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52-404: According to historical Islamic texts, during the hijrah (migration) of Muhammad from Mecca to Medina (Yathrib), he stopped in the village of Quba' near Medina. Depending on the sources, he stayed there for 3 to 22 days. Two different accounts of the mosque's foundation exist in relation to this event. In one, Muhammad founded the mosque himself, though there are varying explanations for how

104-538: A difficulty, but to make you clean, and to complete His favour to you, that ye may be grateful. There are a handful of recommended acts, but if omitted, the wuḍūʾ is still valid. Sunni Muslims generally perform the following: Arabic : أَشْهَدُ أَنْ لَا إِلَهَ إلَّا اللهُ وَحْدَهُ لَا شَرِيكَ لَهُ، وَأَشْهَدُ أَنَّ مُحَمَّداً عَبْدُهُ وَرَسُولُهُ ‎ transliteration: Ash-hadu "an la "ilaha "illallahu wahdahu la sharika lahu wa "ash-hadu "anna Muhammadan 'abduhu wa Rasuluhu. translation: I bear witness that none has

156-574: A guide, Abdallah ibn Arqat, who was a pagan. Beginning in January 623, Muhammad led several raids against Meccan caravans travelling along the eastern coast of the Red Sea . Members of different tribes were thus unified by the urgency of the moment. This unity was primarily based on the bonds of kinship. The second Rashidun Caliph , Umar ibn Al-Khattab , designated the Muslim year during which

208-499: A mosque ˹only˺ to cause harm, promote disbelief, divide the believers, and as a base for those who had previously fought against Allah and His Messenger. They will definitely swear, "We intended nothing but good," but Allah bears witness that they are surely liars. Do not ˹O Prophet˺ ever pray in it. Certainly, a mosque founded on righteousness from the first day is more worthy of your prayers. In it are men who love to be purified. And Allah loves those who purify themselves. The merits of

260-493: A one-bayed portico borders it on the north, and separates it from the women's prayer area. The women's prayer area, which is surrounded by a screen, is divided into two parts as a passageway connects the northern entrance with the courtyard. When Quba Mosque was rebuilt in 1986, the Medina architecture was retained – ribbed white domes, and basalt facing and modest exterior – qualities that recalls Madina's simplicity. The courtyard,

312-801: A prophet would come, and with his help, the Jews would obliterate them. Upon hearing Muhammad's religious message, the six individuals said to each other, "This is the very prophet of whom the Jews warned us; don't let them get to him before us!" After embracing Islam, they returned to Medina and shared their encounter, hoping that by having their people—the Khazraj and the Aws , who had been at odds for so long—accept Islam and adopt Muhammad as their leader, unity could be achieved between them. In February 621, five earlier converts met with Muhammad again. They were accompanied by seven new converts, including two people from

364-559: Is mustahabb , a recommended act ( مستحب ), but it becomes obligatory in special conditions such as prayer, reading the Quran , tawaf , etc. Wudu, in a hadith of Abu Hurairah discussing the Day of Resurrection , said that Muhammad, when asked if he would be able to recognize Muslims, said, "Yes, you would have a mark which other people will not have. You would come to me with a white blaze on your foreheads and white marks on your feet because of

416-450: Is tayammum or " dry ablution ", which uses clean sand in place of water due to complete water scarcity or if one is suffering from moisture-induced skin inflammation or illness or other harmful effects on the person. Qur'an 2:222 says "For God loves those who turn to Him constantly and He loves those who keep themselves pure and clean." Qur'an 5:6 says "O believers! When you rise up for prayer, wash your faces and your hands up to

468-512: Is a romanization of the Arabic word هجرة 'to depart to', 'to migrate to' or 'to move away from'. The first stem of the verbal root H-J-R , hajara , means 'to cut off someone from friendly association; to avoid association with'; the third stem, hājara , means 'a mutual termination of friendly relations by leaving or departing'. The word has been mistranslated, without proper context, as 'a severing of ties of kinship or association'. Since 1753,

520-681: Is flagged with black, red and white marble. It is screened overhead by day from the scorching heat with shades. Arabesque latticework filters the light of the palm groves outside. Elements of the new building include work by the Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil, Pakistani architect Hassan Khan Sayyid and the Stuttgart tensile architect Mahmoud Bodo Rasch , a student of Frei Otto . Hijrah The Hijrah ( Arabic : الهجرة hijra , originally 'a severing of ties of kinship or association' ), also Hegira (from Medieval Latin ),

572-468: Is no god but Allah Alone with no partner and I testify that Muhammad is Allah's Messenger', without the eight doors of the Garden being opened to him so that he can enter by whichever of them he wishes." The water of Wudu must be muṭlaq , meaning pure or unmixed (not necessarily chemically pure). The name of a liquid that is normally regarded by individuals as water. Other acts performed during wuḍūʾ and

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624-429: Is typically performed before Salah or reading the Quran . Activities that invalidate wudu include urination , defecation , flatulence , deep sleep, light bleeding (depending on madhhab ), menstruation , postpartum status, and sexual intercourse . Wudu is often translated as " partial ablution" , as opposed to ghusl , which translates to " full ablution", where the whole body is washed. An alternative to wudu

676-615: The Quraysh tried to dissuade their family members from leaving, but in the end, there were no Muslims left in Mecca. Muhammad regarded this migration as an expulsion by the Quraysh. Islamic tradition relates that, in light of the unfolding events, one of the Quraysh chiefs, Abu Jahl , Muhammad's childhood friend-turned-enemy, proposed a joint assassination of Muhammad by representatives of each Quraysh clan. Having been informed of this by

728-637: The Quraysh , however, were indifferent to his activities, as they did not appear to be particularly interested in devotional meetings, and accordingly, Muhammad did not encounter any serious opposition from them; that was the case until he began to challenge their beliefs, which caused tensions to arise. In May 622, after having convened twice with members of the Medinan tribes of Aws and Khazraj at al-'Aqabah near Mina , Muhammad secretly left his home in Mecca to emigrate to their city, along with his friend, father-in-law and companion Abu Bakr . Hijrah

780-658: The Zengid vizier Jamal al-Din al-Isfahani in 1160. During the Mamluk era , Sultan al-Nasir Muhammad ibn Qalawun reconstructed the mosque in 1333, the ceiling was redone under al-Ashraf Barsbay in 1436, and Qaytbay made renovations in 1476. During the Ottoman era , Sultan Suleiman sponsored the reconstruction of the minaret and the mosque's ceiling in 1543. Sultan Mustafa II renovated these same elements again in 1699. Major renovations and modifications took place in 1829 and in

832-429: The qibla side. Other historical descriptions of the mosque mostly date from periods after it had already been expanded by others. For much of its history prior to the 1980s reconstruction, it maintained its generally Umayyad form , with a covered prayer hall and an internal courtyard surrounded by galleries with rows of arches. The Umayyad structure at the time of Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz 's renovations (early 8th century)

884-576: The Banu Aws tribe. This gathering took place at the al-'Aqaba mountain pass, located just north of Mecca near the trade route. At the meeting, they took a pledge to Muhammad, known as the "pledge of women." It was so called because it contained no obligation to fight for Islam. One of the main tenets of this pledge was to renounce idols and affirm Allah as the only deity, with Muhammad as their leader. Muhammad then entrusted Mus'ab ibn Umayr to accompany them on their return to Medina to promote Islam. In

936-603: The Hegira occurred the first year of the Islamic calendar in 638 or the 17th year of the Hegira. This was later Latinized to Anno hegirae , the abbreviation of which is still used to denote Hijri dates today. Burnaby states that: "Historians in general assert that Muhammad fled from Mecca at the commencement of the third month of the Arabian year, Rabi 'u-l-awwal. They do not agree as to the precise day. According to Ibn-Ishak, it

988-482: The Quba Mosque that happened in 1984 include many new additions, such as 7 main entrances, 4 parallel minarets, and the 56 mini domes that surround the perimeter of the mosque from an overhead point of view. The courtyard of this mosque is composed of black, red, and white marble, and majority of the structure and interior structures such as the minbar and mihrab are all composed of white marble. Originally, there

1040-672: The Qur'anic mandate for wuḍūʾ comes in the sixth ayat of al-Ma'idah. The āyah has been translated by Muhammad Habib Shakir . O ye who believe! when ye prepare for prayer, wash your faces, and your hands (and arms) to the elbows; Rub your heads (with water); and your feet to the ankles. If ye are in a state of ceremonial impurity, bathe your whole body. But if ye are ill, or on a journey, or one of you cometh from offices of nature, or ye have been in contact with women, and ye find no water, then take for yourselves clean sand or earth, and rub therewith your faces and hands, Allah doth not wish to place you in

1092-579: The angel Gabriel, Muhammad asked his cousin Ali to lie on his bed covered with his green hadrami cloak, assuring him that it would keep him safe. Muhammad then went with Abu Bakr to a cave in Mount Thawr , about an hour's walk south of Mecca, and hid there. Abu Bakr's children and servants, who were still in Mecca, regularly brought them food. After three days in hiding, they set out for Medina on camels that Abu Bakr had bought in advance, and accompanied by

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1144-460: The body that has not been washed, cleaned or dried improperly can be redone. Theoretically, one can perform one wuḍūʾ for Salah and this wudu would be considered valid for the rest of the day, unless you nullify it by certain means. Muslims believe that certain acts invalidate the wudu (often referred to as 'breaking wudu' and 'losing wudu'), although the Qur'an does not explain most of these, and rules differ among schools. According to Sunni Islam,

1196-483: The body through the two extremities. Cutting one's hair or nails does not invalidate wudhu but he or she should wipe the area with water. Muslims who are unable to perform the prevailing form of ablution due to skin disease, a disability, or a lack of clean water, etc. are recommended to perform tayammum, sometimes called 'dry ablution', using sand or dust instead of water. Such ritual purity may also be accepted in cases in weather where it would be dangerous. Tayammum

1248-511: The city: Banu Qaynuqa , Banu Nadir and Banu Qurayza . Over time, Arab tribes from southern Arabia migrated to the city and settled alongside the Jewish community. The Arab tribes comprised Banu Aws and Banu Khazraj , both known collectively as Banu Qayla. Prior to 620, these two Arab tribes had been fighting for nearly a hundred years. Each of them had tried to court the support of the Jewish tribes, which occasionally led to infighting among

1300-409: The detailed acts of the wuḍūʾ can be classed into three types: The obligation of the following actions is debated among the schools of fiqh, though if not deemed obligatory they are considered recommended: It is not sufficient for one to pass wet hand over the feet. Under certain conditions, it can be done over slippers or traditional leather footwear called khuffayn . Shi'a Muslims also believe

1352-470: The elbows, wipe your heads, and wash your feet up to the ankles. And if you are in a state of full impurity, then take a full bath. But if you are ill, on a journey, or have relieved yourselves, or have been intimate with your wives and cannot find water, then purify yourselves with clean earth by wiping your faces and hands. It is not Allah's Will to burden you, but to purify you and complete His favor upon you, so perhaps you will be grateful." Wudu by itself

1404-465: The first stone himself, with the next ones laid by Abu Bakr , Umar and Uthman . He is also said to have visited the mosque every Saturday afterwards and conducted religious service there. In another account, the mosque had been built prior to Muhammad's arrival by the first Muslim emigrants from Mecca and some of the Anṣār of Medina. Muhammad then prayed in the mosque with them. Some scholars have debated

1456-476: The following decade or so during the reigns of Mahmud II ( r.  1808–1839 ) and Abdülmecid I ( r.  1839–1861 ). The present-day mosque is the result of a complete reconstruction that began in 1984 under Saudi king Fahd bin Abdulaziz . It expanded the mosque's size The Egyptian architect Abdel-Wahed El-Wakil was commissioned to conceive a larger mosque. He initially intended to incorporate

1508-501: The following invalidates wudu: According to Shia theology, the following invalidate wudu: Belching and vomiting do not invalidate wudhu; however, it is strongly recommended that the individual rinse his or her mouth following the latter. Bleeding is not considered to invalidate wudhu either, as Ja'far al-Sadiq made it clear in Hadith that a bad wound is not caused to repeat wudhu. This concept further extends to parasites that may exit

1560-468: The hands, rinsing the mouth and nose, washing the face, then the forearms, then wiping the head, the ears, then washing or wiping the feet, while doing them in order without any big breaks between them. Wudu is an important part of ritual purity in Islam that is governed by fiqh , which specifies hygienical jurisprudence and defines the rituals that constitute it. Ritual purity is called tahara . Wudu

1612-547: The historicity of the mosque's foundation story. Leone Caetani questioned whether Muhammad recognized other mosques in this way and argued that the story is likely later a invention, part of a trend by later Muslims to associate various mosques with Muhammad's life. Johannes Pedersen supported the story's plausibility, arguing that there are indications in the Qur'an and other traditional sources that other mosques indeed existed and were recognized in Muhammad's time. Initially,

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1664-559: The implementation of this pact. When the group inquired about the reward for their loyalty, Muhammad simply replied, "Paradise." They then took the oath, also known as the pledge of war. Not long after receiving the pledges, Muhammad instructed his Meccan followers to relocate to Medina . The whole departure spanned about three months. To ensure that he did not arrive in Medina alone while his followers remained in Mecca, Muhammad chose not to go ahead and instead stayed behind to watch over them and persuade those who were reluctant. Some of

1716-421: The late 19th century, the writer Ibrahim Rifat Pasha reported that the mosque measured some 40 by 40 metres (130 by 130 ft) with a ceiling around 6 metres (20 ft) high. The new mosque consists of a rectangular prayer hall raised on a second story platform. The prayer hall connects to a cluster containing residential areas, offices, ablution facilities, shops and a library. The recent new construction of

1768-495: The latter. In 620, having lost all hope of winning converts among his fellow townspeople, Muhammad limited his efforts to non-Meccans who attended fairs or made pilgrimages. During these efforts, Muhammad met six members of the Banu Khazraj tribe who were visiting Mecca , on a pilgrimage to the holy sites around the city. These six individuals had a history of raiding Jews in their locality, who in turn had warned them that

1820-425: The men of Medina in an apparent attempt to create a sense of exclusivity and importance among them. Historical records, however, show that they were among the last groups Muhammad had tried to approach and that he had no other offers available. Muhammad himself then spoke and invited their allegiance, asking them to protect him as they would their women and children. One of them, al-Bara, readily agreed, emphasizing

1872-464: The military prowess of his people. The other however, Abu al-Haytham, expressed concern that if they took the pledge and severed their ties with the Jews, Muhammad would return to his people after they gave him victories. Muhammad assured them that he was now one with them and would share their fate in war and peace. Twelve delegates, three from the Aws and nine from the Khazraj, were then selected to oversee

1924-557: The mosque are mentioned in nineteen Sahih al-Bukhari hadiths; thirteen Sahih Muslim hadiths; two Sunan Abi Dawud hadiths; six Al-Muwatta hadiths. Muhammad frequented the mosque and prayed there. This is referred to in a number of hadith: Narrated 'Abdullah bin Dinar: Ibn 'Umar said, "The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba every Saturday (sometimes) walking and (sometimes) riding." 'Abdullah (Ibn 'Umar) used to do

1976-601: The mosque was built 6 kilometres (3.7 miles) from Medina in the village of Quba', before Medina expanded to include this village. The first mosque would have been oriented towards Jerusalem and Muhammad most likely rebuilt it when the qibla (direction of prayer) was changed toward the Kaaba in Mecca . The mosque was repeatedly modified and expanded in later periods. It was expanded under Caliph Uthman ( r.  644 – 656 CE ). Another expansion occurred in 684 CE, during

2028-441: The old structure into his design, but it was eventually decided to tear down the old mosque and replace it entirely with the new one. Performing Wuḍūʾ ('ablution') in one's home, then offering two Rakaʿāt of Nafl (optional) prayers in the Quba Mosque, is considered to be equal to performing one ʿ Umrah . Muhammad used to go there, riding or on foot, every Saturday and offer a two rakaʿāt prayer. He advised others to do

2080-603: The pilgrimage season of 622, Muhammad had another meeting in Aqaba with the Medinan converts; this time, there were 75 of them, including 2 women. Muhammad's uncle al-Abbas , who accompanied him, made a speech at the beginning, declaring that Muhammad was "the most respected person among his kinsmen." This is quite in contrast with the fact that Muhammad had received strong opposition from his other uncle, Abu Lahab , as well as Abu Jahl and other Quraysh leaders. Al-Abbas also falsely stated that Muhammad had rejected offers from all but

2132-524: The reign of the Umayyad caliph Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan . Under his successor, al-Walid I ( r.  705–715 ), the mosque was rebuilt. Its first " minaret " was added under Umar ibn Abd al-Aziz ( r.  717–720 ). Another renovation occurred in 1044, when a mihrab (niche symbolizing the qibla ) was added by Sharif Abu Ya'la Ahmad ibn Hasan (or Abu Yali al-Husayni). Further additions were made around 80 years later. Later renovations were made by

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2184-444: The right to be worshipped but Allah alone, Who has no partner; and I bear witness that Muhammad is His slave and His Messenger.}} Arabic : اللَّهُمَّ اجْعَلْنِي مِنَ التَّوَّابِينَ وَاجْعَلْنِي مِنَ الْمُتَطَهِّرِينَ ‎ transliteration: Allahummaj 'alni minat-tawwabina waj'alni minal-mutatahhirin. translation: O Allah, make me among those who turn to You in repentance, and make me among those who are purified. Any part of

2236-406: The same Narrated Ibn 'Umar: The Prophet used to go to the Mosque of Quba (sometimes) walking and sometimes riding. Added Nafi Mawla Ibn Umar (in another narration), "He then would offer two Rakat (in the Mosque of Quba)." The original mosque is said to have been a square or rectangular walled enclosure with an open court inside it. In Muhammad's time, a roofed area supported by columns was added on

2288-422: The same, saying, "Whoever makes ablutions at home and then goes and prays in the Mosque of Quba, he will have a reward like that of an 'Umrah." This ḥadīth was reported by Ahmad ibn Hanbal , Al-Nasa'i , Ibn Majah and Hakim al-Nishaburi . The mosque is believed to be the one which the Quran mentions as being founded on piety and devoutness ( Masjid al-Taqwa ): There are also those ˹hypocrites˺ who set up

2340-474: The site was chosen: it was either a mirbad (place for drying dates that belonged to Muhammad's host, Kulthum, or it was the place where a woman named Labba had tethered her donkey. Another version, probably a later legend inspired by the foundation story of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina, tells that Muhammad made Ali get on a camel and then built the mosque where the camel went. Muhammad is said to have laid

2392-520: The traces of ablution." Muhammad said that "Cleanliness is half of faith." Abu Hurairah said, "I have heard the prophet (may peace be upon him) say, "In a believer, adornment would reach the places where ablution reaches." Uthman stated that Muhammad said, "He who performed ablution well, his sins would come out from his body, even coming out from under his nails." Umar reported that Muhammad said, "No one among you does wuḍūʾ and does wuḍūʾ thoroughly – or adequately – and then testifies, 'There

2444-639: The word has also been used to refer to an exodus in English . Located more than 260 miles (420 km) north of Mecca , Medina is a verdant oasis. According to Muslim sources, the city was founded by Jews who had survived the revolt against the Romans. While agriculture was far from the domain of the Arab tribes, the Jews were excellent farmers who cultivated the land in the oases. In addition to several smaller Jewish clans, there were three major Jewish tribes in

2496-706: Was made from cut stone and lime , with a ceiling made of valuable timber. It was also decorated with mosaics , probably created with the help of Byzantine craftsmen who also worked on a renovation of the Prophet's Mosque in Medina around the same time. According to descriptions in the Abbasid period , such as those of Ibn Shabba  [ ar ] , the mosque measured approximately 32 by 32 metres (105 by 105 ft) and contained an interior courtyard measuring around 24 by 12.5 metres (79 by 41 ft), while Its walls were around 9 metres (30 ft) high and its minaret

2548-470: Was on the first or second day of the month;" Several Islamic historians and scholars, including Al Biruni , Ibn Sa'd , and Ibn Hisham , have discussed these dates in depth. Wudu Wuduʾ ( Arabic : الوضوء , romanized :  al-wuḍūʼ , lit.   'ablution' [wuˈdˤuːʔ] ) is the Islamic procedure for cleansing parts of the body, a type of ritual purification , or ablution. The steps of wudu are washing

2600-402: Was one minaret, the new renovations included the addition of the other three minarets, they rest on square bases, have octagonal shafts which take on a circular shape as they reach the top. The prayer hall is arranged around a central courtyard, characterised by six large domes resting on clustered columns. A portico , which is two bays in depth, borders the courtyard on the east and west, while

2652-413: Was roughly 24 metres (79 ft). The early 19th-century renovations initated by Mahmud II replaced the originally flat ceiling of the mosque with a new ceiling of shallow domes supported by arches and columns. Prior to its modern reconstruction, the mosque's western entrance was also fronted by a façade with Ottoman tughras (calligraphic signatures) and an inscription recording Mahmud II's works. In

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2704-577: Was the journey the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his followers took from Mecca to Medina . The year in which the Hijrah took place is also identified as the epoch of the Lunar Hijri and Solar Hijri calendars; its date equates to 16 July 622 in the Julian calendar . Early in Muhammad's preaching of Islam , his followers only included his close friends and relatives. Most of his tribesmen,

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