Misplaced Pages

#88911

65-518: On May 18, 1954, the institute was incorporated as a non-political , non-profit organization under the laws of the State of New York. In 1965, the philanthropist Margaret Rockefeller Strong , saved the landmark building 684 Park Avenue from destruction. With her support and funding from McMicking Foundation, the institute made this building its headquarters. The institute was renamed in 2003, to recognize Queen Sofía of Spain as its patroness. In 2014,

130-592: A significant finding), which leads to a problematic bias in the published literature. This can propagate further as literature reviews of claims about support for a hypothesis will themselves be biased if the original literature is contaminated by publication bias. Studies with significant results often do not appear to be superior to studies with a null result with respect to quality of design . However, statistically significant results have been shown to be three times more likely to be published compared to papers with null results. Driving while black refers to

195-406: A bias is a systematic error . Statistical bias results from an unfair sampling of a population, or from an estimation process that does not give accurate results on average. The word appears to derive from Old Provençal into Old French biais , "sideways, askance, against the grain". Whence comes French biais , "a slant, a slope, an oblique". It seems to have entered English via

260-449: A case. The word is often used to refer to preconceived, usually unfavorable, judgments toward people or a person because of gender , political opinion, social class , age , disability , religion , sexuality , race / ethnicity , language , nationality , or other personal characteristics. Prejudice can also refer to unfounded beliefs and may include "any unreasonable attitude that is unusually resistant to rational influence". Ageism

325-418: A feature of the mass media since its birth with the invention of the printing press . The expense of early printing equipment restricted media production to a limited number of people. Historians have found that publishers often served the interests of powerful social groups. Agenda setting describes the capacity of the media to focus on particular stories, if a news item is covered frequently and prominently,

390-542: A hazard that choices made may be unduly affected by auxiliary interests. Bribery is giving of money, goods or other forms of recompense to in order to influence the recipient's behavior. Bribes can include money (including tips ), goods , rights in action , property , privilege , emolument , gifts , perks , skimming , return favors , discounts , sweetheart deals , kickbacks , funding , donations , campaign contributions , sponsorships , stock options , secret commissions , or promotions . Expectations of when

455-428: A high-stakes interest in the outcome of policy or regulatory decisions can be expected to focus their resources and energies in attempting to gain the policy outcomes they prefer, while members of the public, each with only a tiny individual stake in the outcome, will ignore it altogether. Regulatory capture is a risk to which a regulatory agency is exposed by its very nature. Shilling is deliberately giving spectators

520-502: A history." Self-serving bias is the tendency for cognitive or perceptual processes to be distorted by the individual's need to maintain and enhance self-esteem . It is the propensity to credit accomplishment to our own capacities and endeavors, yet attribute failure to outside factors, to dismiss the legitimacy of negative criticism, concentrate on positive qualities and accomplishments yet disregard flaws and failures. Studies have demonstrated that this bias can affect behavior in

585-475: A monetary transaction is appropriate can differ from place to place. Political campaign contributions in the form of cash are considered criminal acts of bribery in some countries, while in the United States they are legal provided they adhere to election law. Tipping is considered bribery in some societies, but not others. Favoritism, sometimes known as in-group favoritism, or in-group bias, refers to

650-487: A pattern of deviation from standards in judgment, whereby inferences may be created unreasonably. People create their own "subjective social reality " from their own perceptions, their view of the world may dictate their behaviour. Thus, cognitive biases may sometimes lead to perceptual distortion, inaccurate judgment, illogical interpretation, or what is broadly called irrationality . However some cognitive biases are taken to be adaptive , and thus may lead to success in

715-457: A pattern of favoring members of one's in-group over out-group members. This can be expressed in evaluation of others, in allocation of resources, and in many other ways. This has been researched by psychologists , especially social psychologists , and linked to group conflict and prejudice . Cronyism is favoritism of long-standing friends, especially by appointing them to positions of authority, regardless of their qualifications. Nepotism

SECTION 10

#1732776002089

780-471: A person or an organization that has actively contributed to the international appreciation of Spain and the Americas through a donation of time, expertise and wisdom in the areas of science, arts or the humanities. The president and CEO is David Askren and the executive director, since September, 2017 is Patrice Degnan Erquicia. With the aim of elevating awareness of Spanish literature in the United States,

845-460: A problem that is in need of a solution. Members of political parties attempt to frame issues in a way that makes a solution favoring their own political leaning appear as the most appropriate course of action for the situation at hand. As understood in social theory , framing is a schema of interpretation , a collection of anecdotes and stereotypes , that individuals rely on to understand and respond to events. People use filters to make sense of

910-423: A sharp separation of Christian communities from the state. With the progression of time, peace church traditions and evangelical social reformism have led to greater engagement. More ascetic traditions have tended to adopt a minimalistic approach to political engagement, personal salvation and church mission being preoccupations instead. Apoliticism as an ideology is criticised for its claim that it

975-603: A triennial $ 10,000 prize was created by the Queen Sofía Spanish Institute to honor the best English-language translation of a work by a Spanish author. The inaugural award, celebrating the best translation published between 2006 and 2008, was given in 2010 to Edith Grossman for her 2008 translation of Antonio Muñoz Molina's A Manuscript of Ashes . 40°46′7.96″N 73°57′56.88″W  /  40.7688778°N 73.9658000°W  / 40.7688778; -73.9658000 Non-political Apoliticism

1040-413: A way means that true randomization is not achieved, thereby ensuring that the sample obtained is not representative of the population intended to be analyzed. This results in a sample that may be significantly different from the overall population. Bias and prejudice are usually considered to be closely related. Prejudice is prejudgment, or forming an opinion before becoming aware of the relevant facts of

1105-442: Is apathy or antipathy towards all political affiliations. A person may be described as apolitical if they are uninterested or uninvolved in politics. Being apolitical can also refer to situations in which people take an unbiased position in regard to political matters. The Collins English Dictionary defines apolitical as "politically neutral; without political attitudes, content, or bias." During classical antiquity ,

1170-444: Is a psychological heuristic that describes the propensity to rely on the first piece of information encountered when making decisions . According to this heuristic , individuals begin with an implicitly suggested reference point (the "anchor") and make adjustments to it to reach their estimate. For example, the initial price offered for a used car sets the standard for the rest of the negotiations , so that prices lower than

1235-510: Is a specific type of confirmation bias , wherein positive sentiments in one area cause questionable or unknown characteristics to be seen positively. If the observer likes one aspect of something, they will have a positive predisposition toward everything about it. A person's appearance has been found to produce a halo effect. The halo effect is also present in the field of brand marketing , affecting perception of companies and non-governmental organizations (NGOs). The opposite of

1300-422: Is a systematic tendency in the process of data collection, which results in lopsided, misleading results. This can occur in any of a number of ways, in the way the sample is selected, or in the way data are collected. It is a property of a statistical technique or of its results whereby the expected value of the results differs from the true underlying quantitative parameter being estimated . A forecast bias

1365-426: Is a tendency of scholars to cite academic journals with open access —that is, journals that make their full text available on the internet without charge—in their own writing as compared with toll access publications . Scholars can more easily discover and access articles that have their full text on the internet, which increases authors' likelihood of reading, quoting, and citing these articles, this may increase

SECTION 20

#1732776002089

1430-403: Is autonomous of actual improper actions , it can be found and intentionally defused before corruption , or the appearance of corruption, happens. "A conflict of interest is a set of circumstances that creates a risk that professional judgement or actions regarding a primary interest will be unduly influenced by a secondary interest." It exists if the circumstances are sensibly accepted to present

1495-403: Is commonly referred to regarding its use by law enforcement , and its leading to discrimination against minorities . Victim blaming occurs when the victim of a wrongful act is held at fault for the harm that befell them. The study of victimology seeks to mitigate the perception of victims as responsible. Media bias is the bias or perceived bias of journalists and news producers within

1560-696: Is due to self-selection of conservatives choosing not to pursue academic careers. There is some evidence that perception of classroom bias may be rooted in issues of sexuality , race , class and sex as much or more than in religion . In science research , experimenter bias occurs when experimenter expectancies regarding study results bias the research outcome. Examples of experimenter bias include conscious or unconscious influences on subject behavior including creation of demand characteristics that influence subjects, and altered or selective recording of experimental results themselves . It can also involve asking leading probes and not neutrally redirecting

1625-434: Is favoritism granted to relatives . Lobbying is the attempt to influence choices made by administrators , frequently lawmakers or individuals from administrative agencies . Lobbyists may be among a legislator's constituencies , or not; they may engage in lobbying as a business , or not. Lobbying is often spoken of with contempt , the implication is that people with inordinate socioeconomic power are corrupting

1690-414: Is known as the " gambler's fallacy ". Pareidolia is the visual or auditory form of apophenia. It has been suggested that pareidolia combined with hierophany may have helped ancient societies organize chaos and make the world intelligible. An attribution bias can happen when individuals assess or attempt to discover explanations behind their own and others' behaviors. People make attributions about

1755-433: Is possible to remain impartial. Many progressive theorists argue that by ignoring the political nature of everyday life, "neutral" individuals make a choice to ignore oppressive regimes and practises, which manifests as an acceptance and passive approval of them. The following instance is indicative of this rhetoric: "all men are political beings […] Every man, in as much as he is active, i.e. living, contributes to modifying

1820-422: Is stronger for emotionally charged issues and for deeply entrenched beliefs. People also tend to interpret ambiguous evidence as supporting their existing position. Biased search, interpretation and memory have been invoked to explain attitude polarization (when a disagreement becomes more extreme even though the different parties are exposed to the same evidence), belief perseverance (when beliefs persist after

1885-423: Is the bias or perceived bias of scholars allowing their beliefs to shape their research and the scientific community . Claims of bias are often linked to claims by conservatives of pervasive bias against political conservatives and religious Christians. Some have argued that these claims are based upon anecdotal evidence which would not reliably indicate systematic bias, and have suggested that this divide

1950-450: Is the process whereby an organization monitors its own adherence to legal, ethical, or safety standards, rather than have an outside, independent agency such as a third party entity monitor and enforce those standards. Self-regulation of any group can create a conflict of interest. If any organization, such as a corporation or government bureaucracy, is asked to eliminate unethical behavior within their own group, it may be in their interest in

2015-434: Is the stereotyping and/or discrimination against individuals or groups on the basis of their age. It can be used in reference to prejudicial attitudes towards older people, or towards younger people. Classism is discrimination on the basis of social class . It includes attitudes that benefit the upper class at the expense of the lower class , or vice versa. Lookism is stereotypes , prejudice , and discrimination on

Queen Sofía Spanish Institute - Misplaced Pages Continue

2080-413: Is when there are consistent differences between results and the forecasts of those quantities; that is: forecasts may have an overall tendency to be too high or too low. The observer-expectancy effect is when a researcher's expectations cause them to subconsciously influence the people participating in an experiment. It is usually controlled using a double-blind system , and was an important reason for

2145-649: The Americas Society . Queen Sofía Spanish Institute, Inc. (the “Institute”) is a non-profit corporation founded in 1954 to stimulate American's interest in the Art, Culture, Customs, language, literature and history of the Spanish speaking world and to promote, among the Spanish-speaking peoples of the world; knowledge and understanding of ideals, culture and customs of the people of the United States, to

2210-599: The Epicureans assumed disengagement from the life of the city as a doctrinal position. Seeking pleasure in the absence of suffering for the body and trouble for the soul , they saw political activity as a source of unnecessary stress that would not lead to these ends. However, they were not strictly apolitical and participated when political activity would bring them pleasure or aid in the avoidance of their suffering. The Protestant Anabaptists adopted apolitical beliefs and practices: Anabaptist radicalism resulted in

2275-508: The impact factor of open access journals relative to journals without open access. The related bias, no abstract available bias (NAA bias) is scholars' tendency to cite journal articles that have an abstract available online more readily than articles that do not. Publication bias is a type of bias with regard to what academic research is likely to be published because of a tendency among researchers and journal editors to prefer some outcomes rather than others (e.g., results showing

2340-441: The law in order to serve their own interests. When people who have a duty to act on behalf of others, such as elected officials with a duty to serve their constituents' interests or more broadly the common good , stand to benefit by shaping the law to serve the interests of some private parties, there is a conflict of interest. This can lead to all sides in a debate looking to sway the issue by means of lobbyists. Self-regulation

2405-438: The mass media in the selection of events, the stories that are reported, and how they are covered. The term generally implies a pervasive or widespread bias violating the standards of journalism , rather than the perspective of an individual journalist or article. The level of media bias in different nations is debated. There are also watchdog groups that report on media bias. Practical limitations to media neutrality include

2470-415: The racial profiling of African American drivers. The phrase implies that a motorist might be pulled over by a police officer, questioned, and searched, because of a racial bias . Racial profiling, or ethnic profiling, is the act of suspecting or targeting a person of a certain race on the basis of racially observed characteristics or behavior, rather than on individual suspicion. Racial profiling

2535-416: The social construction of social phenomena by mass media sources, political or social movements , political leaders , and so on. It is an influence over how people organize, perceive, and communicate about reality . It can be positive or negative, depending on the audience and what kind of information is being presented. For political purposes, framing often presents facts in such a way that implicates

2600-418: The workplace , in interpersonal relationships , playing sports , and in consumer decisions . Status quo bias is an emotional bias ; a preference for the current state of affairs. The current baseline (or status quo) is taken as a reference point, and any change from that baseline is perceived as a loss. Status quo bias should be distinguished from a rational preference for the status quo ante, as when

2665-562: The Spanish-Speaking World. Beginning in 1978, The Queen Sofía Spanish Institute's Gold Medal was annually awarded to Americans and Hispanic people in recognition of their contributions to the betterment of relations between the United States and the Spanish Speaking World. This event brought together an array of international and American leaders and benefactors for a festive night of celebration. The Gala

Queen Sofía Spanish Institute - Misplaced Pages Continue

2730-412: The appropriate situation. Furthermore, cognitive biases as an example through education may allow faster choice selection when speedier outcomes for a task are more valuable than precision. Other cognitive biases are a "by-product" of human processing limitations, coming about because of an absence of appropriate mental mechanisms , or just from human limitations in information processing . Anchoring

2795-461: The basis of physical attractiveness , or more generally to people whose appearance matches cultural preferences. Many people make automatic judgments of others based on their physical appearance that influence how they respond to those people. Racism consists of ideologies based on a desire to dominate or a belief in the inferiority of another race. It may also hold that members of different races should be treated differently. Academic bias

2860-758: The building was sold. The institute cosponsors lectures, educational programs and other culturally relevant activities. In 2018, the Institute formed a partnership with the Hispanic Society to provide a Maps and Globes educational program in New York City Public Schools of District 6. Other partners of the Institute include the Instituto Cervantes , Hunter College , Juilliard , the Spanish Consulate and

2925-435: The causes of their own and others' behaviors; but these attributions do not necessarily precisely reflect reality. Rather than operating as objective perceivers, individuals are inclined to perceptual slips that prompt biased understandings of their social world. When judging others we tend to assume their actions are the result of internal factors such as personality , whereas we tend to assume our own actions arise because of

2990-420: The current state of affairs is objectively superior to the available alternatives, or when imperfect information is a significant problem. A large body of evidence, however, shows that status quo bias frequently affects human decision-making. A conflict of interest is when a person or association has intersecting interests ( financial , personal , etc.) which could potentially corrupt. The potential conflict

3055-422: The development of double-blind experiments. In epidemiology and empirical research , reporting bias is defined as "selective revealing or suppression of information" of undesirable behavior by subjects or researchers. It refers to a tendency to under-report unexpected or undesirable experimental results, while being more trusting of expected or desirable results. This can propagate, as each instance reinforces

3120-417: The end that ties of friendship may be formed, mutual understanding promoted, and bonds of peace strengthened. The Institute holds a wide variety of artistic endeavors, including the co-sponsoring of exhibitions and lectures on important artistic movements, artistes and their works. Along with visual arts; the institute strives to support performance art as well, including concerts, performances, and lectures on

3185-512: The evidence for them is shown to be false), the irrational primacy effect (a greater reliance on information encountered early in a series) and illusory correlation (when people falsely perceive an association between two events or situations). Confirmation biases contribute to overconfidence in personal beliefs and can maintain or strengthen beliefs in the face of contrary evidence. Poor decisions due to these biases have been found in political and organizational contexts. Framing involves

3250-448: The feeling that one is an energetic autonomous client of a vendor for whom one is working. The effectiveness of shilling relies on crowd psychology to encourage other onlookers or audience members to purchase the goods or services (or accept the ideas being marketed). Shilling is illegal in some places, but legal in others. An example of shilling is paid reviews that give the impression of being autonomous opinions. Statistical bias

3315-499: The game of bowls , where it referred to balls made with a greater weight on one side. Which expanded to the figurative use, "a one-sided tendency of the mind", and, at first especially in law, "undue propensity or prejudice". or ballast , used to lower the centre of gravity of a ship to increase stability and to keep the ship from tipping from Port or Starboard. A cognitive bias is a repeating or basic misstep in thinking, assessing, recollecting, or other cognitive processes. That is,

SECTION 50

#1732776002089

3380-406: The halo is the horn effect, when "individuals believe (that negative) traits are inter-connected." The term horn effect refers to Devil's horns . It works in a negative direction: if the observer dislikes one aspect of something, they will have a negative predisposition towards other aspects. Both of these bias effects often clash with phrases such as "words mean something" and "Your words have

3445-409: The inability of journalists to report all available stories and facts, the requirement that selected facts be linked into a coherent narrative, government influence including overt and covert censorship , the influence of the owners of the news source, concentration of media ownership , the selection of staff, the preferences of an intended audience , and pressure from advertisers . Bias has been

3510-450: The initial price seem more reasonable even if they are still higher than what the car is worth. Apophenia, also known as patternicity, or agenticity, is the human tendency to perceive meaningful patterns within random data. Apophenia is well documented as a rationalization for gambling. Gamblers may imagine that they see patterns in the numbers which appear in lotteries , card games , or roulette wheels . One manifestation of this

3575-406: The interpretation of average tendencies as well as individual differences. The inclination represents a major issue with self-report questionnaires; of special concern are self-reports of abilities, personalities , sexual behavior , and drug use . Selection bias is the conscious or unconscious bias introduced into a study by the way individuals, groups or data are selected for analysis, if such

3640-501: The necessity of external circumstances. There are a wide range of sorts of attribution biases, such as the ultimate attribution error , fundamental attribution error , actor-observer bias , and self-serving bias . Examples of attribution bias: Confirmation bias is the tendency to search for , interpret , favor, and recall information in a way that confirms one's beliefs or hypotheses while giving disproportionately less attention to information that contradicts it. The effect

3705-485: The relevance of this art in today's society. The institute also holds gastronomy events in order to enrich American's knowledge of foods of the Spanish-speaking world and to bring people together. The Institute holds a bi-annual translation prize to recognize translators who have successfully translated a work from Spanish to English and helped to make knowledge accessible including historical and educational lectures in order to enrich American's understanding and knowledge of

3770-425: The same name, which analyses the ways in which the personal problems of women are actually political ones. Bias Bias is a disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is inaccurate, closed-minded , prejudicial , or unfair. Biases can be innate or learned. People may develop biases for or against an individual, a group, or a belief. In science and engineering,

3835-414: The same, not significantly more or less valuable, probably attached emotionally to different groups and different land. The halo effect and the horn effect are when an observer's overall impression of a person, organization , brand , or product influences their feelings about specifics of that entity's character or properties. The name halo effect is based on the concept of the saint's halo , and

3900-452: The short run to eliminate the appearance of unethical behavior, rather than the behavior itself. Regulatory capture is a form of political corruption that can occur when a regulatory agency , created to act in the public interest , instead advances the commercial or political concerns of special interest groups that dominate the industry or sector it is charged with regulating. Regulatory capture occurs because groups or individuals with

3965-437: The social environment in which he develops (to modifying certain of its characteristics or to preserving others); in other words, he tends to establish 'norms', rules of living and behaviour." — Antonio Gramsci Selections from Prison Notebooks: State and Civil Society 1971 Another example of this is the political slogan: The personal is political . The phrase was popularised by radical feminist Carol Hanisch in her essay of

SECTION 60

#1732776002089

4030-447: The status quo, and later experimenters justify their own reporting bias by observing that previous experimenters reported different results. Social desirability bias is a bias within social science research where survey respondents can tend to answer questions in a manner that will be viewed positively by others. It can take the form of over-reporting laudable behavior, or under-reporting undesirable behavior. This bias interferes with

4095-552: The subject back to the task when they ask for validation or questions. Funding bias refers to the tendency of a scientific study to support the interests of the study's financial sponsor. This phenomenon is recognized sufficiently that researchers undertake studies to examine bias in past published studies. It can be caused by any or all of: a conscious or subconscious sense of obligation of researchers towards their employers, misconduct or malpractice , publication bias , or reporting bias . Full text on net (or FUTON) bias

4160-478: The world, the choices they then make are influenced by their creation of a frame. Cultural bias is the related phenomenon of interpreting and judging phenomena by standards inherent to one's own culture. Numerous such biases exist, concerning cultural norms for color, location of body parts, mate selection , concepts of justice , linguistic and logical validity, acceptability of evidence , and taboos . Ordinary people may tend to imagine other people as basically

4225-516: Was a major source of funds for the activities of the institute. In 2003, to mark the 50th Anniversary of the institute, the 50th Anniversary Commemorative Medal was awarded to His Majesty King Juan Carlos I and Her Majesty Queen Sofia of Spain . The Institute no longer holds a Gold Medal Gala. The recipients of the Gold Medal were: The institute holds an annual ceremony to present the "Sophia Award for Excellence". This award pays tribute to

#88911