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72-634: Delabechea rupestris T.Mitch. ex Lindl. Brachychiton delabechei F.Muell. Sterculia rupestris (T.Mitch. ex Lindl.) Benth . Brachychiton rupestre orth. var. K.A.W.Williams Brachychiton rupestris ( commonly known as the narrow-leaved bottle tree or Queensland bottle tree ) is a tree in the family Malvaceae , endemic to Queensland , Australia . Described by Sir Thomas Mitchell and John Lindley in 1848, it earned its name from its bulbous trunk , which can be up to 3.5 metres (11 ft) in diameter at breast height (DBH). Reaching around 10–25 m (33–82 ft) high,

144-673: A bonsai subject. Bottle trees grow best in well-drained, slightly acidic soil, in full sunshine. They are suited to cultivation in regional climates equivalent to USDA hardiness zones 9 to 12. In the first stages of growth, the bottle tree is very slow-growing, and the formation of the unique bottle shape is not visible until the tree is about 5 to 8 years old. Mature trees transplant easily, and can withstand intervals of up to three months between digging and replanting without detriment. Bottle trees grown from seed may take up to 20 years to flower. Flowering takes place after adult leaves have appeared. Plants are readily propagated from seed. As seed

216-620: A drought deciduous succulent tree, much like the baobab ( Adansonia ) of Madagascar , B. rupestris adapts readily to cultivation, and is quite tolerant of a range of soils and temperatures. It is a key component and emergent tree in the endangered central semi-evergreen vine thickets (also known as bottletree scrub) of the Queensland Brigalow Belt . Remnant trees are often left by farmers on cleared land for their value as shade and fodder trees, and as homes for various birds and animals. Brachychiton rupestris grows as

288-408: A succulent tree reaching 10–20 m (33–66 ft), rarely 25 m (82 ft), in height, though plants in cultivation are usually shorter. The thick trunk is 5–15 m (16–49 ft) tall, with a 1–3.5 m (3.3–11.5 ft) diameter at breast height (DBH). It has dark grey bark and is marked by shallow tessellation and deeper fissures. Smaller branches are light green or grey, as are

360-705: A botanist. He was appointed government botanist for the then colony of Victoria , Australia by Governor Charles La Trobe in 1853, and later director of the Royal Botanic Gardens in Melbourne. He also founded the National Herbarium of Victoria . He named many Australian plants. Mueller was born at Rostock , in the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin . After the early death of his parents, Frederick and Louisa, his grandparents gave him

432-528: A four-celled ovary. Since only female plants are able to set fruit and produce berries, this has consequences for gardeners. Amborella represents the first known group of flowering plants to separate from their common ancestor. It too is dioecious; at any one time, each plant produces either flowers with functional stamens but no carpels, or flowers with a few non-functional stamens and a number of fully functional carpels. However, Amborella plants may change their "sex" over time. In one study, five cuttings from

504-460: A good education in Tönning , Schleswig . Apprenticed to a chemist at the age of 15, he passed his pharmaceutical examinations and studied botany under Professor Ernst Ferdinand Nolte (1791–1875) at Kiel University . In 1847, he received his degree of Doctor of Philosophy from Kiel for a thesis on the plants of the southern regions of Schleswig. Mueller's sister Bertha had been advised to seek

576-501: A hairy coating known as the exotesta . The closely related Proserpine bottle tree ( Brachychiton compactus ) that occurs only in the vicinity of the town of Proserpine can be distinguished by its more oval leaves, more compact flower heads, and longer ellipsoid follicles. The undescribed Ormeau bottle tree has brighter lime-green new foliage and leaves but is otherwise similar to the Proserpine bottle tree. The species came to

648-529: A host plant for the mistletoe species Dendrophthoe glabrescens . Insects hosted by the species include the pale cotton stainer bug, a pest of cotton crops, and the kurrajong leaf roller caterpillar that chews on the foliage and rolls individual leaves, within which it then pupates. Bottle tree scrub is a key habitat of the near threatened black-breasted buttonquail . Brachychiton rupestris can withstand bushfires and responds by flowering and putting forth new foliage afterwards. Aboriginal people made use of

720-582: A large broadly defined Malvaceae . It is only distantly related to Sterculia , belonging to a different clade within the Sterculioideae. The name of the genus is derived from the Greek brachys , 'short', and chiton , 'tunic', a reference to the loose seed coats. Brachychiton was for many years misconstrued as being of neuter gender—first by the genus describers Heinrich Wilhelm Schott and Stephan Endlicher and later by von Mueller and others—with

792-643: A leading part in promoting Australian exploration, especially the Burke and Wills expedition, which was the first to cross the continent, and in the various attempts to unravel the mystery which attended the fate of his fellow countryman Ludwig Leichhardt (1813–1848). Mueller died in Melbourne and is buried in the St Kilda Cemetery . He was survived by his sister, Mrs. Clara Wehl, of Millicent, South Australia . His other sister, Mrs. Bertha Doughty of near Penola predeceased him. He never married. Mueller

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864-401: A male plant produced only male flowers when they first flowered, but at their second flowering three switched to producing female flowers. In extreme cases, almost all of the parts present in a complete flower may be missing, so long as at least one carpel or one stamen is present. This situation is reached in the female flowers of duckweeds ( Lemna ), which consist of a single carpel, and in

936-594: A paper to the Linnean Society of London on "The Flora of South Australia", thus beginning to be well known in botanical circles. Mueller was appointed government botanist for Victoria by Governor Charles La Trobe in 1853, a post that was newly created for him. He examined its flora, especially the Alpine vegetation of Australia, which was previously unknown. He explored the Buffalo Ranges , then went to

1008-441: A perianth. (See the illustration of Alnus serrulata .) Most hollies (members of the genus Ilex ) are dioecious. Each plant produces either functionally male flowers or functionally female flowers. In Ilex aquifolium (see the illustration), the common European holly, both kinds of flower have four sepals and four white petals; male flowers have four stamens, female flowers usually have four non-functional reduced stamens and

1080-968: A warmer climate for her health, and the great botanist Ludwig Preiss , who had recently returned from Perth , recommended Australia, so in 1847, Mueller, Bertha, and their other surviving sister, Clara , sailed from Bremen . While still on the ship, he reportedly fished his first plants out of the water to analyse them. Ferdinand von Mueller was one of a number of influential German-speaking residents — such as Ludwig Becker , Hermann Beckler , William Blandowski , Amalie Dietrich , Wilhelm Haacke , Diedrich Henne , Gerard Krefft , Johann Luehmann , Johann Menge , Carl Mücke (a.k.a. Muecke) , Ludwig Preiss , Carl Ludwig Christian Rümker (a.k.a. Ruemker) , Moritz Richard Schomburgk , Richard Wolfgang Semon , Karl Theodor Staiger , George Ulrich , Eugene von Guérard , Robert von Lendenfeld , Georg von Neumayer , and Carl Wilhelmi — who brought their "epistemic traditions" to Australia, and not only became "deeply entangled with

1152-741: Is "least concern", it is an emergent tree species in an endangered ecosystem known as "semi-evergreen vine thickets of the Brigalow Belt (North and South) and Nandewar bioregions", listed under the Commonwealth EPBC Act , and is declining across its range. Furthermore, the health of trees in cleared areas may be compromised. The species is conserved within its natural habitat in a number of National Parks including Auburn River , Benarkin , Bunya Mountains , Coalstoun Lakes , Dipperu , Good Night Scrub , Humboldt , Isla Gorge and Tregole . Brachychiton rupestris has been recorded as

1224-525: Is 3–8 cm (1.2–3.1 in) long, and each flower is 0.5–1 cm (0.2–0.4 in) long and 1.3–1.8 cm (0.5–0.7 in) wide. The length of the lobes of the perianth is more than half the perianth diameter. Like all Brachychiton species, B. rupestris is monoecious —each plant has distinct male and female flowers. Male flowers have 15 stamens , with pale yellow anthers , while female flowers have cream or white stigmas surrounded by rudimentary stellate (star-shaped) carpels , which sit atop

1296-514: Is a tiny female gametophyte. Carpels may be called the "female" parts of a flower and collectively form the gynoecium. Each carpel in Ranunculus species is an achene that produces one ovule, which when fertilized becomes a seed. If the carpel contains more than one seed, as in Eranthis hyemalis , it is called a follicle . Two or more carpels may be fused together to varying degrees and

1368-594: Is always present in the Central semi-evergreen vine thicket—also known as Bottletree Scrub—of the Brigalow Belt . Other common species include broad-leaved bottle tree ( Brachychiton australis ) and belah ( Casuarina cristata ). The narrow-leaved bottle tree is replaced by the kurrajong in similar communities in New South Wales. Although the species status under Queensland's Nature Conservation Act

1440-619: Is named after Mueller. A number of geographical features were named after Mueller: the Mueller Ranges ( Western Australia ), Muellers Range ( Queensland ), Mount Mueller (in WA, Northern Territory , Tasmania and Victoria) and Mount von Mueller (WA), Muellers Peak ( New South Wales ), the Mueller River (NZ), Muellers Creek ( South Australia ) and Mueller Creek (NT) also Von Mueller Creek (Vic), Lake Mueller (Qld), and Mueller hut near

1512-486: Is particularly prevalent east of Boonah . Brachychiton rupestris is found in central Queensland from latitude 22° S to 28° S, with the western limits of its range defined by the 500 mm rainfall isohyet . It grows on the tops and slopes of hills or ridges in low hilly country, in clay, shale, or basalt soils. It is an emergent tree in forests dominated by brigalow ( Acacia harpophylla ), hoop pine ( Araucaria cunninghamii ), or ooline ( Cadellia pentastylis ). It

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1584-426: Is surrounded by irritating hairs within the pod, extraction requires care. Stem cuttings of semi-mature growth can be taken in late summer and require the application of rooting hormones and bottom heat . Ferdinand von Mueller Baron Sir Ferdinand Jacob Heinrich von Mueller , KCMG ( German : Müller ; 30 June 1825 – 10 October 1896) was a German-Australian physician, geographer, and most notably,

1656-473: The Bugle Ranges , and had a cottage built there. He moved there with his sister Clara, intending to start a farm, but after a few months, he returned to his former employment. Mueller thought to open a chemist's shop in the gold diggings, so in 1851, he moved to Melbourne, capital of the new colony of Victoria. He had contributed a few papers on botanical subjects to German periodicals, and in 1852, sent

1728-620: The Mueller Glacier in New Zealand. Mueller Park , Subiaco (WA) is also named after him. Species named to honour Mueller typically end in muelleri , muellerina or muelleriana . Examples include the genus, Muellerina ( Loranthaceae ), the taxa Callitris muelleri , Persoonia muelleri , and Verticordia muelleriana , Allocasuarina muelleriana and Eucalyptus muelleriana , and Terminalia ferdinandiana . Over 26,000 specimens collected by Mueller are held by

1800-423: The National Herbarium of Victoria . A species of Australian lizard, Lerista muelleri , is named in his honour, as well as a number of fish and invertebrates. The in-house journal, Muelleria , of the National Herbarium of Victoria is dedicated to Mueller. Plant reproductive morphology#Terminology Among all living organisms, flowers , which are the reproductive structures of angiosperms , are

1872-443: The Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne , and not only introduced many plants into Victoria, but also made the excellent qualities of the blue gum ( Eucalyptus globulus ) known all over the world, and succeeded in introducing it into the south of Europe, North and South Africa, California, and the extratropical portions of South America. By 1873, influential Melburnians were critical of Mueller's scientific and educational approach with

1944-791: The University of Rostock ; in 1883, he was awarded the Clarke Medal by the Royal Society of New South Wales . Mueller was decorated by many foreign countries, including Germany, France, Spain, Denmark, and Portugal. He was appointed a fellow of the Royal Society in 1861, and knighted as Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George in 1879. A list of his 'Orders, offices, affiliations and sundry honours' has been assembled. Many of his decorations were received in return for supplying zoological specimens to royal museums. He

2016-480: The coevolution of flowers and their insect pollinators . Plants have complex lifecycles involving alternation of generations . One generation, the sporophyte , gives rise to the next generation, the gametophyte asexually via spores . Spores may be identical isospores or come in different sizes ( microspores and megaspores ), but strictly speaking, spores and sporophytes are neither male nor female because they do not produce gametes . The alternate generation,

2088-500: The ovum of another, depends on the reproductive morphology, and is the single most important determinant of the genetic structure of nonclonal plant populations. Christian Konrad Sprengel (1793) studied the reproduction of flowering plants and for the first time it was understood that the pollination process involved both biotic and abiotic interactions. Charles Darwin 's theories of natural selection utilized this work to build his theory of evolution , which includes analysis of

2160-442: The section Delabechea along with the related and newly described Proserpine bottle tree. A third species, from southeast Queensland, has been recognised but not yet described. Unique to the section, all three species have bulbous trunks and can have large cavities in the vertical wood parenchyma . The genus Brachychiton lies within an Australasian clade within the subfamily Sterculioideae (previously family Sterculiaceae ) in

2232-596: The Australian colonial project", but also were "intricately involved in imagining, knowing and shaping colonial Australia" (Barrett, et al., 2018, p.2). He arrived at Adelaide on 18 December 1847 and found employment as a chemist with Moritz J. Heuzenroeder , in Rundle Street . He was an inveterate explorer, walking alone to Mount Arden and Mount Brown during his first year. Shortly afterwards, he obtained 20 acres (8.1 ha) of land not far from Adelaide in

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2304-635: The Northern Territory, and encouraged settlers to send plants to him. Mueller published an educational exsiccata with the title Educational collections of Australian plants (1873–1876) and was able to distribute three fascicles in about 50 institutions. Women were key contributors to his collections. Two hundred and twenty-five women and girls, the youngest of which was six years of age, collected plant specimens and mailed them to Mueller for cataloging. These women included Louisa Atkinson , Sarah Brooks , and Flora Mary Campbell . He took

2376-579: The Queensland bottle tree as Clompanus rupestris . German botanist Karl Moritz Schumann gave it its current binomial name in 1893, which was accepted by Achille Terraciano of the Orto botanico di Palermo and subsequent authorities, and remains current. In 1988, Gordon Guymer of the Queensland Herbarium published a taxonomic revision of Brachychiton ; he classified B. rupestris in

2448-431: The Queensland bottle tree is deciduous , losing its leaves seasonally, between September and December. The leaves are simple or divided, with one or more narrow leaf blades up to 11 centimetres (4 in) long and 2 cm (0.8 in) wide. Cream-coloured flowers appear from September to November, and are followed by woody, boat-shaped follicles that ripen from November to May. No subspecies are recognised. As

2520-580: The Royal Botanic Gardens. Development of the gardens with an eye to aesthetics was sought. Mueller was dismissed from his position as director of the Botanic Gardens on 31 May 1873. He had done much to develop the gardens with the scarce resources at hand. Though his pay was not affected and he still continued as the government botanist, he never lost his sense of grievance over losing the position. In April 1873, Mueller had created

2592-524: The attention of the scientific community when explorer Sir Thomas Mitchell observed the trees on his expedition through Queensland in 1848 and published an account in Journal of an Expedition into the Interior of Tropical Australia in the same year. He came across them as he ascended Mount Abundance near present-day Roma , remarking that "The trunk bulged out in the middle like a barrel, to nearly twice

2664-431: The carpels are missing, vestigial or otherwise non-functional. Each flower is either staminate (having only functional stamens and thus male), or carpellate or pistillate (having only functional carpels and thus female). If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on the same plant, the species is described as monoecious . If separate staminate and carpellate flowers are always found on different plants,

2736-475: The carpels mature first). Monoecious species, with unisexual flowers on the same plant, may produce male and female flowers at different times. Dioecy, the condition of having unisexual flowers on different plants, necessarily results in outcrossing, and probably evolved for this purpose. However, "dioecy has proven difficult to explain simply as an outbreeding mechanism in plants that lack self-incompatibility". Resource-allocation constraints may be important in

2808-417: The diameter at the ground, or of that at the first springing of the branches above. These were small in proportion to their great girth, and the whole tree looked very odd." In the same publication, English botanist John Lindley provided the first formal description . Lindley placed it in the genus Delabechea as the sole representative— Delabechea rupestris . The genus name was selected by Mitchell to honour

2880-728: The director of the British Geological Survey , Henry De la Beche , while the Latin specific epithet rupestris (meaning 'living among rocks') alludes to the rocky hilltop habitat of specimens observed by Mitchell. Ferdinand von Mueller, the Government Botanist in Victoria , renamed it Brachychiton delabechei in 1862, incorporating the genus Delabechea into Brachychiton . In his landmark Flora Australiensis , English botanist George Bentham published

2952-413: The entire structure, including the fused styles and stigmas may be called a pistil . The lower part of the pistil, where the ovules are produced, is called the ovary . It may be divided into chambers ( locules ) corresponding to the separate carpels. A perfect flower has both stamens and carpels, and is described as "bisexual" or "hermaphroditic". A unisexual flower is one in which either the stamens or

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3024-448: The evolution of dioecy, for example, with wind-pollination, separate male flowers arranged in a catkin that vibrates in the wind may provide better pollen dispersal. In climbing plants, rapid upward growth may be essential, and resource allocation to fruit production may be incompatible with rapid growth, thus giving an advantage to delayed production of female flowers. Dioecy has evolved separately in many different lineages, and monoecy in

3096-484: The exploration of Australia, and as one of only two members of the Exploration Committee with any experience of exploration, he made several speeches to the society on the topic. He did not favour the selection of Burke as leader, but due to factionalism in the committee, he had little say in the establishment, provisioning, or composition of the exploration party. From 1857 to 1873, he was director of

3168-492: The figure, has a calyx of outer sepals and a corolla of inner petals and both male and female sex organs . The sepals and petals together form the perianth . Next inwards there are numerous stamens , which produce pollen grains, each containing a microscopic male gametophyte. Stamens may be called the "male" parts of a flower and collectively form the androecium. Finally in the middle there are carpels , which at maturity contain one or more ovules , and within each ovule

3240-406: The first key for the nine described species of Brachychiton , and relegated them to a section of Sterculia . Hence the Queensland bottle tree became Sterculia rupestris . Von Mueller maintained his recognition of Brachychiton as a separate genus. German botanist Otto Kuntze challenged the generic name Sterculia in 1891, on the grounds that the name Clompanus took precedence. He republished

3312-421: The gametophyte, produces gametes, eggs and/or sperm . A gametophyte can be monoicous (bisexual), producing both eggs and sperm, or dioicous (unisexual), either female (producing eggs) or male (producing sperm). In the bryophytes ( liverworts , mosses , and hornworts ), the sexual gametophyte is the dominant generation. In ferns and seed plants (including cycads , conifers , flowering plants , etc.)

3384-452: The genus Guilfoylia and described William Guilfoyle as "distinguished as a collector [who] evidenced great ardour" and held high hopes for his collecting ability. Mueller's opinion changed when Guilfoyle was appointed to take his place as director of the Botanic Gardens in July 1873. He accused Guilfoyle of being a "nurseryman [with] no claims to scientific knowledge whatever" and of getting

3456-423: The job due to being related to the wife of the responsible minister. Mueller subsequently abolished Guilfoylia as part of the genus of Cadellia in his botanical census of 1882 (today the genus Guilfoylia is again accepted). Guilfoyle went on to landscape the gardens in an aesthetic and pleasing style welcomed by most Melburnians. In 1857, Mueller applied for and was granted the degree of Doctor of Medicine of

3528-416: The leaves vary in shape, ranging from narrow and elliptic to deeply divided. The upper surface is glossy, contrasting with a pale undersurface. The adult leaf blades are 4–11 cm (1.6–4.3 in) long and 0.8–2 cm (0.3–0.8 in) wide with pointed ( acuminate or apiculate ) tips. They have a raised midrib on the upper and lower surface, with 12–25 pairs of lateral veins that are more prominent on

3600-473: The male flowers of spurges ( Euphorbia ) which consist of a single stamen. A species such as Fraxinus excelsior , the common ash of Europe, demonstrates one possible kind of variation. Ash flowers are wind-pollinated and lack petals and sepals. Structurally, the flowers may be bisexual, consisting of two stamens and an ovary, or may be male (staminate), lacking a functional ovary, or female (carpellate), lacking functional stamens. Different forms may occur on

3672-406: The masking of deleterious recessive mutations. The primary mechanism used by flowering plants to ensure outcrossing involves a genetic mechanism known as self-incompatibility . Various aspects of floral morphology promote allogamy. In plants with bisexual flowers, the anthers and carpels may mature at different times, plants being protandrous (with the anthers maturing first) or protogynous (with

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3744-418: The most varied physically and show a correspondingly great diversity in methods of reproduction. Plants that are not flowering plants ( green algae , mosses , liverworts , hornworts , ferns and gymnosperms such as conifers ) also have complex interplays between morphological adaptation and environmental factors in their sexual reproduction. The breeding system, or how the sperm from one plant fertilizes

3816-690: The natural history collections and institutions of Our Kingdom' He was then known as Baron Sir Ferdinand von Mueller. He published 11 volumes of Fragmenta phytographiae Australiae (1862–1881), two volumes of the Plants of Victoria (1860–1865), and other books on the Eucalyptus , Myoporaceae , Acacia , and Salsolaceae , all profusely illustrated. He also co-operated in the production of George Bentham 's Flora Australiensis . He described many novel plant species sent by botanists from other parts of Australia, notably Maurice William Holtze from

3888-403: The ovaries. Groups of 3 to 5 woody boat-shaped follicles , each containing 4 to 8 (or occasionally up to 12) seeds, develop from November to May. The follicles, smooth on the outer surface and hairy inside, split along their length to reveal seeds. The seeds, which are ovoid with a smooth surface, and 6–7 mm (0.24–0.28 in) long by 3.5–4.5 mm (0.14–0.18 in) wide, are covered by

3960-420: The protective wall of a pollen grain. The sporophyte of a flowering plant is often described using sexual terms (e.g. "female" or "male") based on the sexuality of the gametophyte it gives rise to . For example, a sporophyte that produces spores that give rise only to male gametophytes may be described as "male", even though the sporophyte itself is asexual, producing only spores. Similarly, flowers produced by

4032-519: The same tree, or on different trees. The Asteraceae (sunflower family), with close to 22,000 species worldwide, have highly modified inflorescences made up of flowers (florets) collected together into tightly packed heads. Heads may have florets of one sexual morphology – all bisexual, all carpellate or all staminate (when they are called homogamous ), or may have mixtures of two or more sexual forms (heterogamous). Thus goatsbeards ( Tragopogon species) have heads of bisexual florets, like other members of

4104-469: The species is described as dioecious . A 1995 study found that about 6% of angiosperm species are dioecious, and that 7% of genera contain some dioecious species. Members of the birch family ( Betulaceae ) are examples of monoecious plants with unisexual flowers. A mature alder tree ( Alnus species) produces long catkins containing only male flowers, each with four stamens and a minute perianth, and separate stalked groups of female flowers, each without

4176-431: The specific names then incorrectly amended. Thus the bottle tree's binomial was recorded as Brachychiton rupestre , now regarded as an orthographical variant . Besides Queensland bottle tree, common names for the species include narrow-leaved bottle tree and bottle tree. Brachychiton × turgidulus is a naturally occurring hybrid cross of B. rupestris with the kurrajong B. populneus subsp. populneus . It

4248-489: The sporophyte is the dominant generation; the obvious visible plant, whether a small herb or a large tree, is the sporophyte, and the gametophyte is very small. In bryophytes and ferns, the gametophytes are independent, free-living plants, while in seed plants, each female megagametophyte, and the megaspore that gives rise to it, is hidden within the sporophyte and is entirely dependent on it for nutrition. Each male gametophyte typically consists of two to four cells enclosed within

4320-401: The sporophyte may be described as "unisexual" or "bisexual", meaning that they give rise to either one sex of gametophyte or both sexes of the gametophyte. The flower is the characteristic structure concerned with sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms). Flowers vary enormously in their structure (morphology). A perfect flower, like that of Ranunculus glaberrimus shown in

4392-418: The trees through eating the roots of young plants and by consuming secretions from the trunk that were induced by wounds. Fibre obtained from the species was used to make nets. The leaves have also been used for fodder , and Queensland farmers often leave bottle trees as a potential food source when land is cleared. During drought conditions, whole trees have been felled to feed stock. The soft edible pulp inside

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4464-409: The tribe Cichorieae, whereas marigolds ( Calendula species) generally have heads with the outer florets bisexual and the inner florets staminate (male). Like Amborella , some plants undergo sex-switching. For example, Arisaema triphyllum (Jack-in-the-pulpit) expresses sexual differences at different stages of growth: smaller plants produce all or mostly male flowers; as plants grow larger over

4536-556: The trunk is exposed by removing the bark. The pulp is energy-rich but protein-poor, and occasional cases of nitrate poisoning have led to cattle deaths. Bottle trees are commonly found planted in streets and parks, on farms, and as features in gardens. An avenue in Roma , Queensland, was planted between 1918 and 1920, each tree representing one of 93 local men killed in World War I . The species has been cultivated as an indoor plant and

4608-407: The trunks of immature trees. Like those of all members of the genus, the leaves are alternately arranged along the stems. B. rupestris is deciduous . Trees in their native habitat are typically leafless between September and December; the timing, duration and extent of leaf drop may be affected by extremes of rainfall or drought. Sometimes trees shed leaves from only some branches. On every tree,

4680-606: The upper reaches of the Goulburn River and across Gippsland to the coast. The neighbourhoods of Port Albert and Wilsons Promontory were explored, and the journey of some 1,500 miles (2,400 km) was completed along the coast to Melbourne. In the same year, he established the National Herbarium of Victoria, which can still be visited today. It has many plants from Australia and abroad, many of which were collected by Mueller. Also, his large private library

4752-450: The upper surface, arising at 50–60 degrees from the midrib. The compound juvenile leaves have 3–9 spear-shaped (lanceolate) or linear lobes. These each measure 4–14 cm (1.6–5.5 in) long and 0.3–1 cm (0.1–0.4 in) wide. Panicles of creamy-yellow flowers with red markings appear from September to November in the species' native range. These arise from axillary buds on end branches. Each panicle contains 10–30 flowers and

4824-928: The year and as plants bloom later in the growing season they produce more female flowers. The complexity of the morphology of flowers and its variation within populations has led to a rich terminology. Outcrossing , cross-fertilization or allogamy, in which offspring are formed by the fusion of the gametes of two different plants, is the most common mode of reproduction among higher plants . About 55% of higher plant species reproduce in this way. An additional 7% are partially cross-fertilizing and partially self-fertilizing (autogamy). About 15% produce gametes but are principally self-fertilizing with significant out-crossing lacking. Only about 8% of higher plant species reproduce exclusively by non-sexual means. These include plants that reproduce vegetatively by runners or bulbils, or which produce seeds without embryo fertilization ( apomixis ). The selective advantage of outcrossing appears to be

4896-409: The years the male flowers are replaced by more female flowers on the same plant. Arisaema triphyllum thus covers a multitude of sexual conditions in its lifetime: nonsexual juvenile plants, young plants that are all male, larger plants with a mix of both male and female flowers, and large plants that have mostly female flowers. Other plant populations have plants that produce more male flowers early in

4968-741: Was a member of the Victorian Institute for the Advancement of Science, which later became the Philosophical Institute of Victoria . He was president of the Philosophical Institute in 1859 when it received a royal charter and became the Royal Society of Victoria . He was an active member of the society's "Exploration Committee" which established the Burke and Wills expedition of 1860. Mueller promoted

5040-625: Was a theist who rejected Darwinism , but is said by historians to have misunderstood key aspects of Charles Darwin 's theory. Despite his differences he remained on friendly terms with Darwin. The Mueller Medal has been awarded since 1904 by the Australian and New Zealand Association for the Advancement of Science to "a scientist who is the author of important contributions to anthropological, botanical, geological or zoological science, preferably with special reference to Australia". A Victorian Railways S Class diesel-electric locomotive, S311,

5112-500: Was the benefactor of explorer Ernest Giles , who visited Lake Amadeus and Kata Tjuta . Giles had originally wanted to name these Lake Mueller and Mt Ferdinand, but Mueller prevailed upon Giles to name them Lake Amadeus, after King Amadeus of Spain , and Mt Olga, after Queen Olga of Württemberg ; both kings had granted him honours. In 1871, King Karl of Württemberg gave him the hereditary title of Freiherr , to mark his distinction in 'natural sciences generally and in particular for

5184-1012: Was transferred to the government of Victoria in 1865 and is incorporated into the library of the herbarium in Melbourne. Mueller was then nominated as the botanist to accompany the North Australian Exploring Expedition (1855–1856) led by Augustus Gregory , and decided to join despite initial hesitations. He explored the Victoria River and other portions of North Australia, was one of the four who reached Termination Lake in 1856, and accompanied Gregory's expedition overland to Moreton Bay . Mueller, for his part, found nearly 800 species in Australia new to science, such as Macadamia ternifolia (named after his friend and colleague, John Macadam ). He published in this year his Definitions of Rare or Hitherto Undescribed Australian Plants . From 1854 to 1872, Mueller

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