ( 漢文新課本 ; 1973) and Hán-văn giáo-khoa thư ( 漢文敎科書 ; 1965). Students could begin learning Chinese characters in secondary school. The department dealing with Literary Chinese and Chinese characters was called Ban Hán-tự D. Students could either chose to learn a second language such as English and French or choose to learn Literary Chinese. Exams for Literary Chinese mainly tested students on their ability to translate Literary Chinese to Vietnamese. These exams typically took around 2 hours. In Vietnam, many provinces and cities have names that come from Sino-Vietnamese words and were written using Chinese characters. This

5412-464: The unprepared troops of the Nguyễn Lords and inflicted heavy losses upon them. Tống Phước Hiệp and his troops fled to Van Phong. It was the first great victory achieved by Huệ. Nhạc sent news of the victory to Hoàng Ngũ Phúc. On Phúc's request, the Trinh rewarded Nhạc with a new office. Because the troops of the Trịnh Lords lacked familiarity with the southern country, Hoàng Ngũ Phúc withdrew the troops to

5494-492: Was Trương Văn Hiến , a retainer ( môn khách ) and friend of Trương Văn Hạnh (張文幸), who in turn was the teacher of Nguyễn Phúc Luân , the father of Nguyễn Ánh . After Trương Văn Hạnh killed by the powerful chancellor Trương Phúc Loan , Trương Văn Hiến fled to Bình Định. He was first man to discover the talents of the Tây Sơn brothers and to advise them to do great deeds. Later, Trương Văn Hiến encouraged Nguyễn Nhạc to revolt against Nguyễn lords: "The prophecy says: 'Revolt in

5576-475: Was a son of lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát and father of Nguyễn Phúc Ánh (future emperor Gia Long of Vietnam ). Luan was the second son of lord Nguyễn Phúc Khoát and he was the prince who would succeed the title of lord . After lord Khoat's death, an overpowered mandarin named Trương Phúc Loan changed lord Khoat's will to make Luan's younger brother Nguyễn Phúc Thuần to be the next ruler. Later, Trương Phúc Loan imprisoned Luan until his death in 1765. Luan

5658-469: Was a venal and superstitious coward, he was at odds with his assistant, Hoàng Đình Thể . An itinerant Taoist priest came to Phú Xuân, and said to Cầu that he should set up an altar to pray for himself. Cầu was persuaded; he built an altar, ordered his soldiers to serve him day and night, making his soldiers very tired. Take this opportunity, Huệ launched a raid on Trịnh army. Hoàng Đình Thể was killed in action. Phạm Ngô Cầu surrendered to Tây Sơn army. After

5740-403: Was accepted, and Nguyễn Nhạc was made an official of the Trịnh lords. Nhac also made peace with the Nguyễn lords, causing Tống Phước Hiệp to take off the pressure, and deluded Prince Nguyễn Phúc Dương. His diplomacy provisionally made Tây Sơn's enemies inactive and bought him valuable time to shore up his army. Recognizing that the temporary ceasefire was unlikely to endure, Nguyễn Nhạc retrained

5822-611: Was aided by his brothers Nguyễn Huệ and Nguyễn Lữ . In the early days of the rebellion, Huệ was the most helpful of Nhạc's generals both in finance and in training the army; with the encouragement of Trương Văn Hiến and his own talent, Huệ rapidly increased his own popularity and that of the Tây Sơn Rebellion. Due to its popularity, the Tây Sơn army grew strong and attracted many talented generals, including Nguyễn Thung , Bùi Thị Xuân , Võ Văn Dũng , Võ Đình Tú , Trần Quang Diệu , Trương Mỹ Ngọc , and Võ Xuân Hoài . The rebels became famous for their policy: "fair, no corruption, only looting

5904-630: Was also one of the most successful military commanders in Vietnam's history. Nguyễn Huệ and his brothers, Nguyễn Nhạc and Nguyễn Lữ , together known as the Tây Sơn brothers , were the leaders of the Tây Sơn rebellion . As rebels, they conquered Vietnam, overthrowing the imperial Later Lê dynasty and the two rival feudal houses of the Nguyễn in the south and the Trịnh in the north. After several years of constant military campaigning and rule, Nguyễn Huệ died at

5986-622: Was an excellent stratagem; Thepharirak was taken in. On the morning of 20 January 1785, Siamese fleet was surrounded in Rạch Gầm River and Xoài Mút River (near Mỹ Tho River , in present-day Tiền Giang Province ). The battle ended with a near annihilation of the Siamese fleet, all the ships of the Siamese navy were destroyed. Thepharirak and Nguyễn Ánh fled back to Bangkok. Northern Vietnam fell into chaos in 1786. An army under Nguyễn Huệ, Vũ Văn Nhậm and Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh marched north to attack Phú Xuân . The governor of Phú Xuân, Phạm Ngô Cầu ,

6068-512: Was buried at Cơ Thánh Tomb, located at Cư Chánh , Hưng Thuỷ , Thừa Thiên Huế . Later, his son Nguyễn Phúc Ánh posthumously gave him the title Nhân Minh Cẩn Hậu Khoan Dụ Ôn Hòa Hiếu Khang Hoàng Đế (仁明謹厚寬裕溫和孝康皇帝). Nguyễn Phúc Luân had three wives: Nguyễn Thị Hoàn - mother of Đồng, Ánh ( Gia Long ), Điển, and Ngọc Tú; Hoàn's elder sister - mother of Hạo, Mân, Ngọc Du, Ngọc Tuyền and one son who died as an infant; and Tống Thị Diên - mother of Ngọc Uyển. All of them later were killed in battle with

6150-756: Was designated as Crown Prince. Taking the advice of Nguyễn Thiếp , Quang Trung decided to relocate the imperial capital in Nghệ An Province . He ordered Trần Quang Diệu to build a new citadel at the foot of Kỳ Lân Hill (modern Quyết Hill in Vinh ). The new citadel was named Phượng Hoàng Trung Đô (鳳凰中都). Thăng Long was renamed Bắc Thành (北城). Sơn Nam (山南) split into two trấn ("town"): Sơn Nam Thượng (山南上 "Upper Sơn Nam") and Sơn Nam Hạ (山南下 "Lower Sơn Nam"). Each trấn had two high officials: Trấn-thủ (鎮守 "viceroy") and Hiệp-trấn (協鎮 "deputy viceroy"). Each huyện ("district") had two officials: phân-tri (分知),

6232-411: Was done because historically the government administration needed to have a way to write down these names, as some native names did not have characters. Even well-known places like Hanoi ( 河內 ) and Huế ( 化 ) were written in Chinese characters. Often, villages only had one word names in Vietnamese. Some Sino-Vietnamese names were translated from their original names, like Tam Điệp Quan ( 三疊關 ) being

6314-476: Was during this era, that the Red River Delta was under direct Chinese rule for about a millennium. Around this time, Chinese characters became widespread in northern Vietnam. Government documents, literature, and religious texts such as Buddhist sutras were all written in Literary Chinese ( Vietnamese : Hán văn; chữ Hán: 漢文 ). From independence from China and onward, Literary Chinese still remained as

6396-515: Was first mentioned in Phạm Đình Hổ's essay, Vũ trung tùy bút ( 雨中隨筆 lit.   ' Essays in the Rain ' ) where it initially described a calligraphic style of writing Chinese characters. Over time, however, the term evolved and broadened in scope, eventually coming to refer to the Chinese script in general. This meaning came from the viewpoint that the script belonged to followers of Confucianism. This

6478-400: Was no longer supported. Once in power, Emperor Quang Trung first began instituting massive and unprecedented national reforms in Vietnam. Though Quang Trung entitled as "king of Annam" by Qing China, he always regarded himself as emperor of Đại Việt . He crowned Lê Ngọc Hân empress, and granted her the noble title Bắc Cung hoàng hậu (北宮皇后 "empress of Northern Palace"); Nguyễn Quang Toản

6560-777: Was respected by citizens of Thăng Long as the way an Emperor would be treated. Nguyễn Nhạc did not want to take northern Vietnam; he sent an envoy to Phú Xuân to prevent Huệ from marching north, but Huệ had left. Then he got the message that Huệ had captured Thăng Long, and realized that Huệ was hard to be controlled. Nhạc led 2500 men and marched north to meet with Huệ and the Lê emperor. In Thăng Long, Nhạc promised that he would not take any territory of Lê emperor. Then Nhạc retreated from Thăng Long together with Huệ. Vũ Văn Nhậm disliked Nguyễn Hữu Chỉnh , and persuaded Huệ to leave Chỉnh in northern Vietnam. Huệ led his army back to Phú Xuân secretly. Chỉnh abandoned all his property, and came to Nghệ An to join Tây Sơn army. Nguyễn Nhạc did not have

6642-502: Was sent to Bangkok to request for aid. In 1783, Nguyễn Ánh and his supporters retreated to Siam with Siamese army. In Bangkok, Ánh was warmly welcomed by king Rama I . Rama I promised that Siamese would help Nguyễn Ánh to retake his lost kingdom. The Siamese army moved towards southern Vietnam in 1784. A fleet with twenty thousand men under Chao Fa Krom Luang Thepharirak was dispatched to attack and recapture Saigon for Nguyễn Ánh. Ánh and his supporters were also allowed to accompany with

6724-430: Was the youngest one. His birth name was Hồ Thơm , he also had a nickname Đức ông Tám (Sir Eighth the virtue). Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện described Nguyễn Huệ as "a cunning man, good at fighting; he has bright penetrating eyes, and always speak in a stentorian voice, everyone fears him." His father, Nguyễn Phi Phúc, made the three brothers dedicate themselves to their studies early in life. Their martial arts master

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