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87-555: The Quantel Paintbox was a dedicated computer graphics workstation for composition of broadcast television video and graphics. Produced by the British production equipment manufacturer Quantel (which, via a series of mergers, is now part of Grass Valley ), its design emphasized the studio workflow efficiency required for live news production. At a price of $ 250,000 (equivalent to $ 837,848 in 2023) per unit, they were used primarily by large TV networks such as NBC , while in

174-503: A $ 12,000 (equivalent to $ 29,000 in 2023) "personal workstation" might be a high-end PC like Macintosh II or IBM PS/2 Model 80 , low-end workstation, or a hybrid device like the NeXT Computer , all with similar, overlapping specifications. One differentiator between PC and workstation was that the latter was much more likely to have a graphics accelerator with support for a graphics standard like PHIGS or X Window , while

261-524: A Paintbox, Computer Video Film, were funded by Jack Lang at the French Ministry of Culture to create the 1985 short film Six Peintres Sur Ordinateur but it was most famously used by David Hockney , who created his first digital art on a Paintbox in June 1985, then Richard Hamilton , Howard Hodgkin , Larry Rivers , Sidney Nolan and Jennifer Bartlett in 1986 to create original digital artwork for

348-627: A Paintbox. To celebrate the 50th Anniversary of Quantel in 2023, Adrian Wilson curated an exhibition of Paintbox Art for the Computer Arts Society, with the exhibition and catalogue designed by Kim Mannes-Abbot, whose image appears on the front cover of the 1994 Paintboxed! book. Computer graphics workstation Workstations formerly offered higher performance than mainstream personal computers , especially in CPU , graphics , memory, and multitasking. Workstations are optimized for

435-698: A UK record. The film grossed $ 131 million in the United States and Canada with a total worldwide gross of $ 273 million. It was the fourth-highest grossing film of 1991 in North America and the fifth-highest-grossing film worldwide. The Silence of the Lambs was a sleeper hit that gradually gained widespread success and critical acclaim. Foster, Hopkins, and Levine garnered much acclaim for their performances. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 95% of 153 film critics have given

522-489: A bad review from Ebert's colleague, Gene Siskel . Writing for Chicago Tribune , Siskel said, "Foster's character, who is appealing, is dwarfed by the monsters she is after. I'd rather see her work on another case." The film won the Big Five Academy Awards : Best Picture , Best Director (Demme), Best Actor (Hopkins), Best Actress (Foster), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Ted Tally), making it only

609-550: A barn but was unable to save them. Lecter speculates that she hopes saving Catherine will end the recurring nightmares she has from this event. Satisfied, he returns the case files to her. That evening, Lecter brutally kills his two guards and escapes from his cell. With the notes provided by Lecter, Starling figures out that Buffalo Bill knew his first victim: Frederika Bimmel. She travels to Bimmel's Ohio hometown and discovers that both she and Buffalo Bill were tailors . In Bimmel's room, she finds evidence revealing that Buffalo Bill

696-411: A clue. This clue leads to a jar containing a man's severed head. The man is linked to Buffalo Bill, and Lecter offers to profile the killer on the condition that he is transferred away from Dr. Frederick Chilton , whom he detests. Meanwhile, Lecter influences Miggs to swallow his own tongue and commit suicide, presumably to avenge his revolting action toward Starling. Around the same time, another victim

783-637: A company when Paintbox was launched, demonstrating prior use to the court meant that Quantel's Patents became invalid and the case was thrown out by the judge in Adobe's home state of Delaware. A Paintbox was usually integrated into Quantel's editing systems, especially the Quantel Henry, and later Quantel Editbox. In contrast to the earlier DPB-7000 series machines, the V-series made extensive use of Altera CPLD and FPGA ICs, which integrated much of

870-706: A computer into a real artist's tool. The real time, broadcast quality, 24-bit Quantel "Paint Box" as it was then known, was launched at NAB in Las Vegas in May 1981. The PAL DPB-7001 and the NTSC DPB-7000 , were literally just digital paint machines, with stencils/layers introduced nine months later, and font and text functions implemented by Pepper Howard in 1983. The hardware was readily-available off-the-shelf components, supported by Programmable Array Logic ICs which were custom-programmed by Quantel. Combining

957-432: A high-resolution display, a keyboard , and a mouse at a minimum, but also offers multiple displays, graphics tablets , and 3D mice for manipulating objects and navigating scenes. Workstations were the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories, and collaboration tools like videoconferencing . The increasing capabilities of mainstream PCs since the late 1990s have reduced distinction between

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1044-606: A hundred digital artists by the late 1980s to improve and demonstrate the Paintbox features. Graphic Paintbox was used to create the posters for The Silence of the Lambs , JFK , The Doors , and record covers for Nirvana's Nevermind , and the Beastie Boys' Paul's Boutique . The Miracle , rock band Queen 's studio album, was designed by Richard Gray and created by Richard Baker. The first company in France to buy

1131-411: A megapixel display (roughly 1000×1000 pixels), and one " MegaFLOPS " compute performance (at least one million floating-point operations per second). RFC 782 defines the workstation environment more generally as "hardware and software dedicated to serve a single user", and that it provisions additional shared resources. This is at least one order of magnitude beyond the capacity of the personal computer of

1218-950: A much higher price. Workstations have typically driven advancements in CPU technology. All computers benefit from multi-processor and multicore designs (essentially, multiple processors on a die ). The multicore design was pioneered by IBM's POWER4 ; it and Intel Xeon have multiple CPUs, more on-die cache, and ECC memory. Some workstations are designed or certified for use with only one specific application such as AutoCAD , Avid Xpress Studio HD, or 3D Studio Max . The certification process increases workstation prices. Modern workstations are typically desktop computers with AMD or NVIDIA GPUs to do high-performance computing on software programs such as video editing , 3D modeling , computer-aided design , and rendering . By January 2009, all RISC -based workstation product lines had been discontinued: In early 2018, RISC workstations were reintroduced in

1305-487: A multiuser system reserved for one user. For example, the PDP-8 from Digital Equipment Corporation , is regarded as the first commercial minicomputer. Workstations have historically been more advanced than contemporary PCs, with more powerful CPU architectures, earlier networking, more advanced graphics, more memory, and multitasking with sophisticated operating systems like Unix. Because of their minicomputer heritage, from

1392-504: A new deal. Lecter agrees and is flown to Memphis , where he provides Senator Martin with accurate information on Buffalo Bill's appearance but falsely identifies him as "Louis Friend". Starling later realizes that the name is an anagram of " iron sulfide ", also known as "fool's gold". She visits Lecter, now imprisoned in Tennessee, and recounts a traumatic childhood incident in which she heard lambs screaming as they were slaughtered in

1479-509: A personal workstation suitable for 2D CAD costing $ 5,000 (equivalent to $ 12,000 in 2023) to $ 25,000 (equivalent to $ 61,000 in 2023) was available from multiple vendors. Mid-range models capable of 3D graphics cost from $ 35,000 (equivalent to $ 86,000 in 2023) to $ 60,000 (equivalent to $ 147,000 in 2023), while high-end models overlapping with minicomputers cost from $ 80,000 (equivalent to $ 197,000 in 2023) to $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 246,000 in 2023) or more. By then

1566-571: A psychopathic serial killer known as " Buffalo Bill ", who kills overweight women and skins them. Starling meets Lecter in his cell at the Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. Although initially courteous, Lecter rebuffs her, quickly deducing Crawford's true motive. As she is leaving, another prisoner, Miggs, flings his semen at her, angering Lecter, who then changes his mind and provides Starling with

1653-526: A script was on his way titled The Silence of the Lambs , Hopkins responded, "Is it a children's story?" Hopkins called his agent back after reading the first 10 pages and said, "This is the best part I've ever read." He accepted the role after having dinner with Demme. Other actors considered for the role included Al Pacino , Robert De Niro , Dustin Hoffman , Derek Jacobi and Daniel Day-Lewis . Forest Whitaker has stated that he also auditioned for

1740-661: A series of IBM POWER9 -based systems by Raptor Computing Systems. In October of 2024 System 76 introduces The Thelio Astra an Arm workstation aim for autonomous car industry. Most of the current workstation market uses x86-64 microprocessors. Operating systems include Windows , FreeBSD , Linux distributions , macOS , and Solaris . Some vendors also market commodity mono-socket systems as workstations. These are three types of workstations: A high-end desktop market segment includes workstations, with PC operating systems and components. Component product lines may be segmented, with premium components that are functionally similar to

1827-475: A similar role for technical computing. Sun's thin clients include the Sun Ray product line. However, traditional workstations and PCs continued to drop in price and complexity as remote management tools for IT staff became available, undercutting this market. A high-end workstation of the early 1980s with the three Ms, or a "3M computer" (coined by Raj Reddy and his colleagues at CMU), has one megabyte of RAM,

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1914-737: A single user, with high-resolution graphics (and so a workstation in the modern sense), is the Alto developed at Xerox PARC in 1973. Other early workstations include the Terak 8510/a (1977), Three Rivers PERQ (1979), and the later Xerox Star (1981). In the early 1980s, with the advent of 32-bit microprocessors such as the Motorola 68000 , several new competitors appeared, including Apollo Computer and Sun Microsystems , with workstations based on 68000 and Unix . Meanwhile, DARPA 's VLSI Project created several spinoff graphics products, such as

2001-466: A software-only version of QPaintbox). They also released their new Quantel Editbox. Despite becoming the industry standard TV graphics and post production computer with hundreds sold around the world, Quantel lost all its market share against cheaper systems and software. There are just fifteen V-Series models and only five original DPB versions known to still exist, one of which is being restored to working order. Quantel invested heavily in art, employing

2088-423: A traditional operating system and perform computations locally, with storage on a remote server . These are intended to reduce the initial system purchase cost, and the total cost of ownership , by reducing the amount of administration required per user. This approach was first attempted as a replacement for PCs in office productivity applications, with the 3Station by 3Com . In the 1990s, X terminals filled

2175-401: A young FBI trainee who is hunting a serial killer named " Buffalo Bill " ( Ted Levine ), who skins his female victims. To catch him, she seeks the advice of the imprisoned Hannibal Lecter ( Anthony Hopkins ), a brilliant psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer . The film also features performances from Scott Glenn , Anthony Heald , and Kasi Lemmons . The Silence of the Lambs

2262-483: Is "not really transsexual". Demme argued that this criticism was misguided, telling The New York Times that "I got all this unfounded abuse... [Buffalo Bill] wasn't a gay character. He was a tormented man who hated himself and wished he was a woman because that would have made him as far away from himself as he possibly could be." Demme added that he "came to realize that there is a tremendous absence of positive gay characters in movies". Despite that, in following years

2349-600: Is Buffalo Bill after spotting a death's head moth. She pursues him and finds Catherine trapped in a dry well in the cavernous basement. Gumb stalks Starling with night-vision goggles but reveals himself by cocking his revolver; she reacts quickly and shoots him dead. At the FBI Academy graduation party, Starling receives a phone call from Lecter, who is in the Bahamas at a Bimini airport. He assures her that he has no intention of pursuing her and requests that she return

2436-490: Is a minority amongst her numerous male peers, though film scholar Barry Forshaw notes that "any feminist agenda is never bluntly formulated verbally". Some gay male critics and feminists felt that the film's portrayal of Buffalo Bill negatively associated the LGBT community with deviance, psychopathy, and violence. Despite this, Bill's sexual orientation is never explicitly stated in the film, and Lecter expressly states Bill

2523-431: Is another adaptation of Red Dragon and Hannibal Rising , taking place before the events of The Silence of the Lambs. According to The Guardian , before The Silence of the Lambs , serial killers in film had been "claw-handed bogeymen with melty faces and rubber masks. By contrast, Lecter was highly intelligent with impeccable manners," and played by an actor with "impeccable credentials". When The Silence of

2610-484: Is found with a death's head moth lodged in her throat. In Tennessee , Buffalo Bill abducts Catherine Martin, the daughter of a U.S. senator. Crawford authorizes Starling to offer Lecter a fake deal, promising a prison transfer if he helps them capture Buffalo Bill in time to rescue Catherine. Instead, Lecter demands a quid pro quo , offering clues in exchange for personal information about Starling, to which she agrees. Chilton exposes Starling's deceit and offers Lecter

2697-478: Is making a suit out of human skin. The culprit is a man named Jame Gumb, who believes he is transsexual but was deemed too violent to apply for a sex-change operation . Crawford and an FBI Hostage Rescue Team storm Gumb's address in Illinois but find the house empty. Meanwhile, Starling follows a lead that takes her to the house of one of Bimmel's former clients. There, she meets the real Jame Gumb, realizing he

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2784-516: The Silicon Graphics 3130 . Target markets were differentiated, with Sun and Apollo considered to be network workstations and SGI as graphics workstations. RISC CPUs increased in the mid-1980s, typical of workstation vendors. Competition between RISC vendors lowered CPU prices to as little as $ 10 per MIPS, much less expensive than the Intel 80386 ; after large price cuts in 1987 and 1988,

2871-580: The UK , Peter Claridge's company CAL Videographics was the first commercial company to purchase one. Following its initial launch in 1981, the Paintbox revolutionised the production of television graphics. Artist Martin Holbrook worked with Quantel's development team to develop the artist-oriented functionality and user interface, which remained virtually unchanged throughout the life of the product; their Patented pressure-sensitive pen and tablet elevated it from

2958-537: The death penalty . Principal photography on The Silence of the Lambs began on November 15, 1989, and wrapped on March 1, 1990. Filming primarily took place in and around Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , with some scenes shot in nearby northern West Virginia . The Victorian home in Perryopolis, Pennsylvania , used as Buffalo Bill's home in the film went up for sale in August 2015 for $ 300,000. The home sat on

3045-515: The groundbreaking 1987 BBC series Painting with Light . Quantel also gave three Paintbox systems to three art schools in the UK in the mid-1980s, including Blackpool College where it was used extensively by artist Adrian Wilson to create digital images, including the James album cover for Gold Mother . Two of Wilson's Paintbox pieces were included in the pioneering Art & Computers exhibition at

3132-412: The visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulations like computational fluid dynamics , animation , video editing , image editing , medical imaging , image rendering, computational science , generating mathematical plots , and software development . Typically, the form factor is that of a desktop computer , which consists of

3219-510: The $ 500,000 cost of rights between Hackman and the studio. The producers also had to acquire the rights to the Lecter character, which were owned by Manhunter producer Dino De Laurentiis . Owing to the financial failure of Manhunter , De Laurentiis lent the rights to Orion for free. In November 1987, Ted Tally was brought on to write the adaptation; Tally had crossed paths with Harris many times, with his interest in adapting The Silence of

3306-581: The 4-day Presidents' Day weekend, placing at number one at the US box office. It remained at number one for five weeks. The film opened at the Odeon Leicester Square in London in June 1991 and grossed £290,936 in its opening week, which distributor Rank claimed was a world record opening week from one theatre. The following week, it expanded to 281 screens and grossed £4,260,472 for the week,

3393-458: The 500 greatest movies of all time. The American Film Institute ranked it the sixty-fifth greatest film in American cinema , as well as the fifth-greatest and most influential thriller film , while Starling and Lecter were ranked among the greatest film heroines and villains . The film is considered "culturally, historically, or aesthetically" significant by the U.S. Library of Congress and

3480-669: The Cleveland Art Gallery, England , September 1988 and he was sponsored by Quantel, who used his images for the cover of the Graphic Paintbox sales brochure. One recipient, Duncan of Jordanstone College of Art had recently appointed the video artist Stephen Partridge as a lecturer who then established (1984) The Television Workshop to support artists and filmmakers' production and access to high-level broadcast technology. Over 400 productions were supported in this way from 1984 to 1992 until desktop video pre-empted

3567-615: The Cuckoo's Nest ) to win Academy Awards in all the major five categories: Best Picture , Best Director , Best Actor , Best Actress , and Best Adapted Screenplay . It was the first (and to date only) horror film to win Best Picture. The Silence of the Lambs is regularly cited by critics, film directors, and audiences as one of the greatest and most influential films . In 2018, Empire ranked it 48th on their list of

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3654-461: The Fall which can be heard playing during the climactic scene in which Starling enters Buffalo Bill's house. The song " Goodbye Horses " by Q Lazzarus became a cult hit after it was featured in an iconic scene with Buffalo Bill applying makeup and speaking to himself in the mirror. The Silence of the Lambs was released on February 14, 1991, grossing almost $ 14 million from 1,497 theaters over

3741-399: The Lambs originating from receiving an advance copy of the book from Harris. When Tally was about halfway through with the first draft, Hackman withdrew from the project and financing fell through. However, Orion co-founder Mike Medavoy encouraged Tally to keep writing as the studio took care of financing and searched for a replacement director. Orion sought Jonathan Demme to direct. With

3828-622: The Lambs was re-released in the United Kingdom in 2017, the British Board of Film Classification reclassified it from an 18 to a 15 certificate. The film's co-producer Ed Saxon said audiences had become desensitized and that the film had become less shocking. However, the BBFC's Craig Lapper felt that audiences had instead become used to procedural crime dramas with serial killers as dramatic tropes, and suggested that The Silence of

3915-694: The PCs and workstations. Typical 1980s workstations have expensive proprietary hardware and operating systems to categorically distinguish from standardized PCs. From the 1990s and 2000s, IBM 's RS/6000 and IntelliStation have RISC -based POWER CPUs running AIX , and its IBM PC Series and Aptiva corporate and consumer PCs have Intel x86 CPUs. However, by the early 2000s, this difference largely disappeared, since workstations use highly commoditized hardware dominated by large PC vendors, such as Dell , Hewlett-Packard , and Fujitsu , selling x86-64 systems running Windows or Linux . Workstations are older than

4002-637: The Quadra 700 was an intriguing option at a fraction of the cost" as resource-intensive software such as Infini-D brought "studio-quality 3D rendering and animations to the home desktop". The Quadra 700 can run A/UX 3.0, making it a Unix workstation. Another example is the Nvidia GeForce 256 consumer graphics card, which spawned the Quadro workstation card, which has the same GPU but different driver support and certifications for CAD applications and

4089-650: The award to the film's executive producer Gary Goetzman . In 1998, the film was listed as one of the 100 greatest films in the past 100 years by the American Film Institute . In 2006, at the Key Art Awards, the original poster for The Silence of the Lambs was named best film poster "of the past 35 years". The Silence of the Lambs placed seventh on Bravo 's The 100 Scariest Movie Moments for Lecter's escape scene. The American Film Institute named Hannibal Lecter (as portrayed by Hopkins)

4176-449: The companies that make the products tend to have comprehensive repair/replacement plans. As the distinction between workstation and PC fades, however, workstation manufacturers have increasingly employed "off-the-shelf" PC components and graphics solutions rather than proprietary hardware or software. Some "low-cost" workstations are still expensive by PC standards but offer binary compatibility with higher-end workstations and servers made by

4263-702: The complex SSI logic into a smaller number of ICs. Some versions of the V-series hardware refined the design further by moving the CPLD and FPGA logic into "hard-copy" ASICs , which were manufactured by Orbit Semiconductor . In 2002, the generationQ series of products introduced the last stand-alone Paintbox and the QPaintbox software for PCs . Eventually, Paintbox became a feature of Quantel's other, more powerful editing, media management and post-production products. In 2005 Quantel updated their line of x86 -based workstations (with Paintbox and Paintbox gQ models, and

4350-411: The consumer models but with higher robustness or performance. A workstation-class PC may have some of the following features: The Silence of the Lambs (film) The Silence of the Lambs is a 1991 American psychological horror thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme and written by Ted Tally , adapted from Thomas Harris 's 1988 novel . It stars Jodie Foster as Clarice Starling ,

4437-555: The cost of logic circuitry, enabling IBM to make it inexpensive. The machine is codenamed CADET and was initially rented for $ 1000 per month. In 1965, the IBM 1130 scientific computer became the successor to 1620. Both of these systems run Fortran and other languages. They are built into roughly desk-sized cabinets, with console typewriters. They have optional add-on disk drives, printers, and both paper-tape and punched-card I/O. Early workstations were generally dedicated minicomputers ,

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4524-678: The decision to play Lecter as still and unblinking was not influenced by Charles Manson , as some had speculated. Hopkins admitted to being intimidated by Foster, who had just won an Academy Award, and initially felt scared to talk to her. Gene Hackman was cast to play Jack Crawford , the Agent-in-Charge of the Behavioral Science Unit of the FBI in Quantico, Virginia , but he found the script too violent. Scott Glenn

4611-415: The favor, which she says she cannot. He hangs up, stating that he is "having an old friend for dinner" as he trails a newly arrived Chilton into the crowd. In the years following its release, The Silence of the Lambs was subject to much film criticism regarding its themes of human sexuality and sexual politics. Throughout the film, Clarice Starling's gender is emphasized as a distinguishing feature, as she

4698-435: The film (and its claims that Bill is "not really transsexual") has been criticized for transphobia by transfeminists , who claimed that it is "one of the most significant and impactful examples of pop culture transmisogyny " and it "encourages disbelief of trans people's self-identification ". In a 1992 interview with Playboy magazine, the feminist and women's rights advocate Betty Friedan stated: "I thought it

4785-523: The film a positive review, with an average rating of 8.80/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Director Jonathan Demme's smart, taut thriller teeters on the edge between psychological study and all-out horror, and benefits greatly from stellar performances by Anthony Hopkins and Jodie Foster." Metacritic , another review aggregator, assigned the film a weighted average score of 86 out of 100, based on 20 reviews from mainstream critics, indicating "universal acclaim". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave

4872-546: The film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale. Roger Ebert of the Chicago Sun-Times , specifically mentioned the "terrifying qualities" of Hannibal Lecter. Ebert later added the film to his list of The Great Movies , recognizing the film as a "horror masterpiece" alongside such classics as Nosferatu , Psycho , and Halloween . However, the film is also notable for being one of two multi-Academy Award winners (the other being Unforgiven ) to get

4959-422: The first personal computer (PC). The first computer that might qualify as a workstation is the IBM 1620 , a small scientific computer designed to be used interactively by a single person sitting at the console. It was introduced in 1959. One peculiar feature of the machine is that it lacks any arithmetic circuitry. To perform addition, it requires a memory-resident table of decimal addition rules. This reduced

5046-421: The former usually depended on software rendering or proprietary accelerators. The computer animation industry's needs typically caused improvements in graphical technology, with CAD using the same improvements later. BYTE predicted in 1989 "Soon, the only way we'll be able to tell the difference between traditional workstations and PCs will be by the operating system they run", with the former running Unix and

5133-445: The latest hardware, custom software which had solved usable digital paint issues and an artist-friendly familiar way of creating artwork that required no computer knowledge meant that the Paintbox was an instant success. The Paintbox became the global industry standard digital studio and image manipulation tool for the next fifteen years, bringing digital art and graphics onto everyone's TV screens. The second generation V-Series Paintbox

5220-503: The latter half of the summer of 1990, the score was performed by the Munich Symphony Orchestra . "I tried to write in a way that goes right into the fabric of the movie," explained Shore on his approach. "I tried to make the music just fit in. When you watch the movie you are not aware of the music. You get your feelings from all elements simultaneously, lighting, cinematography, costumes, acting, music. Jonathan Demme

5307-598: The latter running OS/2 , classic Mac OS , and/or Unix. Many workstations by then had some method to run increasingly popular and powerful PC software such as Lotus 1-2-3 or Microsoft Word . The magazine demonstrated that year that an individual could build a workstation with commodity components with specifications comparable to commercially available low-end workstations. Workstations often featured SCSI or Fibre Channel disk storage systems, high-end 3D accelerators , single or multiple 64-bit processors , large amounts of RAM , and well-designed cooling. Additionally,

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5394-584: The market for nearly a year, before finally selling for $ 195,000. The exterior of the Western Center near Canonsburg, Pennsylvania , served as the setting for Baltimore State Hospital for the Criminally Insane. A scene set in the FBI Director's office was filmed in the office of United States Secretary of Labor Elizabeth Dole in Washington, D.C. In what was a rare act of cooperation at

5481-448: The most rented video in the United States upon release, and ended up as the second most rented video of 1992. It was released on DVD on March 6, 2001 by MGM Home Entertainment in both Widescreen (1.85:1) and Full Screen (1.33:1) versions. The Criterion Collection , which had released the film on LaserDisc in 1994, released a DVD special edition in 1998, and later a Blu-Ray edition in 2018. The sequel Hannibal (2001) only saw

5568-410: The need. Artists and filmmakers using the workshop included Richard Morrison , Jeff Keen, Robert Cahen, Tamara Krikorian , Pictorial Heroes, Judith Goddard and many others. The music video for Dire Straits ' " Money for Nothing " was created on a Bosch FGS-4000 3D animation system using a Quantel Paintbox for backgrounds and textures. Graphics for Disney Sing-Along Songs were also created on

5655-617: The novel. However, despite having just won an Academy Award for her performance in The Accused (1988), Demme was not initially convinced that she was right for the role. Having just collaborated on Married to the Mob (1988), Demme's first choice for the role of Starling was Michelle Pfeiffer , who turned it down, later saying, "It was a difficult decision, but I got nervous about the subject matter." He then approached Meg Ryan , who also turned it down for its gruesome themes. The studio

5742-514: The number one film villain of all time and Clarice Starling (as portrayed by Foster) the sixth-greatest film hero of all time . In 2011, ABC aired a prime-time special, Best in Film: The Greatest Movies of Our Time , that counted down the best films chosen by fans based on results of a poll conducted by ABC and People magazine. The Silence of the Lambs was selected as the best suspense/thriller and Dr. Hannibal Lecter

5829-491: The return of Hopkins after Foster and director Jonathan Demme declined to return because of the onscreen increase of violence and gore. Hopkins again returned to the role of Hannibal Lecter in the prequel film Red Dragon (2002) while another prequel, Hannibal Rising (2007), saw Gaspard Ulliel take over the role. The TV series Clarice (2021) takes place after the events of the film, with actress Rebecca Breeds portraying Clarice. The series Hannibal (2013–2015)

5916-603: The role. The mask Hopkins wore became an iconic symbol of the film. It was created by Ed Cubberly, of Frenchtown, New Jersey , who had made masks for NHL goalkeepers. Hopkins developed his portrayal of Lecter by drawing inspiration from the HAL 9000 computer as voiced by Douglas Rain in 2001: A Space Odyssey , as well as the vocal patterns of writer Truman Capote . In a 2001 interview with GQ , Hopkins clarified that he did not base Lecter's vocal cadence on Katharine Hepburn , as some people had believed. He also revealed that

6003-476: The same as the consumer market, and the price differential narrowed. For example, most Macintosh Quadra computers were originally intended for scientific or design work, all with the Motorola 68040 CPU, backward compatible with 68000 Macintoshes. The consumer Macintosh IIcx and Macintosh IIci models can be upgraded to the Quadra 700 . "In an era when many professionals preferred Silicon Graphics workstations,

6090-422: The same vendor. This allows software development to take place on low-cost (relative to the server) desktop machines. Workstations diversified to the lowest possible price point as opposed to performance, called the thin client or network computer . Dependent upon a network and server, this reduces the machine to having no hard drive, and only the CPU, keyboard, mouse, and screen. Some diskless nodes still run

6177-494: The screenplay not yet completed, Demme signed on after reading the novel. From there, the project developed quickly; Tally said: "[Demme] read my first draft not long after it was finished, and we met. Then I was just startled by the speed of things. We met in May 1989 and were shooting in November. I don't remember any big revisions." Jodie Foster was interested in playing FBI agent Clarice Starling immediately after reading

6264-665: The start workstations have run professional and expensive software such as CAD and graphics design, as opposed to PCs' games and text editors. The Lisp machines developed at MIT in the early 1970s pioneered some workstation principles, as high-performance, networked, single-user systems intended for heavily interactive use. Lisp Machines were commercialized beginning 1980 by companies like Symbolics , Lisp Machines , Texas Instruments (the TI Explorer ), and Xerox (the Interlisp-D workstations). The first computer designed for

6351-647: The third film in history to accomplish that feat. It was also nominated for Best Sound ( Tom Fleischman and Christopher Newman ) and Best Film Editing , but lost to Terminator 2: Judgment Day and JFK , respectively. Other awards include Best Film by the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures , CHI Awards and PEO Awards. Demme won the Silver Bear for Best Director at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival and

6438-615: The time, the FBI allowed scenes to be filmed at the FBI Academy in Quantico; some FBI staff members even acted in bit parts . The design for the basement and pit used by Buffalo Bill was inspired by the real-life kidnappings and murders performed by Gary M. Heidnik . The musical score for The Silence of the Lambs was composed by Howard Shore , who would also collaborate with Demme on Philadelphia . Recorded in Munich during

6525-486: The time. The original 1981 IBM Personal Computer has 16 KB memory, a text-only display, and floating-point performance around 1  kFLOPS ( 30 kFLOPS with the optional 8087 math coprocessor. Other features beyond the typical personal computer include networking, graphics acceleration, and high-speed internal and peripheral data buses. Another goal was to bring the price below one " megapenny ", that is, less than $ 10,000 (equivalent to $ 28,000 in 2023), which

6612-474: Was absolutely outrageous that The Silence of the Lambs won four [ sic ] Oscars. [...] I'm not saying that the movie shouldn't have been shown. I'm not denying the movie was an artistic triumph, but it was about the evisceration, the skinning alive of women. That is what I find offensive. Not the Playboy centerfold ." The Silence of the Lambs is based on the 1988 novel by Thomas Harris . It

6699-448: Was achieved in the late 1980s. Throughout the early to mid-1990s, many workstations cost from $ 15,000 to $ 100,000 (equivalent to $ 200,000 in 2023) or more. The more widespread adoption of these technologies into mainstream PCs was a direct factor in the decline of the workstation as a separate market segment: Since the late 1990s, the workstation and consumer markets have further merged. Many low-end workstation components are now

6786-691: Was introduced and led to Quantel's high-profile lawsuit against Adobe for using the Paintbox's patented features. In the late 1980s, Quantel filed a patent infringement lawsuit against Spaceward Graphics for creating the Matisse system, which was marketed as a cheaper version of the Paintbox. They won the case against Spaceward at the High Court in London in 1990, but lost the case against Adobe in 1997, who were able to demonstrate that Richard Shoup's Superpaint (1973) had introduced particular features before Quantel's Paintbox. Though Adobe didn't yet exist as

6873-781: Was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Director . The film was nominated for the Grand Prix of the Belgian Film Critics Association . It was also nominated for the British Academy Film Award for Best Film . Screenwriter Ted Tally received an Edgar Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay. The film was awarded Best Horror Film of the Year during the 2nd Horror Hall of Fame telecast, with Vincent Price presenting

6960-455: Was released in 1989 as a modernized and more compact and affordable model; with internal hardware improvements, better tablet, upgraded keyboard and a cordless stylus. Prices started at $ 80,000 (equivalent to $ 196,639 in 2023). In 1985, Quantel found a way to vastly increase the framestore capacity, enabling them to create a high resolution print quality Paintbox, which revolutionized the photo manipulation industry five years before Photoshop

7047-511: Was released on February 14, 1991, and grossed $ 272.7 million worldwide on a $ 19 million budget, becoming the fifth-highest-grossing film of 1991 worldwide . It premiered at the 41st Berlin International Film Festival , where it competed for the Golden Bear , while Demme received the Silver Bear for Best Director . It became the third and most recent film (the other two being 1934's It Happened One Night and 1975's One Flew Over

7134-399: Was selected as the fourth-greatest film character. The film and its characters have appeared in the following AFI "100 Years" lists : In 2015, Entertainment Weekly ' s 25th anniversary year, it included The Silence of the Lambs in its list of the 25 best movies made since the magazine's beginning. The film was released on VHS on October 24, 1991 by Orion Home Video . It was

7221-535: Was selected for preservation in the National Film Registry in 2011. A sequel , Hannibal , was released in 2001, followed by two prequel films, Red Dragon (2002) and Hannibal Rising (2007). Clarice Starling , an FBI trainee, is assigned by her boss, Jack Crawford , to interview the incarcerated Hannibal Lecter , a highly intelligent former psychiatrist and cannibalistic serial killer . Crawford secretly hopes to gain insights into

7308-490: Was skeptical about Laura Dern as a bankable choice, so Foster was ultimately awarded the role due to her passion for the character. Molly Ringwald auditioned but was deemed "too young". For the role of Lecter, Demme originally approached Sean Connery . After Connery turned it down, Anthony Hopkins was offered the role based on his performance in The Elephant Man (1980). When Hopkins's agent told him that

7395-489: Was the second film to feature the character Hannibal Lecter ; the first, Manhunter (1986), directed by Michael Mann , was based on the first novel in the Lecter series, Red Dragon (1981). Prior to the release of the Silence of the Lambs novel, Orion Pictures partnered with Gene Hackman to adapt it for film. With Hackman set to direct and possibly star in as FBI agent Jack Crawford , negotiations were made to split

7482-435: Was then cast in the role. In preparation for the role, Glenn met with John E. Douglas . Douglas gave Glenn a tour of the Quantico facility and also played for him an audio tape containing various recordings that serial killers Lawrence Bittaker and Roy Norris had made of themselves raping and torturing a 16-year-old girl. According to Douglas, Glenn wept as he listened to the recordings, and even changed his liberal stance on

7569-405: Was very specific about the music." The music editor was Suzana Peric. A soundtrack album was released by MCA Records on February 5, 1991. Music from the film was later used in the trailers for its 2001 sequel, Hannibal . In addition to Shore's score, recordings of popular music are used prominently in the film. This includes British post-punk music, such as the song " Hip Priest " by

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