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42-397: Margherita was born to Prince Ferdinand of Savoy, Duke of Genoa and Princess Elisabeth of Saxony . Her father died in 1855, and her mother remarried morganatically to Major Nicholas Bernoud, Marchese di Rapallo. She was educated by countess Clelia Monticelli di Casalrosso and her Austrian governess Rosa Arbesser. Reportedly, she was given a more advanced education than most princesses at

84-588: A circle of conservative intellectuals and artists known as the "Circolo della regina" (Circle of the Queen) in her famous literary salon known as "giovedì della regina" (Queen's Thursdays), where she benefited artists and writers. Among her circle of artists were the notoriously democratic and republican poet Giosuè Carducci , who famously wrote an ode to her when she became queen, and Marco Minghetti , who functioned somewhat as her guide in cultural circles, as well as her confidant. She founded cultural institutions, notably

126-489: A definitive arrangement only later in the edition of his Opere published for Zanichelli between 1889 and 1909. The following is a list of poetic works published in one volume, then rearranged into the 20 volumes of his Opere . Below are the poetic volumes in the Opere . The volumes, however, do not correspond to the chronological order with which the poet had published his first collections, but refer more than anything else to

168-536: A doctor, was an advocate of the unification of Italy and was involved with the Carbonari . Because of his politics, the family was forced to move several times during Carducci's childhood, eventually settling for a few years in Florence . From the time he was in school, he was fascinated with the restrained style of Greek and Roman Antiquity , and his mature work reflects a restrained classical style, often using

210-509: A dominant public figure, performing what she regarded as her dynastic duties by making official visits to hospitals and churches until her death. She disliked the tolerance of democracy displayed by her son, the king, which she viewed as a form of socialist monarchy, and worked to ensure the monarchic traditions as much as she could against democratic tendencies. Her son did not wish to allow her any influence in state affairs, but she remained involved in politics through her connections and remained

252-516: A high school in Pistoia and then was appointed Professor of Italian Literature at the University of Bologna . Here, one of his students was Giovanni Pascoli , who became an eminent poet himself and later succeeded him at the university. Carducci was a popular lecturer and a fierce critic of literature and society. In his youth he was an atheist, whose political views were vehemently hostile to

294-479: A personal cult as a popular symbol of the Italian monarchy and celebrated by poets and authors, as well as by the press, as a symbol of moral reform. King Umberto, by contrast, had love affairs with the so-called " contessa fatale " (Vincenza Publicola-Santacroce, contessa di Santa Fiora), besides duchess Litta, whom he reportedly also asked for political advice, which exposed the court to scandal. The queen, however,

336-534: A personal regard, though she never explicitly expressed her support. In October 1922 the quadrumvirs ( Emilio De Bono , Italo Balbo , Michele Bianchi and Cesare Maria De Vecchi ) visited her at Bordighera to pay their respects prior to the March on Rome . Dowager Queen Margherita died in her villa in Bordighera on 4 January 1926, aged 74, after having a long attack of pleurisy . On January 10, 1926 her body

378-497: A political figure. In contrast to most nationalists, however, Margherita opposed World War I . During the war, she made one of her residences into a hospital and engaged actively within the Red Cross . After the end of World War I, Margherita feared a socialist revolution and the end of the monarchy. This, combined with her nationalism and social conservatism, led her to support Fascism under Benito Mussolini , for which she felt

420-612: A provocation timed to coincide with the First Vatican Council , a time when revolutionary fervour directed against the papacy was running high as republicans pressed both politically and militarily for an end to the Vatican's domination over the papal states . While "Inno a Satana" had quite a revolutionary impact, Carducci's finest poetry came in later years. His collections Rime Nuove ( New Rhymes ) and Odi Barbare ( Barbarian Odes ) contain his greatest works. He

462-403: A veritable myth around her as the mourning widow. She was aware of this mythology and acted accordingly in this part to benefit the prestige of the monarchy. As queen dowager, Margherita took a step back and allowed her daughter-in-law to take precedence, as this was a part of the monarchical system which was her ideal. However, this did not mean that she retired from public life, and she remained

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504-858: The Crimean war he was to be appointed to command the Kingdom of Sardinia's auxiliary corps but his declining health meant he could not take up the posting. His health did not recover and he died in Turin at the age thirty two. He is buried in the Royal Crypt of the Basilica of Superga . His one-year-old son Thomas succeeded to the title Duke of Genoa . Prince Ferdinando married Princess Elisabeth of Saxony , daughter of King John of Saxony and Princess Amalie of Bavaria , on 22 April 1850 in Dresden at

546-614: The Dresden Cathedral . They had two children: Giosu%C3%A8 Carducci Giosuè Alessandro Giuseppe Carducci (27 July 1835 – 16 February 1907) was an Italian poet, writer, literary critic and teacher. He was noticeably influential, and was regarded as the official national poet of modern Italy. In 1906, he became the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature . The Swedish Academy 's motivation

588-709: The Italian Peninsula in 1848 and 1849, Prince Ferdinando commanded an army division. After peace was restored in Italy he was appointed general commandment of the artillery and set about making improvements. As a result of the Sicilian revolution of independence he was a candidate for the throne. He was the most acceptable candidate to Britain and the British Minister in Turin informed him they would recognise him as king as soon as he took possession of

630-564: The Società del Quartetto , and the Casa di Dante . Queen Margherita also fostered loyalty toward the monarchy by social and charitable work. She frequently visited and acted as the benefactor of hospitals, schools and institutions for children and the blind, founding the first library for the blind in Florence (1892). Her work was effective and already during the 1880s, she had become the center of

672-530: The romanticism of the Florentines. In the verses of the collection we can immediately see his imitation of the ancient classics, of the stilnovo style, of Dante and Petrarch and, among the moderns, Vittorio Alfieri , Monti , Foscolo and Leopardi . But the Carduccian spirit is already visible; his love for the beauty of style, the purity of sentiments and the celebration of liberty, as well as

714-585: The "Capanna Regina Margherita" ( Margherita Hut ) remains the highest hut in Europe . Margherita later accepted the position of Honorary President of the Ladies' Alpine Club . Umberto I, who had already survived in the past two attempted murders by the anarchists Giovanni Passannante and Pietro Acciarito , was killed on 29 July 1900 by another anarchist, Gaetano Bresci . As the widow of a murdered monarch, Margherita found an enormous amount of sympathy, which created

756-624: The Casa Carducci, the house where he died at the age of 71, and contains an exhibit on the author. Carducci confessed his sins and was reconciled to the Catholic Church in 1895. On 11 September 1978, Pope John Paul I mentioned him as a "model" for university professors and teachers of Latin . It is not always easy to follow the development of Carducci's poetry through the collections he edited. The poet in fact organized his compositions several times and in different ways and gave

798-529: The Catholic Church. In the course of his life, his views on religion shifted towards a socially oriented theism which he exposed in his famous "Discorso sulla libertà perpetua di San Marino " ("A Speech on San Marino's Perpetual Freedom"), pronounced on September the 30th, 1894 before the authorities and people of that ancient Republic and celebrating "the Universal God of Peoples, Mazzini's and Washington's God". His anti-clerical revolutionary vehemence

840-530: The Italian Carboneria . Although his reputation rests primarily on his poetry, he also produced a large body of prose works. Indeed, his prose writings, including literary criticism, biographies, speeches and essays, fill some 20 volumes. Carducci was also an excellent translator and translated some of Goethe and Heine into Italian. The Museum of the Risorgimento, Bologna is housed in

882-563: The Italian flag, was named after her in 1889. A pre-dreadnought battleship was named after her in her honour. It was laid down in 1898 and launched in 1901. In 1906, the Queen mother's nephew, Luigi Amedeo, Duke of the Abruzzi , made the first ascent of the highest summit of Mount Stanley (the third highest mountain in Africa) and named it Margherita Peak in her honour. In 2011, some of

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924-507: The Queen's jewellery was auctioned at Christie's . [REDACTED] Media related to Margherita of Savoy at Wikimedia Commons Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Genoa Prince Ferdinando of Savoy, 1st Duke of Genoa (Ferdinando Maria Alberto Amedeo Filiberto Vincenzo; 15 November 1822 – 10 February 1855) was the founder of the Genoa branch of the House of Savoy . Prince Ferdinando

966-542: The classical meters of such Latin poets as Horace and Virgil . He translated Book 9 of Homer 's Iliad into Italian. Carducci was awarded a scholarship to study at the prestigious Scuola Normale Superiore di Pisa . After graduating in 1856, he began teaching school. The following year, he published his first collection of poems, Rime . These were difficult years for Carducci: his father died, and his brother committed suicide. In 1859, he married Elvira Menicucci, and they had four children. He briefly taught Greek at

1008-736: The conservative forces, she supported the repressive actions toward the rioters in Milan in 1898, which lead to the Bava Beccaris massacre . On 18 August 1893, in the company of various guides, porters, Alpini , politicians and aristocrats, Margherita climbed the Punta Gnifetti (or Signalkuppe ), a peak of the Monte Rosa massif on the Swiss–Italian border , for the inauguration of the mountain hut named after her. At 4,554 metres,

1050-420: The couple reportedly discontinued their marital relations. Their son was therefore to remain their only child. However, they never made their personal separation known to the public, and their relationship was in other aspects quite amiable: Margherita and Umberto worked together harmoniously as colleagues, Umberto even relying on her politically. Margherita was raised with the idea of paternalistic monarchy and

1092-559: The crown prince couple settled in Naples. On 11 November 1869, Margherita gave birth to Victor Emmanuel, Prince of Naples , later Victor Emmanuel III of Italy , in Capodimonte in Naples. The relationship between Margherita and Umberto was not a success in regards to personal feelings; before their wedding, Umberto was already involved in an affair with his long-term lover, Eugenia Attendolo Bolognini , and two years after their wedding,

1134-461: The distinctions of genres and therefore we find poems of the same period in different collections. The collections follow this order: The first collection of lyrical poems, which Carducci collected and divided into six books under the title Juvenilia (1850–1860), is undoubtedly inspired by the classical tradition of the Amici pedanti group that was constituted at that time for the purpose of fighting

1176-526: The ideal of enlightened despotism . Because of the lack of a queen, Margherita became the first lady of Italy immediately following her marriage, and she was given many representational duties intended to make the new royal house of united Italy popular throughout the peninsula. She became a great asset in this role, with her ability to say and do the right things to effectively arouse public enthusiasm and feeling in her public appearances. During her representational tours through Italy, made to arouse popularity for

1218-474: The pope, as well as an assassination attempt against the new king, Umberto reportedly asked Margherita for political advice. The attempted assassination of the king by Giovanni Passannante in November 1878 reportedly made her work even more forcefully to strengthen the prestige of the crown and build loyalty to the institution by gathering followers and making connections. As when she was a crown princess, she

1260-459: The president of the royal council, L.F. Menabrea , pressed the king to arrange a marriage between Margherita and her cousin, the heir to the Italian throne. Margherita signed the wedding contract with her first cousin, Umberto, Prince of Piedmont, on 21 April 1868 in the ballroom of the royal palace in Turin, followed the next day by one civilian and one religious wedding ceremony. After the wedding,

1302-673: The progress of the same, in order to be able to approach and throw flowers. In 1879, the town of Margherita di Savoia , in Apulia , Italy , near Barletta , was named after her. In 1881, the mining town of Margherita in Assam, India , was named after her. Also in 1881, a large glass-window was made of her by Studio Moretti Caselli in Perugia, which was then shown around Italy and Europe before returning. The Margherita pizza , whose red tomatoes, green basil, and white mozzarella cheese represent

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1344-452: The royal court the center of Roman high society in her effort to subdue the opposition toward unification within the Roman aristocracy. She eventually succeeded in making her salon one of the most exclusive and famous in contemporary Europe . Margherita became Queen of Italy upon the succession of Umberto to the throne on 9 January 1878. In the critical situation that year, with the king and

1386-547: The royal house and thereby the united nation of Italy, she was careful to wear local folk costumes and demonstrate enthusiasm for local customs, traditions and culture, a method which made her so popular that she eclipsed the popularity of her husband. In January 1871, after the final unification of Italy and the proclamation of Rome as the capital of Italy, the crown prince and crown princess settled in Rome. There, Margherita successfully continued her task by making her receptions at

1428-555: The throne. On 11 July 1848 the national assembly of Sicily unanimously voted to offer him the throne. When the Sicilian deputation arrived to offer him the throne, he was absent from Royal headquarters as he was commanding a division in the army. After Sardinia's defeat by the forces of the Austrian Empire commanded by Joseph Radetzky von Radetz he felt compelled to decline the opportunity to become King of Sicily . During

1470-422: The time, and displayed a great deal of intellectual curiosity. As a person, she was described as sensitive, proud and with a strong force of will without being hard, as well as having the ability to be charming when she chose to. As to her appearance, she was described as a tall, stately blonde, but she was not regarded as a beauty. Initially, she was suggested to marry Prince Charles of Romania . In 1867, however,

1512-399: Was actively assisted in this networking and image building by her favorite courtiers, marchioness Paola Pes di Villamarina and marquis Emanuele Pes di Villamarina, who were appointed her dama d’onore (senior lady in waiting) and cavaliere d’onore (senior lord in waiting) respectively. As queen, Margherita worked to protect the monarchy against republicans and socialists, and she gathered

1554-407: Was born in Florence the second son of Charles Albert, Prince of Carignano and Maria Theresa of Austria . His father was the head of the House of Savoy-Carignano a cadet branch of the House of Savoy . The senior line of the house became extinct in 1831 and his father succeeded as King of Sardinia . With the ascension of his father he was created Duke of Genoa . During the wars taking place on

1596-489: Was close to her son and strengthened her relations to him even further after his wedding. Queen Margherita was also involved in state affairs: viewing democracy as a potential threat to the monarchy, she supported Francesco Crispi against parliament. As a nationalist, she did not hesitate to support the First Italo-Ethiopian War in 1896, in contrast to Umberto, who was hesitant. As a central figure of

1638-425: Was prominently showcased in one famous poem, the deliberately blasphemous and provocative " Inno a Satana "  [ it ] ("Hymn to Satan"). "Satan" / "Lucifer" was considered by Italian leftists of the time as a metaphor for the rebellious and freethinking spirit. The poem was composed in 1863 as a dinner party toast, published in 1865, and then republished in 1869 by Bologna's radical newspaper, Il Popolo , as

1680-514: Was taken to Rome , where she was buried the following day in the royal tombs of the Pantheon , where it still stands. The funeral convoy stopped briefly time at each station to allow people to say a final farewell. In Pisa passed at night, and the band of railway workers of the city went to play as a sign of respect. In this occasion showed all the affection popular at the passage of the railway train, when an emotional crowd hindered and slowed down

1722-597: Was that "not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces." He was born in Valdicastello in Pietrasanta , a small town currently part of the Province of Lucca in the northwest corner of Tuscany , which at the time was an independent grand duchy . His father,

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1764-515: Was the first Italian to receive the Nobel Prize in Literature , in 1906. He was also appointed senator by the King of Italy (1890). In politics he remained a strong Liberal throughout his life; through the years he progressively evolved from republicanism to a sort of support to monarchy. He was a Freemason of the Grand Orient of Italy . His father Michele, a physician, was also a member of

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