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59-473: (Redirected from Queens Valley ) Queen's Valley may refer to: Valley of the Queens , Egypt Queen's Valley Reservoir, Jersey Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Queen's Valley . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to

118-618: A canopic jar fragment of the King's Wife Henut, canopic jar fragments mentioning a King's Son, Menkheperre, a King's Great Wife, Nebetnehat, canopic jar fragments with the name of the King's Daughter Ti, all come from the Shaft Tombs of Wadi Bairiya 4.5 kilometres north-west of the Valley of the Queens. During the 19th Dynasty the use of the Valley became more selective. The tombs from this period belong exclusively to royal women. Many of

177-711: A campaign in Syria; hence, his Syrian campaign may be placed at the beginning of his second regnal year. This second campaign was the farthest north any Egyptian ruler had ever campaigned. Although it has not been found in modern times, he apparently set up a stele when he crossed the Euphrates River. During this campaign, the Syrian princes declared allegiance to Thutmose. But after he returned, they discontinued tribute and began fortifying against future incursions. Thutmose celebrated his victories with an elephant hunt in

236-539: A certain Mephres in his Epitome. This data is supported by two dated inscriptions from Years 8 and 9 of his reign bearing his cartouche found inscribed on a stone block in Karnak. Accordingly, Thutmose is usually given a reign from 1506 BC to 1493 BC (low chronology), but a minority of scholars date it from 1526 BC to 1513 BC (high chronology). Upon Thutmose's coronation, Nubia rebelled against Egyptian rule. According to

295-418: A chamber and a shaft for burial. Some of the tombs were extended in size to accommodate more than one burial. The tombs include those of several royal princes and princesses, as well as some nobles. It has long been thought that that finds located in museums which include fragments of burial equipment for several members of the royal family were from the Valley of the Queens. However, these items which include

354-468: A particular tomb. One of the first tombs constructed in the Valley of the Queens is the tomb of Princess Ahmose , a daughter of Seqenenre Tao and Queen Sitdjehuti . This tomb likely dates to the reign of Thutmose I . The tombs from this period also include several members of the nobility, including a head of the stables and a vizier . The tombs from the Valley of the Three Pits mostly date to

413-449: A stela from Thutmose's fourth regnal year hunting near Memphis, and he became the "great army-commander of his father" sometime before his death, which was no later than Thutmose's own death in his 12th regnal year. Thutmose had another son, Wadjmose , and two daughters, Hatshepsut and Nefrubity , by Ahmose. Wadjmose died before his father, and Nefrubity died as an infant. Thutmose had also one son by his another wife, Mutnofret , who

472-668: A team under Zahi Hawass on the Amarna royal mummies also featured the unidentified royal mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I in the control samples. The study indicated that the mummy belonged to haplogroup L , which is mainly observed in southern, western and central Asia (highest in the Indian subcontinent ). What was thought to be his mummy could be viewed in the Egyptian Museum in Cairo . But in 2007, Hawass announced that

531-459: Is generally dated to 1506–1493 BC , but a minority of scholars—who think that astrological observations used to calculate the timeline of ancient Egyptian records, and thus the reign of Thutmose I, were taken from the city of Memphis rather than from Thebes —would date his reign to 1526–1513 BC. He was succeeded by his son Thutmose II , who in turn was succeeded by Thutmose II's sister, Hatshepsut . It has been speculated that Thutmose's father

590-441: Is also damaging to the paintings within tombs. Seeping groundwater has permeated the tombs and is the cause of the dissolved and recrystallized salt. Gypsum, along with clay, is most often believed to be the plasters used in ancient Egypt. Due to the lack of data, however, it is hard to determine what exactly composes the ancient plasters. Such beliefs are contested because of variations of plaster color, hardness, and amount used in

649-435: Is an example of this practice. The tomb of Queen Satre (QV 38) was likely the first tomb prepared during this dynasty. It was probably started during the reign of Ramesses I and finished during the reign of Seti I . Several tombs were prepared without an owner in mind, and the names were included upon the death of the royal female. During the beginning of the 20th Dynasty the Valley was still used extensively. Tombs for

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708-692: Is born") was the third pharaoh of the 18th Dynasty of Egypt . He received the throne after the death of the previous king, Amenhotep I . During his reign, he campaigned deep into the Levant and Nubia , pushing the borders of Egypt farther than ever before in each region. He also built many temples in Egypt, and a tomb for himself in the Valley of the Kings ; he is the first king confirmed to have done this (though Amenhotep I may have preceded him). Thutmose I's reign

767-620: The Thutmosid period . The tombs are labeled with letters A - L. This valley also contains three shaft tombs, which are the origin of the valley's name. The modern labels for these three tombs are QV 89, QV 90, and QV 91. The Valley of the Dolmen contains an old trail used by the workmen traveling from Deir el-Medina to the Valley of the Queens. Along this path is a small rock-cut temple dedicated to Ptah and Meretseger . The tombs from this time period are generally simple in form and consist of

826-572: The 12th Dynasty—to be dredged in order to facilitate easier travel upstream from Egypt to Nubia. This helped integrate Nubia into the Egyptian empire. This expedition is mentioned in two separate inscriptions by the king's son Thure: Year 3, first month of the third season, day 22, under the majesty of the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Aakheperre who is given life. His Majesty commanded to dig this canal after he found it stopped up with stones [so that] no [ship sailed upon it]; Year 3, first month of

885-403: The 1903–04 excavation season did Howard Carter , after two previous seasons of strenuous work, clear its corridors and enter its double burial chamber. Here, among the debris of broken pottery and shattered stone vessels from the burial chamber and lower passages, were the remnants of two vases made for Queen Ahmose Nefertari , which formed part of Thutmose I's original funerary equipment; one of

944-419: The 20th Dynasty. Records show that the workers went on strike during the reign of Ramesses III , and towards the end of the dynasty there are reports of tomb robberies. The Valley was no longer a royal burial site after the close of the 20th Dynasty. Many of the tombs were extensively reused. Several tombs were modified so that they could hold multiple burials. In some cases this involved digging burial pits in

1003-599: The 20th dynasty when KV38 was plundered; the sarcophagus's lid was broken and all this king's valuable precious jewelry and grave goods were stolen. Thutmose I's mummy was discovered in the Deir el-Bahri Cache above the Mortuary Temple of Hatshepsut , revealed in 1881. It had been interred along with those of the 18th- and 19th-dynasty leaders Ahmose I , Amenhotep I , Thutmose II , Thutmose III , Ramesses I , Seti I , Ramesses II , and Ramesses IX , as well as

1062-500: The 21st-dynasty pharaohs Pinedjem I , Pinedjem II , and Siamun . Thutmose I's original coffin was taken over and reused by a later pharaoh of the 21st dynasty. The mummy of Thutmose I was thought to be lost, but Egyptologist Gaston Maspero , largely on the strength of familial resemblance to the mummies of Thutmose II and Thutmose III, believed he had found his mummy in the otherwise unlabelled mummy #5283. This identification has been supported by subsequent examinations, revealing that

1121-418: The 7th century CE. Conservation efforts in the Valley of the Queens happen in multiple ways. Some large concerns for the site include protection against mass tourism and a concoction of other natural risks. With the rise of the tourism industry, effects humans have on archaeological sites is becoming a topic of interest for preservation teams. Due to their relatively small size and delicate ecosystem, many of

1180-472: The Egyptians' aim at this stage was to control the area permanently, because they established no permanent presence in the area. This happened later, during the 18th dynasty. Thutmose had to face one more military threat, another rebellion by Nubia in his fourth year. His influence accordingly expanded even farther south, as an inscription dated to his reign has been found as far south as Kurgus , south of

1239-866: The Female Horus...The king of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare, the son of Re, Hatshepsut-Khnemet-Amun! May she live forever! She made it as her monument to her father whom she loved, the Good God, Lord of the Two Lands , Aakheperkare, the son of Re, Thutmosis the justified . Thutmose I was not destined to lie alongside his daughter after Hatshepsut's death. Thutmose III, Hatshepsut's successor, decided to reinter his grandfather in an even more magnificent tomb, KV38 , featuring another yellow sarcophagus dedicated to Thutmose I and inscribed with texts that proclaim this pharaoh's love for his deceased grandfather. Unfortunately, Thutmose I's remains were disturbed late during

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1298-510: The Nile from Semna . There are also records of specific religious rites the viceroy of El-Kab was to have performed in the temples in Nubia in proxy for the king. He also appointed a man called Turi to the position of viceroy of Kush , also known as the "King's Son of Cush." With a civilian representative of the king permanently established in Nubia, Nubia did not dare revolt as often as it had and

1357-440: The Queens are small to large bat colonies. Although beneficial for the natural ecosystem, bats are detrimental to the tombs, the wall paintings, and the health of tourists in the valley. Urine and feces from bats damages the rocks, plasters, and paints used for tomb construction and decoration. Also stemming from bat excrement is the increased possibility of visitors getting histoplasmosis . Contact with bat populations also increases

1416-406: The Queens is on a geological array of limestones, marls, clays, chalks, and shale. The clays in the valley have undergone expansion and shrinkage due to recurrent flash-flooding throughout the valley. This shrinkage has been one cause of unstable tomb construction and later tomb damage in the valley. Rockslides resulting from shrunk clay deposits and tectonic events have damaged not only the tombs of

1475-484: The Valley of the Kings may have been a factor. Another consideration could have been the existence of a sacred grotto dedicated to Hathor at the entrance of the Valley. This grotto may have been associated with rejuvenation of the dead. Along with the Valley of the Kings and nearby Thebes , the Valley of the Queens was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979. The Valley of

1534-414: The Valley of the Queens tombs are threatened by human interaction. An off balance of humidity and CO 2 from humans contributes to the continued degradation of tombs and the art within them. Other factors that lead to tomb deterioration are graffiti, touching, and head bumping due to small spaces. Light fixtures installed in some of the tombs for better viewing are also a threat to conservation efforts in

1593-530: The architecture and contents of KV38." The location of KV20, if not its original owner, had been known since the Napoleonic expedition of 1799 and, in 1844, the Prussian scholar Karl Richard Lepsius had partially explored its upper passage, but all its passageways "had become blocked by a solidified mass of rubble, small stones and rubbish which had been carried into the tomb by floodwaters" and only during

1652-555: The area of Niy , near Apamea in Syria, and returned to Egypt with strange tales of the Euphrates, "that inverted water which flows upstream when it ought to be flowing downstream." The Euphrates was the first major river the Egyptians had ever encountered that flowed from the north, which was downstream on the Nile , to the south, upstream on the Nile. Thus the river became known in Egypt as simply "inverted water." Textual sources from

1711-421: The area. Large amounts of lint from visitors' clothes stays in the air and settles on tomb floors and other fixtures, creating an increased fire hazard. As lint settles on the modern light fixtures, the likeliness of combustion increases. Steps taken to combat and limit effects on Valley of the Queens tombs from tourism consist of building walled paths that control tourist traffic, constructing shelters at some of

1770-486: The embalming techniques used came from the appropriate period of time, almost certainly after that of Ahmose I and made during the 18th dynasty. Gaston Maspero described the mummy as follows: The king was already advanced in age at the time of his death, being over fifty years old, to judge by the incisor teeth, which are worn and corroded by the impurities of which the Egyptian bread was full. The body, though small and emaciated, shows evidence of unusual muscular strength;

1829-438: The existing finished sarcophagus to her father, Thutmose I. The stonemasons then attempted to erase the original carvings by restoring the surface of the quartzite so that it could be re-carved with the name and titles of Tuthmose I instead. This quartzite sarcophagus measures 7 feet long by 3 feet wide with walls 5  inches thick and bears a dedication text that records Hatshepsut's generosity towards her father: ...long live

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1888-642: The existing tombs. Not much is known about the use of the Valley of the Queens during the Ptolemaic Period but during the Roman Period there was a renewed, extensive use of the Valley as a burial site. During the Coptic Period some Hermit shelters were erected. Tombs QV60 (Nebettawy) and QV73 (Henuttawy) show signs of Coptic occupation. Wall scenes were covered with plaster and decorated with Christian symbols. The Christian presence lasted until

1947-464: The fourth cataract. He inscribed a large tableau on the Hagar el-Merwa, a quartz outcrop c. 40m long and 50m wide 1200 meters from the Nile, on top of several local inscriptions. This is the furthest south the Egyptian presence is attested. During his reign, he initiated a number of projects that effectively ended Nubian independence for 500 years. He enlarged a temple to Sesostris III and Khnum, opposite

2006-453: The head is bald, the features are refined, and the mouth still bears an expression characteristic of shrewdness and cunning. James Harris and Fawzia Hussien (1991) conducted an X-ray survey on New Kingdom royal mummies and examined Thutmose I's mummified remains. The study found that Thutmose I's mummy had all the craniofacial characteristics common among Nubian populations and a “typical Nubian morphology”. A 2020 genetic study performed by

2065-401: The high-ranking wives of Ramesses I , Seti I and Ramesses II were buried in the Valley. One of the most well-known examples is the resting place carved out of the rock for Queen Nefertari (1290–1224 BCE). The polychrome reliefs in her tomb are still intact. Other members of the royal family continued to be buried in the Valley of the Kings. Tomb KV5 , the tomb of the sons of Ramesses II,

2124-493: The intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Queen%27s_Valley&oldid=1041450552 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Valley of the Queens The Valley of the Queens consists of the main wadi , which contains most of

2183-411: The more popular tombs such as QV 66 - Nefertari 's tomb. Other methods used to preserve Nefertari's tomb are a viewing time limited to 15 minutes, separate ticket purchase, and the addition of an air-circulation system to the tomb. As for other tombs, plexiglass shields and wooden floors have been installed to protect the entombed and their resting places. Commonly located in open tombs in the Valley of

2242-518: The mummy previously thought to be Thutmose I is that of a 30-year-old man who died as a result of an arrow wound to the chest. Because of the young age of the mummy and the cause of death, it was determined that the mummy was probably not that of Thutmose I. The mummy has the inventory number CG 61065. In April 2021 the mummy was moved to the National Museum of Egyptian Civilization along with those of 17 kings and four queens in an event termed

2301-484: The name of Thutmose I, but Thutmose III may have moved his body into the tomb of Hatshepsut, KV20 , which also contains a sarcophagus with the name of Thutmose I on it. Thutmose I was originally buried and then reburied in KV20 in a double burial with his daughter Hatshepsut rather than KV38 , which could only have been built for Thutmose I during the reign of his grandson Thutmose III based on "a recent re-examination of

2360-473: The northernmost two were replaced by Thutmose I himself. Hatshepsut also erected two of her own obelisks inside Thutmose I's hypostyle hall. In addition to Karnak, Thutmose I also built statues of the Ennead at Abydos , buildings at Armant, Ombos, el-Hiba , Memphis, and Edfu, as well as minor expansions to buildings in Nubia, at Semna, Buhen, Aniba , and Quban. Thutmose I was the first king who definitely

2419-622: The possibility of bat bites and rabies transmission. In an attempt to limit bat occupation of certain tombs, instillation of doors and has been proposed. Bat populations must be removed from the tombs before any preventative measures can be taken. Due to ecological importance, some tombs have been selected to remain open to bat colonies. Tombs selected are as follows: QV 15, QV 48, and QV 78. Thutmose I Thutmose I (sometimes read as Thutmosis or Tuthmosis I , Thothmes in older history works in Latinized Greek; meaning " Thoth

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2478-452: The power of the Hyksos , who were formerly strong in this area. As many as 20 sites in the Levant suffered destruction at this time. For example, the fiery destruction of Stratum XVIII at Gezer has been assigned to the second half of the 16th century BCE, the time of Amenhotep I and Thutmose I, based on the pottery and scarabs discovered in the destruction debris. It does not appear that

2537-415: The road. Thutmose was the first king to drastically enlarge the temple. He had the fifth pylon built along the temple's main road, along with a wall around the inner sanctuary and two flagpoles to flank the gateway. Outside of this, he built a fourth pylon and another enclosure wall. Between pylons four and five, he had a hypostyle hall constructed, with columns made of cedar wood. This type of structure

2596-475: The third season, day 22. His Majesty sailed this canal in victory and in the power of his return from overthrowing the wretched Kush . In the second year of Thutmose's reign, the king cut a stele at Tombos, which records that he built a fortress at Tombos, near the third cataract, thus permanently extending the Egyptian military presence, which had previously stopped at Buhen , at the second cataract. Thutmose's Tombos stele indicates that he had already fought

2655-472: The throne. But Carter also discovered two separate coffins in the burial chamber. Hatshepsut's beautifully carved sarcophagus "was discovered open with no sign of a body, and with the lid lying discarded on the floor"; it is now housed in the Cairo Museum along with a matching yellow quartzite canopic chest . A second sarcophagus was found lying on its side with its almost undamaged lid propped against

2714-430: The time of Thutmose I include references to Retenu , Naharin , and the 'land of Mitanni '. The last is believed to be the first historical reference to that kingdom. Many Levantine sites were destroyed in the middle of the 16th century B.C., and these destructions have often been attributed to the military campaigns of Thutmose I, or of his predecessor Amenhotep I . Initially these campaigns may have aimed at defeating

2773-496: The tomb autobiography of Ahmose, son of Ebana , Thutmose traveled up the Nile and fought in the battle, personally killing the Nubian king. Upon victory, he had the Nubian king's body hung from the prow of his ship, before he returned to Thebes . After that campaign, he led a second expedition against Nubia in his third year in the course of which he ordered the canal at the first cataract—which had been built under Sesostris III of

2832-487: The tombs, along with the Valley of Prince Ahmose, the Valley of the Rope, the Valley of the Three Pits, and the Valley of the Dolmen. The main wadi contains 91 tombs and the subsidiary valleys add another 19 tombs. The burials in the subsidiary valleys all date to the 18th Dynasty . The reason for choosing the Valley of the Queens as a burial site is not known. The close proximity to the workers' village of Deir el-Medina and

2891-462: The valley but also the wall paintings within them. The current landscape of the Valley of the Queens was built through faulting and subsequent slumping during the Pliocene and Pleistocene epochs. Thus, the original horizontal stratigraphy of the area has been subject to tilting. This tilting has revealed deposits of minerals like anhydrite , gypsum , and halite . Salt from halite in the ground

2950-430: The vases contained a secondary inscription that says that Thutmose II made it "as his monument to his father." Other vessels that bore Thutmose I's names and titles had also been inscribed by his son and successor, Thutmose II, along with fragments of stone vessels made for Hatshepsut before she herself became king as well as other vessels that bore her royal name of 'Maatkare', which would have been made only after she took

3009-517: The wall nearby; it was eventually presented to Theodore M. Davis , the excavation's financial sponsor, as a gesture of appreciation for his support. Davis in turn presented it to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston . The second quartzite sarcophagus had originally been engraved with the name of "the King of Upper and Lower Egypt, Maatkare Hatshepsut", but when it was complete, Hatshepsut decided to commission an entirely new sarcophagus for herself and donated

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3068-490: The wives of Ramesses III were prepared, and in a departure from the conventions of the previous dynasty, several tombs were prepared for royal sons as well. The construction of tombs continued at least until the reign of Ramesses VI . The Turin Papyrus mentions the creation of six tombs during the reign of Ramesses VI . It is not known which tombs are referred to in that papyrus. There is evidence of economic turmoil during

3127-406: Was Amenhotep I . His mother, Senseneb , was of non-royal parentage and may have been a lesser wife or concubine. Queen Ahmose , who held the title of Great Royal Wife of Thutmose, was probably the daughter of Ahmose I and the sister of Amenhotep I; but she was never called "king's daughter," so there is some doubt about this, and some historians believe she was Thutmose's sister. Assuming she

3186-402: Was buried in the Valley of the Kings . Ineni was commissioned to dig this tomb, and presumably to build his mortuary temple. His mortuary temple has not been found, possibly because it was incorporated into or demolished by the construction of Hatshepsut's mortuary temple at Deir el-Bahri . His tomb, however, has been identified as KV38 . In it was found a yellow quartzite sarcophagus bearing

3245-630: Was common in ancient Egyptian temples, and supposedly represents a papyrus marsh, an Egyptian symbol of creation. Along the edge of this room he built colossal statues, each one alternating wearing the crown of Upper Egypt and the crown of Lower Egypt. Finally, outside of the fourth pylon, he erected four more flagpoles and two obelisks, although one of them, which now has fallen, was not inscribed until Thutmose III inscribed it about 50 years later. The cedar columns in Thutmose I's hypostyle hall were replaced with stone columns by Thutmose III, but at least

3304-455: Was easily controlled by future Egyptian kings. Thutmose I organized great building projects during his reign, including many temples and tombs, but his greatest projects were at the Temple of Karnak under the supervision of the architect Ineni . Before Thutmose, Karnak probably consisted only of a long road to a central platform, with a number of shrines for the solar bark along the side of

3363-431: Was likely a daughter of Ahmose I and a sister of Amenhotep I . This son succeeded him as Thutmose II , whom Thutmose I married to his daughter, Hatshepsut. It was later recorded by Hatshepsut that Thutmose willed the kingship to both Thutmose II and Hatshepsut, but this is considered propaganda by Hatshepsut's supporters to legitimise her claim to the throne when she later assumed power. A heliacal rising of Sothis

3422-529: Was recorded in the reign of Thutmose's predecessor, Amenhotep I, which has been dated to 1517 BC , assuming the observation was made at Thebes . The year of Amenhotep's death and Thutmose's subsequent coronation can be accordingly derived, and is dated to 1506 BC by most modern scholars. But if the observation were made at either Heliopolis or Memphis , as a minority of scholars argue, Thutmose would have been crowned in 1526 BC. Manetho records that Thutmose I's reign lasted 12 years and 9 months (or 13 years) as

3481-427: Was related to Amenhotep, one might speculate that she was married to Thutmose in order to guarantee succession. This is known not to be the case for two reasons. First, Amenhotep's alabaster bark built at Karnak associates Amenhotep's name with Thutmose's name well before Amenhotep's death. Second, Thutmose's first-born son with Ahmose, Amenmose , was apparently born long before Thutmose's coronation. He can be seen on

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