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90-420: The park is known for its outstanding flower displays of daffodils and roses in-season, with many of the plantings done in a carpet-bedding design. Queen Victoria Park is also the focal point for the annual winter Festival of Lights . The area comprising Queen Victoria Park was originally part of the upper Niagara River bed. Father Louis Hennepin is purported to be the first European visitor to explore

180-796: A centre of diversity in the Western Mediterranean, particularly the Iberian Peninsula . Both wild and cultivated plants have naturalised widely, and were introduced into the Far East prior to the tenth century. Narcissi tend to be long-lived bulbs, which propagate by division, but are also insect-pollinated. Known pests, diseases and disorders include viruses, fungi, the larvae of flies, mites and nematodes . Some Narcissus species have become extinct, while others are threatened by increasing urbanisation and tourism . Historical accounts suggest narcissi have been cultivated from

270-416: A petiole stalk. The leaves are flat and broad to cylindrical at the base and arise from the bulb. The emerging plant generally has two leaves, but the mature plant usually three, rarely four, and they are covered with a cutin containing cuticle , giving them a waxy appearance. Leaf colour is light green to blue-green. In the mature plant, the leaves extend higher than the flower stem, but in some species,

360-400: A central style . The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) consisting of three chambers (trilocular). The fruit consists of a dry capsule that splits ( dehisces ) releasing numerous black seeds . The bulb lies dormant after the leaves and flower stem die back and has contractile roots that pull it down further into the soil. The flower stem and leaves form in the bulb, to emerge

450-402: A corolla length of around 50 mm, generally solitary but rarely in inflorescences of 2–4 flowers. They have wide greenish floral tubes with funnel-shaped bright yellow coronas. The six tepals sometimes differ in colour from the corona and may be cream coloured to pale yellow. The "paperwhite" form, including sections Jonquilla , Apodanthi and Narcissus , has a relatively long, narrow tube and

540-435: A few species contain methoxylated forms ( ethers ), e.g. N. bujei . Other ingredient include indole , isopentenoids and very small amounts of sesquiterpenes . Fragrance patterns can be correlated with pollinators , and fall into three main groups (see Pollination ). Genus valde intricatum et numerosissimis dubiis oppressum A genus that is very complex and burdened with numerous uncertainties The genus Narcissus

630-455: A fleshy racemose inflorescence (unbranched, with short floral stalks) with 2 to 15 or 20 flowers, such as N. papyraceus (see illustration, left) and N. tazetta (see Table I ). The flower arrangement on the inflorescence may be either with ( pedicellate ) or without ( sessile ) floral stalks. Prior to opening, the flower buds are enveloped and protected in a thin dry papery or membranous ( scarious ) spathe . The spathe consists of

720-663: A fountain had been built. By the late 1850s, Saul Davis came to Canada after having operated the Prospect House in Niagara Falls, New York . He immediately erected a similar museum next to Barnett's, called Table Rock House . Barnett and Davis soon became bitter rivals, as each fiercely attempted to outdo the other with competing stairways down to the lower level of the Horseshoe Falls. Customers desiring to go to one museum would be intercepted by members of

810-587: A government-run park encompassing 118 acres (0.48 km), to be free to the public. A follow-up report in 1887 warning of "general regret and disappointment" convinced Mowat to push through the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Act in March, 1887. Unsightly outbuildings were razed, grounds were cleaned up, and Queen Victoria Park was officially opened to the public on May 24, 1888, the birthday of Queen Victoria . Admittance to

900-425: A life of about four years. Once the leaves die back in summer, the roots also wither. After some years, the roots shorten, pulling the bulbs deeper into the ground ( contractile roots ). The bulbs develop from the inside, pushing the older layers outwards which become brown and dry, forming an outer shell, the tunic or skin. Up to 60 layers have been counted in some wild species. While the plant appears dormant above

990-493: A million-dollar compensation order paid for by the commission. This judgment, along with the approach of World War II, restricted the commission's ability to make improvements to the Park until the late 1940s. 43°04′46″N 79°04′45″W  /  43.0795°N 79.0791°W  / 43.0795; -79.0791 Daffodil See text . Narcissus is a genus of predominantly spring flowering perennial plants of

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1080-450: A number of themes in different cultures, ranging from death to good fortune, and as symbols of spring. The daffodil is the national flower of Wales and the symbol of cancer charities in many countries. The appearance of wild flowers in spring is associated with festivals in many places. Narcissus is a genus of perennial herbaceous bulbiferous geophytes , which die back after flowering to an underground storage bulb. They regrow in

1170-429: A park. By 1880, Mowat began considering the possibility of using a private corporation to take on the idea. Several proposals were floated in the ensuing years, all either struck down by Mowat or failing to get legislative backing. Mowat did not want the government to pay for land acquisition and development. A three-member committee was established in 1885, headed by Polish immigrant Sir Casimir Gzowski , who proposed

1260-524: A railway would be built to streamline movement around Niagara Falls. The Erie and Ontario railroad opened for traffic in 1839. It had wooden rails with iron straps laid on them and was pulled by horses. This was the first railway in the Niagara Peninsula. By 1854, steam power took over for the horses. A year later, the railway was extended to Niagara (the present day Niagara on the Lake), and in

1350-460: A route within their territory. A survey conducted in 1790 reserved a strip one chain wide between Chippawa and Queenston, Ontario as a public road, which would become the Portage Road. Most of this road remains today, following its original winding route in contrast to the rectangular grid of other Niagara Falls streets. King's Bridge, constructed about 1790, was the very first bridge over

1440-445: A short, shallow, flaring corona. The flower is horizontal and fragrant. The "triandrus" form is seen in only two species, N. albimarginatus (a Moroccan endemic) and N. triandrus . It combines features of both the "daffodil" and "paperwhite" forms, with a well-developed, long, narrow tube and an extended bell-shaped corona of almost equal length. The flowers are pendent. There are six stamens in one to two rows ( whorls ), with

1530-493: A singular bract that is ribbed, and which remains wrapped around the base of the open flower. As the bud grows, the spathe splits longitudinally. Bracteoles are small or absent. The flowers of Narcissus are hermaphroditic (bisexual), have three parts (tripartite), and are sometimes fragrant (see Fragrances ). The flower symmetry is actinomorphic (radial) to slightly zygomorphic (bilateral) due to declinate-ascending stamens (curving downwards, then bent up at

1620-458: A tubular outgrowth from stamens which fuse into a tubular structure, the anthers becoming reduced. At its base, the fragrances which attract pollinators are formed. All species produce nectar at the top of the ovary. Coronal morphology varies from the tiny pigmented disk of N. serotinus (see Table I ) or the rudimentary structure in N. cavanillesii to the elongated trumpets of section Pseudonarcissus (trumpet daffodils, Table I). While

1710-499: A visible seam, while others are rounded. The stems are upright and located at the centre of the leaves. In a few species such as N. hedraeanthus the stem is oblique. The stem is hollow in the upper portion but towards the bulb is more solid and filled with a spongy material. Narcissus plants have one to several basal leaves which are linear, ligulate or strap-shaped (long and narrow), sometimes channelled adaxially to semiterete , and may (pedicellate) or may not (sessile) have

1800-454: A wide range of shapes and colours. Like other members of their family, narcissi produce a number of different alkaloids , which provide some protection for the plant, but may be poisonous if accidentally ingested. This property has been exploited for medicinal use in traditional healing and has resulted in the production of galantamine for the treatment of Alzheimer's dementia . Long celebrated in art and literature, narcissi are associated with

1890-635: Is a community located within the city of Niagara Falls, Ontario . The village was founded in 1850, and became part of the City of Niagara Falls, Ontario by amalgamation in 1970. It is located on the Canadian shore of the Niagara River about 2 km upstream from Niagara Falls . It is bisected by the Welland River (also known locally as Chippawa Creek or The Crick). In historic documents,

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1980-530: Is generally considered to have about ten sections with approximately 36 species. The number of species has varied, depending on how they are classified, due to similarity between species and hybridisation . The genus arose some time in the Late Oligocene to Early Miocene epochs, in the Iberian peninsula and adjacent areas of southwest Europe. The exact origin of the name Narcissus is unknown, but it

2070-1054: Is green. In addition the corona of N. poeticus has a red crenulate margin (see Table I ). Flower diameter varies from 12 mm ( N. bulbocodium ) to over 125 mm ( N. nobilis = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis ). Flower orientation varies from pendent or deflexed (hanging down) as in N. triandrus (see illustration, left), through declinate-ascendant as in N. alpestris = N. pseudonarcissus subsp. moschatus , horizontal (patent, spreading) such as N. gaditanus or N. poeticus , erect as in N. cavanillesii , N. serotinus and N. rupicola ( Table I ), or intermediate between these positions (erecto-patent). The flowers of Narcissus demonstrate exceptional floral diversity and sexual polymorphism , primarily by corona size and floral tube length, associated with pollinator groups (see for instance Figs. 1 and 2 in Graham and Barrett ). Barrett and Harder (2005) describe three separate floral patterns; The predominant patterns are

2160-790: Is no passenger service. The stone piers which once carried this railway over the Welland River on a swing bridge are still present. The Niagara Falls Park and River Railway was trolley line was constructed along the Niagara River between Chippawa and Queenston in 1893. This line crossed the Welland River on a bridge at Cummings Lane and proceeded about 1.5 km south to Slater's Dock (also known as Chippawa Landing), where it connected with steamboats from Buffalo. The railway carried passengers to Queenston, where connections were made with steamboats to Toronto, Ontario and other points on Lake Ontario . Moreover, it carried tourists to

2250-407: Is often exserted (extending beyond the tube). The fruit consists of dehiscent loculicidal capsules (splitting between the locules) that are ellipsoid to subglobose (almost spherical) in shape and are papery to leathery in texture. The fruit contains numerous subglobose seeds which are round and swollen with a hard coat, sometimes with an attached elaiosome . The testa is black and

2340-497: Is often linked to a Greek word (ancient Greek ναρκῶ narkō, "to make numb") and the myth of the youth of that name who fell in love with his own reflection. In some versions of the story, Narcissus is turned in to a flower by the Gods after his death. The English word "daffodil" appears to be derived from " asphodel ", with which it was commonly compared. The species are native to meadows and woods in southern Europe and North Africa with

2430-576: The Brock University Special Collections indicates that this was a drawbridge . This survey also shows a new bridge constructed at the location of the current one. During the first several years that the Welland Canal operated, it did not reach Lake Erie directly. All canal traffic was lowered in a lock at Port Robinson, Ontario to the Welland River, and subsequently sailed to Chippawa, reaching Lake Erie via

2520-640: The Clifton House , built in 1833 and catering to the well-to-do traveller. Samuel Zimmerman , who built his fortune on helping construct the second Welland Canal and the Great Western Railway , then appropriated 52 acres (210,000 m) of land opposite the American Falls with plans to design an elaborate estate. The estate did not come to pass; upon Zimmerman's tragic death in a railway accident in 1856, only two gatehouses and

2610-584: The Journey Behind the Falls attraction), and began making aesthetic improvements to the park over the next several years. The Commission opened its first greenhouse in 1896 as part of an effort to beautify the park; it had been virtually barren of mature trees when first established. Thomas Barnett's museum was demolished in 1903 and the present-day Victoria Park Restaurant, known then as the Refectory ,

2700-475: The Montrose Swing Bridge still carries a railway track over the river even though it has not opened for a ship in about 75 years. Even with the Welland Canal providing access between the lakes in the 1830s, the portage road was still carrying a great deal of people and cargo. The canal took over 24 hours to pass through, and could not handle the largest ships of the day. It was inevitable that

2790-513: The Renaissance (see also Antiquity ). Mediaeval and Renaissance writers include Albert Magnus and William Turner , but it remained to Linnaeus to formally describe and name Narcissus as a genus in his Species Plantarum (1753) at which time there were six known species. De Jussieu (1789) grouped Narcissus into a "family", which he called Narcissi. This was renamed Amaryllideae by Jaume Saint-Hilaire in 1805, corresponding to

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2880-665: The Upper Steel Arch Bridge . Four months later, the bridge was toppled by a severe ice jam in January 1938, and the present-day Rainbow Bridge was built further downriver, opening in 1941. The Arch Bridge area would eventually become the Rainbow Gardens . The Queenston/Chippawa Railway abandoned its lease in 1932, presenting the commission with further financial peril. Compensation to the railway went to arbitration and lasted nearly five years, ending with

2970-630: The genus Narcissus belongs to the Narcisseae tribe , one of 13 within the Amaryllidoideae subfamily . It is one of two sister clades corresponding to genera in the Narcisseae, being distinguished from Sternbergia by the presence of a paraperigonium , and is monophyletic . The infrageneric phylogeny of Narcissus still remains relatively unsettled, the taxonomy having proved complex and difficult to resolve, due to

3060-406: The pericarp dry. Most species have 12 ovules and 36 seeds, although some species such as N. bulbocodium have more, up to a maximum of 60. Seeds take five to six weeks to mature. The seeds of sections Jonquilla and Bulbocodium are wedge-shaped and matte black, while those of other sections are ovate and glossy black. A gust of wind or contact with a passing animal is sufficient to disperse

3150-506: The 'daffodil' and 'paperwhite' forms, while the "triandrus" form is less common. Each corresponds to a different group of pollinators (See Pollination ). The "daffodil" form, which includes sections Pseudonarcissus and Bulbocodium , has a relatively short, broad or highly funnelform tube (funnel-like), which grades into an elongated corona, which is large and funnelform, forming a broad, cylindrical or trumpet-shaped perianth. Section Pseudonarcissus consists of relatively large flowers with

3240-590: The 1860s, was extended to Fort Erie, Ontario at the source of the Niagara River. The line was now known as the Erie and Niagara. This route became the Canada Southern Railway 's Niagara Division and operated into the 20th century. A short section remains in service today as an industrial spur , ending at north side of the Welland River. This is the only active railway in Chippawa today, and there

3330-408: The 1870s, when Barnett's riverfront museum went into receivership. The first suggestion of a park at this site came in 1873 as an idea offered by Edmund Burke Wood , a member of Canadian Parliament , in an effort to quell the criminal element in the area. This idea was refused, however, by the new Ontario Premier, Oliver Mowat , even when given a federal offer to split the cost of establishing such

3420-776: The American side and lasted until 1932 as the Niagara Gorge Railroad (also known as the Great Gorge Route , or the Niagara Belt Line ). Although pamphlets and advertisements for the Great Gorge Route show service only as far as Niagara Falls, historic maps of the area show tracks leading to the north side of the Welland River until at least 1934. Chippawa does not lie on any major highways. There are four main streets leading to

3510-582: The Niagara River. Reconfiguration of the mouth of the Welland River to accommodate this purpose has completely eliminated the Chippawa Cut, as well as the island it had created (known as Hog's or Hogg's Island). It also eliminated the original channel of the river, which is now part of King's Bridge park. A short distance north of the village along the Niagara Parkway can be seen two monolithic structures – gates to tunnels which also carry water to

3600-466: The Niagara River. Ships entering and leaving the Niagara faced a difficult and dangerous turn into a swift current. The Welland River curved downstream into the Niagara and ships rounding this point were in danger of being swept over the falls. The problem was resolved by construction of the Chippawa Cut in 1829. This short canal allowed ships to turn upstream into the Niagara River directly and avoid

3690-555: The Welland River at Chippawa, joining the Welland Canal at Port Robinson, and subsequently via the Feeder Canal to Dunnville, Ontario and up the Grand River to Brantford, Ontario . While commercial shipping no longer exists in Chippawa, pleasure boating continues and marina facilities can be found at Lyon's Creek just west of the village. Somewhat farther to the west is a relic of the days of commercial shipping –

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3780-406: The Welland River. It was located at the mouth of the river, closer to the Niagara than today's bridge. Sketches by Lady Simcoe (wife of Lieutenant Governor John Graves Simcoe ) and deputy postmaster George Heriot each show a bridge consisting of pilings driven into the river with a wooden deck. The bridge was of great military importance as the only one crossing of the river. A survey available in

3870-591: The age of 93. Chippawa is the limit of navigation on the Upper Niagara River. Before the construction of the Welland Canal , all cargo and passengers had to be unloaded and carried overland to navigable waters below the falls in order to reach Lake Ontario . Before the War of American Independence , all cargo was carried on the American side of the river. Following this, British interests required

3960-630: The amaryllis family, Amaryllidaceae . Various common names including daffodil , narcissus (plural narcissi ), and jonquil , are used to describe all or some members of the genus. Narcissus has conspicuous flowers with six petal-like tepals surmounted by a cup- or trumpet-shaped corona . The flowers are generally white and yellow (also orange or pink in garden varieties), with either uniform or contrasting coloured tepals and corona. Narcissi were well known in ancient civilisation , both medicinally and botanically, but were formally described by Linnaeus in his Species Plantarum (1753). The genus

4050-483: The area in depth in 1678. Active settlements in the area did not begin until the dawn of the 19th century with the establishment of a small hut which served as an inn. William Forsyth, a Buffalo immigrant, settled in the area in 1818 and by 1822, had established the first stairway down to the lower Niagara River below the falls, in addition to the first substantial building in the area, the Pavilion Hotel . By

4140-543: The bulb. The plant stem usually bears a solitary flower, but occasionally a cluster of flowers ( umbel ). The flowers, which are usually conspicuous and white or yellow, sometimes both or rarely green, consist of a perianth of three parts. Closest to the stem (proximal) is a floral tube above the ovary , then an outer ring composed of six tepals (undifferentiated sepals and petals), and a central disc to conical shaped corona . The flowers may hang down (pendant), or be erect. There are six pollen bearing stamens surrounding

4230-464: The diversity of the wild species, the ease with which natural hybridization occurs, and extensive cultivation and breeding accompanied by escape and naturalisation. Consequently, the number of accepted species has varied widely. De Candolle, in the first systematic taxonomy of Narcissus , arranged the species into named groups, and those names have largely endured for the various subdivisions since and bear his name as their authority. The situation

4320-557: The earliest times, but became increasingly popular in Europe after the 16th century and by the late 19th century were an important commercial crop centred primarily in the Netherlands . Today narcissi are popular as cut flowers and as ornamental plants in private and public gardens . The long history of breeding has resulted in thousands of different cultivars . For horticultural purposes, narcissi are classified into divisions, covering

4410-559: The eastern edge of Chippawa, crossing the Welland River via the control dam right at the junction with the Niagara River. This paved walking and cycling trail runs from Niagara on the Lake to Fort Erie. Furthermore, Lyon's Creek Road has paved shoulders for cyclists, and the Chippawa Parkway on the north side of the river is paved and highly suitable for cycling or walking. Niagara Falls Transit provides local bus service between

4500-653: The eastern shore after the New England colonies separated from British rule. The Ojibwe made the area one of the stopping area when migrating from the Atlantic region. Once Niagara-On-The-Lake filled up with United Empire Loyalists the British began giving land grants to U.E.L and British veterans to settle in the late 18th century. The name of the principal village of the Neutrals – Onghiara (located on

4590-467: The falls and connected with the Niagara, St. Catharines and Toronto Railway , which provided interurban service to St. Catharines, Ontario . With the decline of boat service from Buffalo and establishment of through rail service, the line to Slater's Dock was abandoned in the early 20th century and service was cut back to the village of Chippawa. Most of this line was combined with a parallel route on

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4680-438: The filaments separate from the corona, attached at the throat or base of the tube (epipetalous), often of two separate lengths, straight or declinate-ascending (curving downwards, then upwards). The anthers are basifixed (attached at their base). The ovary is inferior (below the floral parts) and trilocular (three chambered) and there is a pistil with a minutely three lobed stigma and filiform (thread like) style , which

4770-437: The floral tube and the corona is marked by the insertion of the free tepals on the fused perianth. The corona, or paracorolla, is variously described as bell-shaped (funneliform, trumpet), bowl-shaped (cupular, crateriform, cup-shaped) or disc-shaped with margins that are often frilled, and is free from the stamens. Rarely is the corona a simple callose (hardened, thickened) ring. The corona is formed during floral development as

4860-454: The following season. Most species are dormant from summer to late winter, flowering in the spring, though a few species are autumn flowering. The pale brown-skinned ovoid tunicate bulbs have a membranous tunic and a corky stem (base or basal) plate from which arise the adventitious root hairs in a ring around the edge, which grow up to 40 mm in length. Above the stem plate is the storage organ consisting of bulb scales, surrounding

4950-496: The following year from brown-skinned ovoid bulbs with pronounced necks, and reach heights of 5–80 centimetres (2.0–31.5 in) depending on the species. Dwarf species such as N. asturiensis have a maximum height of 5–8 centimetres (2.0–3.1 in), while Narcissus tazetta may grow as tall as 80 centimetres (31 in). The plants are scapose , having a single central leafless hollow flower stem (scape). Several green or blue-green, narrow, strap-shaped leaves arise from

5040-462: The former name of the river and subsequently the name of the village. The Mississauga, a branch of the Ojibwa, were actually the tribe present when the British first colonized the area and were the very first to sign a treaty in what is now Canada with the British government , giving the British access to a one-mile strip of land on the western shore of the Niagara to replace the portage they had lost on

5130-542: The generating stations. The Chippawa area is home to golf courses, parks, the historic field of the Battle of Chippawa, as well as attractive architecture and a quiet atmosphere located a very short distance from the extremely busy Niagara Falls. Marineland is also located just outside the village. While not home to the major hotels, Chippawa does have several smaller establishments, antiques shops, Chippawa House and Chippawa Town Hall In addition to Laura Secord, Chippawa

5220-428: The ground the flower stalk which will start to grow in the following spring, develops within the bulb surrounded by two to three deciduous leaves and their sheaths. The flower stem lies in the axil of the second true leaf. The single leafless plant stem or scape, appearing from early to late spring depending on the species, bears from 1 to 20 blooms. Stem shape depends on the species, some are highly compressed with

5310-455: The hypanthial floral tube . The floral tube is formed by fusion of the basal segments of the tepals (proximally connate). Its shape is from an inverted cone ( obconic ) to funnel-shaped (funneliform) or cylindrical, and is surmounted by the more distal corona. Floral tubes can range from long and narrow sections Apodanthi and Jonquilla to rudimentary ( N. cavanillesii ). Surrounding the floral tube and corona and reflexed (bent back) from

5400-504: The late 1820s, the parcel was sold to Thomas Clark and Samuel Street, who began the construction of several buildings near the area now called Table Rock on the south end of the future park property. They were joined in competition by Thomas Barnett who, in 1827, built a museum just south of Table Rock, on the present site of the Table Rock Centre . The north end of the property, now occupied by Oakes Garden Theatre , housed

5490-457: The leaves and plant stems. Fragrances are predominantly monoterpene isoprenoids , with a small amount of benzenoids , although N. jonquilla has both equally represented. Another exception is N. cuatrecasasii which produces mainly fatty acid derivatives. The basic monoterpene precursor is geranyl pyrophosphate , and the commonest monoterpenes are limonene , myrcene , and trans -β- ocimene . Most benzenoids are non-methoxylated, while

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5580-495: The leaves are low-hanging. The leaf base is encased in a colorless sheath. After flowering, the leaves turn yellow and die back once the seed pod (fruit) is ripe. Jonquils usually have dark green, round, rush-like leaves. The inflorescence is scapose, the single stem or scape bearing either a solitary flower or forming an umbel with up to 20 blooms. Species bearing a solitary flower include section Bulbocodium and most of section Pseudonarcissus . Umbellate species have

5670-524: The local Foodland grocery store. Being above Niagara Falls, Chippawa is the location of water intakes to electric power plants located below the falls. The Welland River is used as an intake from the Niagara River to feed a power canal originating west of the village, leading to reservoirs on the Niagara Escarpment above Queenston. This diversion actually causes the Welland River to flow backwards from its natural direction, taking water out of

5760-539: The mature seeds. Chromosome numbers include 2n=14, 22, 26, with numerous aneuploid and polyploid derivatives. The basic chromosome number is 7, with the exception of N. tazetta , N. elegans and N. broussonetii in which it is 10 or 11; this subgenus ( Hermione ) was in fact characterised by this characteristic. Polyploid species include N. papyraceus (4x=22) and N. dubius (6x=50). As with all Amarylidaceae genera, Narcissus contains unique isoquinoline alkaloids . The first alkaloid to be identified

5850-497: The modern Amaryllidaceae . For a while, Narcissus was considered part of Liliaceae (as in the illustration seen here of Narcissus candidissimus ), but then the Amaryllidaceae were split off from it. Various authors have adopted either narrow (e.g. Haworth , Salisbury ) or wide (e.g. Herbert , Spach ) interpretations of the genus. The narrow view treated many of the species as separate genera. Over time,

5940-633: The most influential. While infrageneric groupings within Narcissus have been relatively constant, their status (genera, subgenera, sections, subsections, series, species) has not. The most cited system is that of the Royal Horticultural Society (RHS) which simply lists ten sections. Three of these are monotypic (contain only one species), while two others contain only two species. Most species are placed in section Pseudonarcissus . Many of these subdivisions correspond roughly to

6030-404: The most severe currents. This cut is depicted in the survey mentioned above. By the mid-1830s, the Welland Canal had been extended to enter Lake Erie at Port Colborne, Ontario , but commercial navigation on the river continued for roughly another century. In 1843, over 100 steamers carried passengers and some freight on a route that followed the Niagara River from Buffalo, New York , then into

6120-406: The name of the village and the river is sometimes spelled as Chippewa or Chippeway. While the area has undoubtedly been populated by First Nations people for many thousands of years, very few details from times before European contact are known. The French encountered a group of people whom they called the " Neutral Indians ", because they lived between the more powerful and combative Huron to

6210-675: The new park was free, a charge was only levied if visitors requested tour guides to accompany them. By 1890, however, it was found that incoming revenue was 90% below what the Queen Victoria Niagara Falls Park Commission was budgeting for. Not wanting to ask the Provincial Government for bonds, the Commission granted a licence to the Niagara Falls and Park River Railway to run a rail route from Chippawa to Queenston . The line

6300-591: The north and Iroquois to the south, but were not involved in their wars (at least in recorded time). Eventually, however, the Neutral nation was wiped out by the Iroquois and almost nothing of their culture survives - the name by which they called themselves is unknown. Following the extermination of the Neutrals, the area was abandoned by the Iroquois and settled by a branch of the Chippewa nation, originating

6390-601: The north side of the Welland River, and in 1786, he built saw- and gristmills along the Niagara River . A fort was built in 1791 (at the present day site of Kings Bridge park) to defend the south end of the Portage Road and the King's Bridge (discussed in the Transportation section). This was also known as Fort Welland and consisted of a log blockhouse surrounded by a stockade. A plain at Usshers Creek (about 2 km south of Chippawa, and then called Streets Creek)

6480-424: The other museum and forced to pay (often by way of threats of physical violence by Davis' employees) for services and products they did not want to buy. This area became known as The Front , a notorious tourist trap. By 1859, Barnett built a substantial building on the site of the present-day Victoria Park Restaurant and began adding to his museum collection there, yet his war with Davis at the Falls would last into

6570-677: The park was lost to fire in 1898. Its replacement likewise was destroyed by fire in December, 1932. Harry Oakes , a mining millionaire who had already established roots in Niagara Falls, bought the property and presented it to the Niagara Parks Commission (the name shortened from 1921). Oakes Garden Theatre was built on the site and opened in September, 1937, as part of a plan to beautify the entrance into Canada at

6660-406: The perianth may point forwards, in some species such as N. cyclamineus it is folded back (reflexed, see illustration, left), while in some other species such as N. bulbocodium ( Table I ), it is reduced to a few barely visible pointed segments with a prominent corona. The colour of the perianth is white, yellow or bicoloured, with the exception of the night flowering N. viridiflorus which

6750-544: The popular names for daffodil types, e.g. Trumpet Daffodils, Tazettas, Pheasant's Eyes, Hoop Petticoats, Jonquils. The most hierarchical system is that of Mathew, illustrated here - The phylogenetic analysis of Graham and Barrett (2004) supported the infrageneric division of Narcissus into two clades corresponding to Fernandes' subgenera, but did not support monophyly of all sections. A later extended analysis by Rønsted et al. (2008) with additional taxa confirmed this pattern. Chippawa, Ontario Chippawa

6840-460: The presence of alkaloids from within the Lycorine (lycorine, galanthine, pluviine) and Homolycorine (homolycorine, lycorenine) groups. Hemanthamine, tazettine, narciclasine , montanine and galantamine alkaloids are also represented. The alkaloid profile of any plant varies with time, location, and developmental stage. Narcissus also contain fructans and low molecular weight glucomannan in

6930-506: The present-day site of Niagara on the Lake was mispronounced by the Chippewa as Nyahgeah , and again by Europeans as Niagara , making this word one of the few remnants of Neutral culture. The first permanent settler of European descent in what is now Chippawa was Thomas Cummings. He was a United Empire Loyalist from Albany, New York who settled on the south side of the Welland River in 1783. Later that same year, John Burch settled on

7020-469: The previous flower stalk and the terminal bud . The scales are of two types, true storage organs and the bases of the foliage leaves. These have a thicker tip and a scar from where the leaf lamina became detached. The innermost leaf scale is semicircular only partly enveloping the flower stalk (semisheathed).(see Hanks Fig 1.3). The bulb may contain a number of branched bulb units, each with two to three true scales and two to three leaf bases. Each bulb unit has

7110-449: The rest of the perianth are the six spreading tepals or floral leaves, in two whorls which may be distally ascending, reflexed (folded back), or lanceolate. Like many monocotyledons , the perianth is homochlamydeous, which is undifferentiated into separate calyx (sepals) and corolla (petals), but rather has six tepals. The three outer tepal segments may be considered sepals , and the three inner segments petals . The transition point between

7200-568: The same time. Chippawa was also home to one of the largest distilleries, along with gristmills, sawmills, tanneries, and iron, brass and tin manufacturing. Later, the Norton Company began manufacturing abrasives at Chippawa. The Norton Abrasives plant still exists, now part of the Saint-Gobain corporation. This is the largest manufacturing industry in the immediate area of Chippawa. Residents are also able to get their groceries from

7290-427: The tip). Narcissus flowers are characterised by their, usually conspicuous, corona (trumpet). The three major floral parts (in all species except N. cavanillesii in which the corona is virtually absent - Table I : Section Tapeinanthus ) are; All three parts may be considered to be components of the perianth (perigon, perigonium). The perianth arises above the apex of the inferior ovary , its base forming

7380-406: The village and the main part of Niagara Falls. Routes 106, 112, and 206 serves the vicinity. Many industries have been located either within the municipal boundaries of Chippawa, or just a short distance outside the village boundaries: Shipbuilding industries were established on both banks of the river before 1840. A foundry which manufactured boilers and engines was constructed at approximately

7470-641: The village, all converging at the bridge over the Welland River. The Niagara Parkway provides access to the village from both the North and South. Main Street, which changes into Lyons Creek Road outside of the village, makes the most direct connection with a major highway - the Queen Elizabeth Way 6 km away. The last main route is the original Portage Road, linking to the business area of Niagara Falls. The Niagara Heritage Trail passes along

7560-563: The wider view prevailed with a major monograph on the genus being published by Baker (1875). One of the more controversial genera was Tapeinanthus , but today it is included in Narcissus . The eventual position of Narcissus within the Amaryllidaceae family only became settled in this century with the advent of phylogenetic analysis and the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group system. Within Amaryllidaceae

7650-404: Was lycorine , from N. pseudonarcissus in 1877. These are considered a protective adaptation and are utilised in the classification of species. Nearly 100 alkaloids have been identified in the genus, about a third of all known Amaryllidaceae alkaloids, although not all species have been tested. Of the nine alkaloid ring types identified in the family, Narcissus species most commonly demonstrate

7740-631: Was confused by the inclusion of many unknown or garden varieties, and it was not until the work of Baker that the wild species were all grouped as sections under one genus, Narcissus . A common classification system has been that of Fernandes based on cytology , as modified by Blanchard (1990) and Mathew (2002). Another is that of Meyer (1966). Fernandes proposed two subgenera based on basal chromosome numbers, and then subdivided these into ten sections as did Blanchard. Other authors (e.g. Webb ) prioritised morphology over genetics, abandoning subgenera, although Blanchard's system has been one of

7830-500: Was in service by 1893 and was run by electricity; its power plant constructed south of the Horseshoe Falls being the first hydroelectric power plant erected on the Canadian side. Nearly half a million passengers rode the railway in 1894, which brought more of them to the new park and provided the commission with a surplus by 1895. The Commission then took over the Behind The Sheet attraction at Table Rock (the forerunner to

7920-716: Was opened in 1904. The Commission granted franchises to three more hydroelectric power plants to raise additional revenue between 1904 and 1918: the Electrical Development Company of Toronto , the Ontario Powerhouse , and the Rankine power station . A refectory (1926) and administration building (1927) were built by Findlay and Foulis , who built Table Rock House (now part of Table Rock Welcome Centre ) in 1925-1926 and Hotel General Brock in 1927–1929. The original Clifton Hotel north of

8010-462: Was the site of the Battle of Chippawa on July 5, 1814, and also the site of the American camp to which they retired following the Battle of Lundy's Lane on July 25, 1814. After the War of 1812 , Chippawa also became the home of Laura Secord , remembered for carrying information to the British regarding American advances before the Battle of Beaverdams . She lived in the village until her death at

8100-619: Was well known to the ancient Greeks and Romans . In Greek literature Theophrastus and Dioscorides described νάρκισσος , probably referring to N. poeticus , although the exact species mentioned in classical literature cannot be accurately established. Pliny the Elder later introduced the Latin form narcissus . These early writers were as much interested in the plant's possible medicinal properties as they were in its botanical features and their accounts remained influential until at least

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