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156-418: Though the times and places of the student movement vary, the goals are often similar including: abolishing sodomy laws , equality on campuses for LGBTQ students, increasing money for HIV/AIDS research, the legalization of same-sex marriage , to prevent the bullying and suicide of LGBT youth , and gain visibility for LGBTQ people . LGBT student organizations today have started to involve research to improve

312-476: A Master of Science from the University of Waterloo. The university also offers its students the opportunity to earn credits towards their degree while studying abroad through student exchange and international internship programs. The university has exchange agreements with over 100 institutions outside Canada. The university operates the largest post-secondary co-operative education (co-op) program in

468-532: A Hong Kong resident. It was believed that the age of consent had been reduced from 21 to 16 for any kind of homosexual sex acts. In 2014, the ordinance was amended according to the judgement. Homosexuality was decriminalized in the Cook Islands by an act of Parliament on 1 June 2023. Prior to that, male homosexual activity was illegal in the Cook Islands under the Crimes Act 1969. Consensual male sodomy

624-800: A better future for their community. Many colleges in Australia have a Students' union that helps support LGBT student activism financially and otherwise. Often the right to have a safe space and LGBT officers is written into the student union policy. The LGBT student activists use media to help spread the word about issues in Australia that they deem important to the community such as Same-sex marriage . This means that LGBT students in Australia's colleges and universities have good visibility on their campuses. The students are using this visibility to try to get same-sex marriage legalized in their country. The topic of same-sex marriage being legalized in Australia

780-648: A campus in Cambridge, Ontario, on the west bank of the Grand River . The architecture campus was the idea of the Cambridge Consortium, a group of Cambridge business owners, who spearheaded the school's fundraising drive to cover a portion of the $ 27 million cost of creating the new campus. The school, along with its faculty and students, was moved to the new campus in September 2004. Since 1979,

936-558: A combined total of thirteen schools and over fifty academic departments. Financial aid available to students includes the Ontario Student Assistance Program and Canada Student Loans and Grants through the federal and provincial governments. The financial aid provided may come in the form of loans, grants, bursaries, scholarships, fellowships, debt reduction, interest relief, and work programs. The university has also partnered with other institutions for

1092-560: A complete cast of an Albertosaurus and an authentic skeleton of a Cave bear . The museum also houses an interactive, simulation mining tunnel which aims to teach sustainable mining practices. Also owned and operated by the university is the Museum of Vision Science , which is at the university's School of Optometry building. The university had previously operated the Elliott Avedon Museum and Archive of Games , created by

1248-550: A criminal offence", many western governments, including many U.S. states, repealed laws specifically against homosexual acts. However, by 2003, 13 U.S. states still criminalized homosexuality, along with many Missouri counties, and the territory of Puerto Rico, but in June 2003, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Lawrence v. Texas that state laws criminalizing private, non-commercial sexual activity between consenting adults at home on

1404-482: A dangerous purpose; and mischief under $ 5,000. Investigators of the Waterloo Regional Police service believe it was a hate-motivated incident related to gender expression and gender identity. The perpetrator pleaded guilty to four counts on June 3, 2024: two counts of aggravated assault and one each of assault causing bodily harm and assault with a weapon. The university's main campus lies within

1560-513: A faculty of arts in 1960, and the College of Optometry of Ontario (now the School of Optometry and Vision Science ), which moved from Toronto in 1967. The university is a co-educational institution, with approximately 36,000 undergraduate and 6,200 postgraduate students enrolled there in 2020. Alumni and former students of the university can be found across Canada and in over 150 countries; with

1716-591: A federated university. Conrad Grebel University College is a Mennonite university college that was chartered in 1961 and is religiously affiliated with the Mennonite Church Eastern Canada . Renison University College is an Anglican university college chartered in 1959; it entered an affiliation with the University of Waterloo in 1960 and is religiously affiliated with the Anglican Church of Canada . St. Jerome's University

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1872-405: A gay presidential candidate. 4. Friends with a feminine man. 5. Friends with a masculine woman. 6. Knowledge of [gay and lesbian] issues important for a future career. 7. Comfortable with a [gay, lesbian] roommate." Students who frequently interact and involve themselves with campus activities are likely to be more open to views different from their own. Students who are present when an LGBT student

2028-524: A girl under 21 can also be liable for life imprisonment ( Sect 118D ) while no similar laws concerning committing heterosexual buggery in private exist. In 2005, Judge Hartmann found these 4 laws: Sect 118C, 118F, 118H , and 118J were discriminatory towards gay males and unconstitutional under the Hong Kong Basic Law and contrary to the Bill of Rights Ordinance in a judicial review filed by

2184-478: A human rights violation. This case, brought by Rosanna Flamer-Caldera , was the first United Nations case to focus on lesbian and bisexual women. The Middle Assyrian Law Codes (1075 BCE) state: If a man has intercourse with his brother-in-arms, they shall turn him into a eunuch . This is the earliest known law condemning the act of male-to-male intercourse in the military. In the Roman Republic ,

2340-507: A liaison between the two groups. The legislative act was the result of a great deal of negotiation between Waterloo College, Waterloo College Associated Faculties, and St. Jerome's College , another denominational college in the City of Waterloo. While the agreements sought to safeguard the two denominational colleges, they also aimed at federating them with the newly established University of Waterloo. Due to disagreements with Waterloo College,

2496-567: A number of award winners, government officials, and business leaders having been associated with Waterloo. Waterloo's varsity teams, known as the Waterloo Warriors , compete in the Ontario University Athletics conference of the U Sports . The University of Waterloo traces its origins to Waterloo College (present-day Wilfrid Laurier University ), the academic outgrowth of Waterloo Lutheran Seminary , which

2652-682: A sentence confirmed by the Supreme Court of Canada in 1967. He was released in July 1971. Sodomy was decriminalized after the Criminal Law Amendment Act, 1968-69 (Bill C-150) received royal assent on 27 June 1969. The offences of buggery and "gross indecency" were still in force, however the new act introduced exemptions for married couples, and any two consenting adults above the age of 21 regardless of gender or sexual orientation. The bill had been originally introduced in

2808-556: A society that often showed resistance. Though not officially tied to any single educational institution, FREE was closely associated with the University of Minnesota due to its foundation and activities within the Minneapolis area, home to the university's main campus. Koreen Phelps and Stephen Ihrig, among others, played essential roles in founding FREE. In 1989 there were no known GSAs in any high school or junior high within

2964-640: A split began to occur, as some members wanted to keep focus on civil liberties and others wanted the group to only focus on gay and lesbian issues. By 1971 the group became known as the Gay Liberation Front, which was associated with such groups on the Cornell campus as the Students for a Democratic Society (SDS). FREE (Fight Repression of Erotic Expression), founded on May 18, 1969, in Minneapolis's West Bank neighborhood , marks an early effort in

3120-400: A student from the University of Waterloo. Regardless of the affiliated colleges and federated university's religious affiliations, enrolment is not restricted based on the student's religious beliefs. The university completed the 2014–2015 academic year with revenues of $ 936.240 million and expenses of $ 906.730 million, yielding a surplus of $ 29.510 million. Grants and contracts make up

3276-479: A study on transgender centers on campuses, there are many events that relate to trans issues, but instead of being with these communities, the programming created is about the transgender community. Including and fostering the "practice and process" of inclusion should remain the primary focus rather than a "singular point of 'liberation'". Sodomy law A sodomy law is a law that defines certain sexual acts as crimes . The precise sexual acts meant by

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3432-431: A term-based system, with fall, winter and spring terms. Undergraduate programs comprise the majority of the school's enrolment, made up of 24,377 full-time and part-time undergraduate students. The university conferred 5,741 bachelor's degrees and first professional degrees , 1,605 master's degrees, 332 doctoral degrees, during the 2016–2017 academic school year. The university is organized into six faculties, which operate

3588-588: A total of eight study terms and six work terms in the span of four and two-thirds years. However, some programs have unique co-op streams where consecutive school and work terms are scheduled near the end of the program, giving the students the opportunity to apply for eight-month positions. Students are responsible for securing their work placement for each of their co-op terms. This includes applying for positions and attending interviews during their study terms. Scheduling conflicts between interviews and exams are actively avoided but still possible, in which case one or

3744-555: A transit connection between the main campus, and several off-campus facilities, including the university's start-up incubator program in Kitchener. The university has four libraries housing more than 1.4 million books, as well as electronic resources including e-books, serial titles, and databases. Three libraries are on campus: the Dana Porter Library, housing material relating to arts, humanities and social science,

3900-427: A university outreach facility for the whole region. Close to Algonquin and Arrowhead Provincial Park , the centre's facilities are used for research in ecological restoration and conservation. Sustainability initiatives are divided between several departmental offices at the university, with the university's plant operations charged with their implementation. Prior to 2005, the management of sustainability efforts

4056-560: A way to get recognition by the university, and the group became the first recognized student gay rights group. After hearing about the SHL at Columbia, students at Cornell University in Ithaca, NY began inquiring about starting their own branch on campus. The Cornell Daily Sun reported that the administration would not stop a group from forming on campus, following a tradition of acknowledging contested groups on campus. Jearld Moldenhauer founded

4212-578: A week, year-round. The Student Life Centre contains the offices of a number of student organizations, including the Waterloo Undergraduate Student Association (WUSA), Student Housing Office, a number of retail and food services, and a variety of club space and study rooms. In 2017 ground broke on a joint 63,000 square foot expansion of the Student Life Centre and Physical Activities Complex. Built to

4368-591: Is a Roman Catholic university, founded in 1865, which entered into a federation with the University of Waterloo shortly after the provincial government granted it university status in 1959. United College is a university college founded by members of the United Church of Canada in 1962. However, United now operates independently from the United Church, without any formal or legal relationship. The three colleges and federated university are all within

4524-569: Is a facility owned and managed by the university. The centre provides pre-university courses, part-time studies, online learning and professional development courses. In addition to the Centre for Extended Learning, Kitchener also holds the university's School of Pharmacy . The pharmacy building was designed by Siamak Hariri , and was completed in December 2008. While the School of Pharmacy acts as

4680-649: Is a prospective penalty in Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia. A notable exception is South Africa, where same-sex marriage is legal. In Asia, male homosexual acts remain punishable by death in Afghanistan , Iran , Qatar , Saudi Arabia , the United Arab Emirates , and Yemen . Anti-sodomy laws have been repealed in Israel (which recognises but does not perform same-sex marriages), Japan , Kazakhstan ,

4836-466: Is a salaried job on the campus. The idea for a student centre emerged during the 1960s, and to raise the necessary funds for the building students began to levy a $ 10 fee. Construction began in July 1966 and was completed in 1968. Tensions between the university and the student community surfaced over the management and ownership of the Student Life Centre. The conflict was not resolved until 1969, when Professor Johnson resigned his position as chairman of

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4992-504: Is an online resource center for students, faculty, and staff alike to learn about and gather general information on transgender students in higher education. LGBTQ Resource Centers have been created on campus to help students have a welcoming space on campus. However, many argue that LGBTQ rights in the United States primarily focus on as gay and lesbian people. This leaves out those who identify as transgender and queer. According to

5148-419: Is being harassed frequently will depend on the relation between the two. Meaning, that if the bystander knows the bullying victim or is known around campus themselves, it is more likely that they will intervene. However, intervention is less likely to occur when passive bystanders are present. Studies show that it is important for universities to foster initiatives that increase LGBT bystander interventions. Over

5304-548: Is mandatory report high levels of employment from their graduation, with 98 percent of graduates from the Accounting and Financial Management, Math/ CPA , Biotech/CPA, and Master of Accounting programs reporting that they found employment within six months after graduating. In the same year, the graduates of the university's Master of Taxation co-op program reported that 100 percent of its students secured full-time employment prior to graduating. The William M. Tatham Centre

5460-497: Is not legal in China. The Chinese Supreme Court ruled in 1957 that voluntary sodomy was not a criminal act. Private sex in any form between two consenting adults does not currently violate any laws. However, if someone under 18 is involved, the adult partner will be prosecuted. In a notable case in 2002, a man who had anal intercourse with a teenager was sentenced to three and a half years in prison. In Hong Kong "Homosexual Buggery"

5616-458: Is open 24/7 365, and it is where students go to book out study spaces within the SLC, as well as where they go for information on campus events, directions, and any questions students have. The Turnkey Desk also sells a variety of tickets including GO Transit tickets and various local transit tickets and movie theatre tickets. It is staffed almost entirely by university students or recent graduates, and

5772-482: Is prohibited. Before 2014, according to the Crimes Ordinance Section 118C, both of the two men must be at least 16 to commit homosexual buggery legally or otherwise both of them can be liable to life imprisonment. Sect 118F states that committing homosexual buggery not privately is also illegal and can be liable to imprisonment for 5 years. "Heterosexual Buggery". A man who commits buggery with

5928-431: Is the chair of the senate and a member of the board. The president also holds the position of vice-chancellor, assuming the duties of the chancellor during his absences or a temporary vacancy in the office. The chancellor is elected by the members of the senate for a three-year term, although eligible for renewal. The chancellor's primary duty is to preside at all convocations and present candidates for honorary degrees to

6084-567: Is the home of the Centre for Career Action office, where resources such as resume critiques, mock interviews, and networking advice are available. WaterlooWorks is the university's official job board, on which over 7000 employers post available positions. Most positions on WaterlooWorks are in Canada, although international job listings from employers based in the United States, France, Germany, Hong Kong, Japan, South Korea, and other countries have also been placed on WaterlooWorks. The United States

6240-489: Is the most common destination for international work terms. In addition to using WaterlooWorks, students may pursue their own external job search, or found their own company, to receive their co-op credit. The 2024 QS World University Rankings ranked the university 115th in the world and fifth in Canada. The 2024 Times Higher Education World University Rankings placed Waterloo 158 in the world and 7 in Canada, and between 126 to 150 in its 2023 World Reputation Rankings. In

6396-463: Is unclear whether the penalty was death or a fine. For adult male citizens to experience and act on homoerotic desire was considered permissible, as long as their partner was a male of lower social standing . Pederasty in ancient Rome was acceptable only when the younger partner was a prostitute or slave . Intolerance of same-sex acts appears to have intensified in the Roman Empire in

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6552-511: The Lex Scantinia (which is first described in documents dating back to 50 BCE) imposed penalties on those who committed a sex crime ( stuprum ) against a freeborn male minor . The law may also have been used to prosecute male citizens who willingly played the passive role in same-sex acts . The law was mentioned in literary sources but enforced infrequently; Domitian revived it during his program of judicial and moral reform. It

6708-544: The Engineering Institute of Canada and other Canadian universities, notably the University of Western Ontario, the Associated Faculties admitted its first students in July 1957. On 25 January 1958, the Associated Faculties announced the purchase of over 74 hectares (180 acres) of land west of Waterloo College. By the end of the same year, the Associated Faculties opened its first building on

6864-582: The Indian armed forces, etc. Groups of student activists are attempting to change teaching material in Chinese schools they believe may cause discrimination towards LGBT students. The move for this is due to the Guangzhou-based Gay and Lesbian Campus Association report that shows that 40% of the mentions within the Chinese textbooks refer to homosexuality as a mental illness. Along with changes to

7020-567: The Laurel Creek Conservation Area to the northwest. Three numbered roads also intersect the main campus: University Avenue West, Columbia Street West, and Westmount Road North. While the main campus is 404 hectares (998 acres), the majority of the teaching facilities are centred on a ring road in its southern portion. The oldest building on campus is the Graduate House, originally a farmhouse dating back to

7176-654: The Ottoman Empire , homosexuality was decriminalized in 1858 as part of wider reforms during the Tanzimat period. The death penalty was not lifted in England and Wales until 1861. In 1917, following the Bolshevik Revolution led by V.I. Lenin and Leon Trotsky , Russia legalized homosexuality. However, when Joseph Stalin came to power in 1920s, these laws were reversed until homosexuality

7332-790: The Philippines , and Thailand . On 5 July 2022, the Eastern Caribbean Supreme Court ruled that sections of the Penal Code that made consensual same-sex intimacy illegal in Antigua and Barbuda were unconstitutional, and therefore void. Upon colonisation in 1788, Australia inherited laws from the United Kingdom including the Buggery Act 1533 . These were retained in the criminal codes passed by

7488-484: The Sexual Offences Act. Section 9 criminalised "buggery," regardless of whether the act was done in private and consensual, or whether it was done between two men or a man and a woman. Section 12 criminalised "serious indecency," which was defined as any act "involving the use of the genital organs for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire." Punishment for "buggery" was life imprisonment, while

7644-621: The United Conservative party in Alberta announced plans to overturn a law that makes it illegal for teachers to inform parents of their child's attendance in their school's Gay Straight Alliance (GSA) club. In response, students led protests in 90 schools which had anywhere from dozens to hundreds of students protesting. In 2019, a counter-rally was held in support of sexual orientation and gender identity rights in Vancouver on

7800-452: The University of British Columbia 's Point Grey campus. Jenn Smith, a transgender male, was set to hold an event on UBC's campus about how transgender politics in schools harm children and how they harm women in society. Dozens of student protestors held signs discouraging Smith from speaking claiming his talk was hate speech as it was transphobic. In the US the student movement began in secret in

7956-599: The equality rights guaranteed by section 15 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms , and constituted discrimination based on sexual orientation. A similar decision was made by the Quebec Court of Appeal in the 1998 case R. v. Roy . In a 2002 decision regarding a case in which three people were engaged in sexual intercourse, the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta declared section 159 in its entirety to be null, including

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8112-628: The 1950s and 1960s. In 1966, Stephen Donaldson and a few other students at Columbia University used the structure of the Mattachine Society to form an underground society called the Student Homophile League. That year, the group could not get university recognition due to the group not giving a list of names of the members to the school to protect them. This led to no funding or space for the group. This made it difficult to gain new members. Nevertheless, Donaldson found

8268-497: The 1960 law making homosexuality an aggravating circumstance for public indecency was repealed. Then in 1982, under president François Mitterrand , the law from 1942 ( Vichy France ) making the age of consent for homosexual sex higher (18) than for heterosexual sex (15) was also repealed, despite the vocal opposition of Jean Foyer in the National Assembly . Paragraph 175 , which punished " fornication between men",

8424-749: The 1970s raised the profile and acceptance of Australia's gay and lesbian communities, and other states and territories repealed their laws between 1976 and 1990. The exception was Tasmania , which retained its laws until the Federal Government and the United Nations Human Rights Committee forced their repeal in 1997. Male homosexuality was decriminalised in the Australian Capital Territory in 1976, then Norfolk Island in 1993, following South Australia in 1975 and Victoria in 1981. At

8580-426: The 19th century (see Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès ) . In 1960, a parliamentary amendment by Paul Mirguet added homosexuality to a list of "social scourges", along with alcoholism and prostitution. This prompted the government to increase the penalties for public display of a sex act when the act was homosexual. Transvestites or homosexuals caught cruising were also the target of police repression. In 1981,

8736-491: The 19th century. The oldest building which was erected for the university is the Douglas Wright Engineering Building, which was erected in 1958. A large majority of the university's buildings, and its ring road, were constructed during the 1960s. The university's main campus is divided into three major areas: South Campus, North Campus and Northwest Campus. South Campus is the academic core of

8892-404: The Associated Faculties was originally focused on co-operative education in the applied sciences—largely built around the proposals of Ira Needles . Needles proposed a different approach towards education, including both studies in the classroom and training in industry that would eventually become the basis of the university's co-operative education program. While the plan was initially opposed by

9048-680: The Brazilian Penal Code. Pedophilic acts are also criminalized by the Children and Teenager Statute, in articles 241-A to 241-E. Article 235 of the Brazilian Military Criminal Code – DL 1.001/69-, however, does incriminate any contact deemed to be libidinous, be it of a homosexual nature or not, made in any location subject to military administration. Since the article is entitled "Of pederasty or other libidinous acts", gay rights advocates claim that, since

9204-670: The Brazilian armed forces are composed almost exclusively of males, the article allows for witch-hunts against homosexuals in the military service. This article of the Military Criminal Code has been ruled partially unconstitutional by the Brazilian Supreme Court (ADPF 291), in a 2019 decision that considered incompatible with the Constitution the expressions "Of pederasty or others" (mentioned in

9360-612: The Campus Centre Board, along with his colleague Pim Fitzgerald. The university has several satellite campuses and facilities throughout Southern Ontario . The closest off-campus facilities are adjacent to the campus, with the university acquiring land and five buildings from BlackBerry Ltd in December 2013. As of February 2014, the university uses three of the buildings, and leases the other two to BlackBerry Ltd. The Centre for Extended Learning in Kitchener, Ontario

9516-641: The Davis Centre Library, housing material for engineering, mathematics and science, and the Witer Learning Resource Centre, housing material for the School of Optometry and Vision Science. The fourth library, the Musagetes Architecture Library, is in Cambridge, alongside the university's School of Architecture . The libraries of the university's affiliated colleges are also considered a part of

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9672-511: The Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies and previously managed by the university's Faculty of Applied Health Sciences . Due to a lack of specific academic interest, in 2009, the decision was made to close the museum and transfer the collection elsewhere. The university has eight student residences: the Minota Hagey Residence, UW Place, Village 1 (the university's first residence), Ron Eydt Village, Mackenzie King Village, Columbia Lake North and South, and Claudette Millar Hall. In addition to

9828-516: The French Empire since the issuing of the aforementioned French Revolutionary penal code in 1791. This trend among Western nations has not been followed in all other regions of the world (Africa, some parts of Asia and Oceania and even in five out of the 13 countries in the Caribbean Islands), where sodomy remains a crime. For example, male homosexual acts, at least in theory, could result in life imprisonment in Barbados until 2022, and can theoretically still result in life imprisonment in Guyana, although

9984-408: The Higher Colleges of Technology. On 30 October 2012, the university's Board of Governors decided to close the university's extension in Dubai. One 29 June 2023, one professor and two students of UW were stabbed during a gender studies class. The perpetrator, a UW graduate, was charged with three counts of aggravated assault; four counts of assault with a weapon; two counts of possessing a weapon for

10140-538: The House of Commons in 1967 by then Minister of Justice Pierre Trudeau , who famously stated that "there's no place for the state in the bedrooms of the nation". Revisions to the Criminal Code in 1987 repealed the offence of "gross indecency", changed "buggery" to "anal intercourse" and reduced the age exemption from 21 to 18. Section 159 of the Criminal Code continued to criminalize anal sex in general, with exemptions (provided no more than two people are present) for husbands and wives, and two consenting parties above

10296-449: The LGBT rights movement. It emerged as the first gay organization in Minnesota and the second gay student organization in the United States. The group aimed to address discrimination against LGBT individuals through activities such as advocating for same-sex marriage rights and picketing against discriminatory employers. FREE's members engaged in debates and advocacy, directing their efforts towards both radical change and legal reform within

10452-525: The School of Architecture has also operated an architecture studio in Rome , Italy in the Trastevere neighbourhood. The opportunity to work at the Trastevere studio is offered to fourth-year architecture students. Another facility which is owned and managed by the university is the Waterloo Summit Centre for the Environment, in Huntsville, Ontario. It is a year-round research and teaching centre, which regularly hosts post-secondary student field courses and professional development programs, and also serves as

10608-519: The Sexual Offences Act, that criminalised consensual same-sex activity between adults, were unconstitutional. Prior to that ruling, both male and female types of same-sex sexual activity were illegal in Dominica , as was anal intercourse between persons of the opposite sex. Since the Penal Code of 1791 , France has not had laws punishing homosexual conduct per se between over-age consenting adults in private. However, other qualifications such as "offense to good mores" were occasionally retained in

10764-479: The Stratford campus first took shape when the City of Stratford and the university signed a memorandum in October 2006. It officially opened in September 2010. In November 2009, the university also signed a memorandum of understanding with the University of Western Ontario regarding academic initiatives at the Stratford Campus. The campus also hosted the first four Canada 3.0 forums, before its move to Toronto in 2012. The university's School of Architecture uses

10920-482: The TUG Annex, a repository for less-used library resources from the three universities. University of Waterloo also operates the Earth Sciences Museum, on campus in the Centre for Environmental Information Technology. It is mainly used as an earth-science teaching museum for local schools and natural-science interest groups in southern Ontario. The main exhibits cover the Great Lakes , rocks and minerals, dinosaurs and ice age mammals. The museum's fossil exhibit includes

11076-417: The UN Sustainable Development Goals. The university operates under a bicameral system of a board of governors and a senate, as legislated by the University of Waterloo Act, 1972. The Board of Governors has responsibility for the university's properties, affairs, and income. The University of Waterloo Act calls for only 36 members, each of whom must hold Canadian citizenship. However, the number of members in

11232-463: The United States even though 97% of high school students admitted to hearing anti-gay remarks in school and many LGBT students felt unsafe enough that they would skip classes. Then LGBT and straight students at private schools in Massachusetts joined to create the first Gay–straight alliances . Even though the groups received much opposition, the groups popped up in more and more schools across

11388-769: The University of Arizona and at many colleges, has focused on dealing with these issues with respect for the LGBT community. In 1972, the Gay Student Union (LGSU) formed at the Claremont Colleges , with meeting space provided at the Monsour Counseling Center. The union's name went through several changes: the Lesbian and Gay Student Union (LGSU) in 1982/83, and the Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual Resource Center (LGBRC) in 1992, when dedicated space

11544-597: The University of Waterloo was ranked 99th in the world, and 15th in Canada in Times Higher Education University Impact Rankings, a ranking that evaluated 1,115 universities from 94 countries/regions against the United Nations ’ Sustainable Development Goals . A dramatic drop from 2020's ranking of 16th in the world. Waterloo's Institute for Nanotechnology is Canada's largest nanotechnology institute committed to

11700-414: The University of Waterloo's main campus and operate their own residences. Students of these affiliated colleges and federated university are also academically integrated with the University of Waterloo. Students who study at any of them are also considered registered students of the University of Waterloo; with students from the federated universities able to enrol in classes and faculties, and graduate as

11856-567: The Waterloo Research and Technology Park in the north campus. The park was planned to house many of the high-tech industries in the area, and is supported by the university, the Regional Municipality of Waterloo , the provincial and federal governments, and Canada's Technology Triangle . The aim was to provide businesses with access to the university's faculty, co-operative education students, and alumni, as well as

12012-399: The age of 18. Subsequent case law held that section 159 was unconstitutional , thus anal sex was de facto legal between any two or more consenting persons above the age of consent (14). In the 1995 Court of Appeal for Ontario case R. v. M. (C.) the judges ruled that the law was unconstitutional on the basis that the specific exemptions based on marital status and age infringed on

12168-423: The age of consent equal at 16 for all individuals. Consensual sex between two same-sex adults was decriminalized in 1999, but with a higher age of consent set at 18. Since August 2022, the age of consent was equalised to 14 with heterosexuals under a recently implemented law. Sodomy was never explicitly criminalized in China, but private sex between unmarried people was illegal until 1997, and same-sex marriage

12324-491: The age of consent was 18 for male homosexual acts. Then under a Supreme Court decision in April 2011, the age of consent became 16, regardless of sexual orientation and/or gender. At the same time, under the same decision, heterosexual anal sex was also decriminalised as well. In August 2011, the new gender-neutral Crimes Act 2011 was approved, which sets an equal age of consent of 16 regardless of sexual orientation, and reflects

12480-468: The anchor institution of this campus, other students and faculty of the university's Faculty of Applied Health Sciences also use the facilities. The campus includes a primary care teaching clinic which will integrate clinical care and teaching in pharmacy and optometry. Two other universities also make use of the Health Science and Pharmacy campus. McMaster University 's medical school makes use of

12636-406: The board for the 2013–2014 academic year is 40. The Board has five ex officio members, including the university's chancellor and president, and the mayors of Kitchener and Waterloo . The other 32 members of the board are either elected or appointed by the various members of the university community, including alumni, faculty, and student body. The senate establishes the educational policies of

12792-574: The campus as its base for its Waterloo Regional Campus, with 56 of the medical school's students admitted at the regional campus in 2012. Wilfrid Laurier University's School of Social Work also uses some of the facilities available on the campus. The university also operates the Stratford School of Interaction Design and Business in Stratford, Ontario. The focus for the Stratford campus is on education in digital arts and media. The idea for

12948-593: The city of Waterloo, Ontario. It sits on the traditional territory of the Neutral , Anishnaabeg , and Haudenosaunee peoples that is part of the Haldimand Tract, land promised to the Six Nations that includes six miles on each side of the Grand River . It is bordered by Waterloo Park to the south, Wilfrid Laurier University to the southeast, residential neighbourhoods to the northeast, east and west, and

13104-583: The college to join the newly established University of Waterloo, later joined by professors from the Economic, German, Modern Languages, and Russian departments. Despite this controversy, until 1960 Hagey hoped for a last-minute compromise between Waterloo College and the university. Ultimately, however, the university created its own Faculty of Arts in 1960. It later established the first Faculty of Mathematics in North America on 1 January 1967. In 1967,

13260-510: The college was not formally federated with the new university. The dispute centred on a controversially worded section of the University of Waterloo Act, 1959 , in which the college interpreted certain sections as a guarantee it would become the Faculty of Art for the new university. This was something the Associated Faculties were not prepared to accept. As a result of the controversy, Waterloo College's entire Department of Mathematics broke from

13416-545: The country. As of 2011, there are more than 4,000 GSAs in middle schools and high schools across the United States. The University of Arizona 's LGBT student group, "Pride Alliance," has been active since the 1990s in providing visibility to LGBT students and faculty at the University. Some of the students' activism also works to provide a safe and welcoming environment for LGBT students. This goal stems from studies showing that LGBT college students have higher levels of depression, bullying, and suicide. Campus-wide activism, at

13572-685: The decision of the Supreme Court in statute. University of Waterloo The University of Waterloo ( UWaterloo , UW , or Waterloo ) is a public research university with a main campus in Waterloo, Ontario , Canada . The main campus is on 404 hectares (998 acres) of land adjacent to uptown Waterloo and Waterloo Park . The university also operates three satellite campuses and four affiliated university colleges . The university offers academic programs administered by six faculties and thirteen faculty-based schools. Waterloo operates

13728-624: The definition of marriage so that it is a less fascist convention and is closer to their own views of what marriage should be. Many schools and colleges in India have LGBTQ+ support groups that help LGBTQ+ Youth by providing every kind of support required. The LGBT+ support groups also educate and raise awareness about LGBTQ+. Schools and college students have actively been taking part in activism through social media. These support groups also aim to eradicate bullying and social discrimination LGBTQ+ youth faces, legalization of gay marriage, serving openly in

13884-407: The eight main campus residences, students may also apply to live at any of the university's affiliated college residences. The first residence built was Village 1, completed in 1966. Ron Eydt Village was still known as Village 2 in 1995 but had been renamed by 2000. The largest residential village at the university is UW Place, which houses 1,300 first-year students and 350 upper-year students, while

14040-680: The entitlement) and "homosexual or not" (contained in the article). Before 1859, the Province of Canada prosecuted sodomy under the English Buggery Act. In 1859, the Province of Canada enacted its own buggery law in the Consolidated Statutes of Canada as an offence punishable by death. Buggery remained punishable by death until 1869. A broader law targeting all homosexual male sexual activity ("gross indecency")

14196-420: The fall of 2014 LSU also added a program that allows students to minor in LGBT studies. It consists of an 18-hour curriculum pinpointing social sciences created by Dr. Elaine M. Maccio who teaches in social work - where the minor is also housed. The new found program allows students who desire to obtain a better understanding of LGBT ideals and activism now have the opportunity to do so for course credit. In 2012,

14352-486: The first Western ruler to do so, but also the first ruler to abolish death penalty for sodomy (which was replaced by prison and hard labour). In France , it was the French Revolutionary penal code (issued in 1791) which for the first time struck down "sodomy" as a crime, decriminalizing it together with all "victimless-crimes" (sodomy, heresy, witchcraft, blasphemy), according with the concept that if there

14508-642: The first legislation under English criminal law against sodomy with the Buggery Act 1533 , making buggery punishable by hanging , a penalty not lifted until 1861. Following Sir William Blackstone 's Commentaries on the Laws of England , the crime of sodomy has often been defined only as the "abominable and detestable crime against nature", or some variation of the phrase. This language led to widely varying rulings about what specific acts were encompassed by its prohibition. In 1786 Pietro Leopoldo of Tuscany , abolishing death penalty for all crimes, became not only

14664-541: The former president of the university, James Downey , signed the Tri-University Group (TUG) agreement between Wilfrid Laurier University, and the University of Guelph . Signed in a period of fiscal constraint, and when ageing library systems required replacing, the TUG agreement sought to integrate the library collections and services of the three universities. In 2001, the university announced it would develop

14820-522: The grounds of morality are unconstitutional since there is insufficient justification for intruding into people's liberty and privacy. There have never been Western-style sodomy related laws in Taiwan, People's Republic of China, North Korea, South Korea, Poland, or Vietnam. Additionally, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia were part of the French colony of Indochina ; male homosexual acts have been legal throughout

14976-482: The group agreed to expand to help the LGBT members and allies network with college organizations to develop growth in its members personal and professional lives. This forum of LGBT college and university students in Florida is known to work with Equality Florida. Louisiana State University , the flagship University of Louisiana, has progressively increased the awareness of LGBT organizations throughout campus. Spectrum

15132-409: The group in 1968 and similar to the experience Donaldson faced at Columbia, students were hesitant to join, and membership remained low. Students at Cornell who joined SHL did so under pseudonyms. At the beginning there were more heterosexual students than homosexual students, partially to attract members but at the same time was used as a protection strategy. By spring 1969 group tensions were high and

15288-548: The largest post-secondary co-operative education program in the world, with over 20,000 undergraduate students enrolled in the university's co-op program. Waterloo is a member of the U15 , a group of research-intensive universities in Canada. The institution originates from the Waterloo College Associate Faculties, established on 4 April 1956; a semi-autonomous entity of Waterloo College , which

15444-488: The largest source of revenue for the university, totaling $ 392.357 million, followed by academic fees at $ 357.889 million. Salaries make up nearly half of the university's expenses, at $ 439.973 million. As of 30 April 2015, the university's endowment is valued at $ 335.731 million. Waterloo is a publicly funded research university, and a member of the Association of Universities and Colleges of Canada . It functions on

15600-408: The last several years a number of studies have been done on interventions and interactions among students and LGBT groups on college campuses. Numerous studies have concluded that the more interactions undergraduates have with the LGBT community on campus, the more accepting attitudes are in the following ways "1.Same-sex, consensual sex. 2. Same-sex relations between adults is not unnatural. 3. Vote for

15756-532: The late 4th century; in 390 the emperor Theodosius ordered that male prostitutes were to be publicly burned , although it is uncertain to what extent this decree was actually carried out. Starting in the 1200s, the Roman Catholic Church launched a campaign against homosexual activity. Between the years 1250 and 1300, homosexual activity was criminalized in most of Europe, possibly even punishable by death. In England , Henry VIII introduced

15912-629: The legislation is not enforced . As of 2024, sodomy related laws have been repealed or judicially struck down in all of Europe, North America, and South America, except for Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines. In Africa, male homosexual acts remain punishable by death in Mauritania and some parts of Nigeria and Somalia. Male and sometimes female homosexual acts are minor to major criminal offences in many other African countries; for example, life imprisonment

16068-516: The maximum penalty for "serious indecency" was ten years in prison if the act was committed on or towards a person aged 16 or older. The law was rarely enforced, however. Same-sex sexual acts became legal in Botswana on 11 June 2019. Previously, sodomy, whether heterosexual or homosexual, was criminalised, punishable by up to seven years' imprisonment. The law criminalising such sexual activity applied to both men and women. Initially, its application

16224-587: The objective of transforming its campus into a model of environmental responsibility. The university's School of Environment, Enterprise and Development placed first in Canada in the Corporate Knights 2011 ranking for undergraduate business programs incorporating sustainability. The university campus received a C+ grade from the Sustainable Endowments Institute on its College Sustainability Report Card for 2011. In 2021,

16380-518: The opposite sex, and have mostly been used to target against sexual activities between individuals of the same sex. As of June 2024, 61 countries as well as 3 sub-national jurisdictions have laws that criminalize sexual activity between 2 individuals of the same-sex. In 2006 that number was 92. Among these 62 countries, 40 of them not only criminalize male same-sex sexual activity but also have laws that criminalize female same-sex sexual activity. In 11 of them, sexual activity between two individuals of

16536-503: The other are rescheduled, with the examination taking precedence. In order for the student to receive their co-op credit, their work term must meet a number of conditions. This includes being full-time, that it is related to the student's field of study, that it lasts for the full 16-week duration, and that it is compensated with at least the minimum wage in the location of work. Exceptions can be made for some of these conditions; for example, first work terms often do not have to be related to

16692-602: The past decade, academic institutions have been making strides in aiding LGBT students on campus. These inclusive resources include the creation of gender- neutral housing and bathrooms, educational programming, and creating other initiatives to help foster equality. However, according to a 2010 study done at multiple institutions indicated from responses by LGBT students, that LGBT students were more likely to receive harassment and discrimination that heterosexuals. Therefore, resulting in lower education outcomes, low self- esteem, and wakened emotional, mental, and physical health. One of

16848-534: The provisions criminalizing anal sex when more than two persons are taking part or present. NDP MP Joe Comartin introduced private member's bills in 2007 and 2011 to repeal section 159 of the Criminal Code , however neither passed first reading. In June 2019, C-75 passed both houses of the Parliament of Canada and received royal assent , repealing section 159 effective immediately and making

17004-570: The purposes of jointly operating a graduate program. The Balsillie School of International Affairs (BSIA) is a graduate school and research centre operated in partnership with the Centre for International Governance Innovation and Wilfrid Laurier University. The Perimeter's Scholar International program is another graduate program operated in partnership with the Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics , in which its graduates receive

17160-433: The remaining residential villages. Each council organizes their own events and has their own executive, budget, and meetings. However, the overall mission of both councils is to act as the official representatives for all residents living at the university's residences. The Student Life Centre is the centre of student governance and student directed social, cultural, entertainment and recreational activities, open seven days

17316-720: The same-sex is punishable with the death penalty . In 2011, the United Nations Human Rights Council passed an LGBT rights resolution, which was followed up by a report published by the UN Human Rights Commissioner which included scrutiny of the mentioned codes. In March 2022, the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women found that laws criminalizing consensual same-sex activity between women are

17472-584: The school. After five months of review, the president decided that allowing the organization went along with the school's policies to embrace inclusivity. In May of 1994, LGBTQ student organizations located on and off Minnesota college campuses held a conference on the campus of the University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. Sessions included reports from representatives of college LGBT groups across Minnesota and UW-Madison on attitudes towards LGBT individuals and groups on their campus and activities and goals of their group. A directory of Minnesota LGBT student organizations

17628-642: The schools. In 2004, a private American school in Mexico City , Mexico was the first school in Mexico to create a Gay–straight alliance . The GSA has succeeded in bringing attention to issues of discrimination towards the LGBT students and opened up a school-wide discussion about what the LGBT students deal with at school. The GSA is working to provide support and safe space for LGBT students, providing information about and for LGBT, and raise awareness for LGBT issues. The country's first gay liberation movement

17784-517: The senate. Jagdeep Singh Bachher has been the chancellor since 1 July 2024. He succeeded Dominic Barton , who held the position since 27 October 2018. In March 2011, Feridun Hamdullahpur was announced as the sixth president of the university, having been interim president since October 2010. On November 17, 2020, Vivek Goel was announced as the seventh president of the university. His five-year term began on July 1, 2021. The university also includes three semi-autonomous affiliated colleges and

17940-590: The site, the Chemical Engineering Building. "The greatest product which we will realize from our electronic era is the better educated race. This applies to all fields – not just the field of science." — Ira Needles , 1956 In 1959, the Legislative Assembly of Ontario passed an act that formally split the Associated Faculties from Waterloo College, and re-established it as the University of Waterloo. The governance

18096-500: The smallest residence is the Minota Hagey Residence, which houses 70 students and is almost exclusively for upper-year students. In September 2010, 24.9 percent of the undergraduate population lived on campus, including 71.1 percent of first-year students. Residents are represented by two residential councils at the university, South Council which represents the students at UW Place, and North Council which represents

18252-484: The states and territories that retained different ages of consent or other vestiges of sodomy laws have tended to repeal them later; Western Australia did so in 2002, and New South Wales and the Northern Territory did so in 2003. Tasmania was the last state to decriminalise sodomy, doing so in 1997 after the groundbreaking cases of Toonen v Australia and Croome v Tasmania (it is also notable that Tasmania

18408-401: The steps undertaken by McMaster University to make itself eligible for some provincial funding by establishing Hamilton College as a separate, non-denominational college affiliated with the university. Following that method, Waterloo College established the Waterloo College Associate Faculties on 4 April 1956, as a non-denominational board affiliated with the college. The academic structure of

18564-407: The student has already completed, and where the work term takes place. The university's highest earning undergraduate co-op students in 2018 were mathematics undergraduates (including computer science and computing and financial management) on their sixth work term and were working in the United States, who made an average of US$ 28,600 (C$ 38,000) per four-month work term. Several programs where co-op

18720-495: The student's field of study, especially if the student has had difficulty securing a position. At the end of the work term, the employer submits a performance evaluation for the student which is presented to the student's future employers during their next application stage. As of 2018, the university reports that its co-op students earn an average of CA$ 12,100 per work term when working in Canada. However, co-op earnings vary greatly depending on field of study, how many work terms

18876-412: The students at University of Notre Dame were able to get an official LGBT organization after requesting the addition of one 15 times. Notre Dame was the last of the top 20 universities in the United States to add an LGBT organization. The students at Notre Dame were able to get the group by assessing the environment on campus for the LGBT students and writing a review that was submitted to the president of

19032-635: The term Sodomie has a meaning different from the English word " sodomy ": it does not refer to anal sex, but acts of zoophilia . The change occurred mostly in the middle of the 19th century, at least in the last decade of the century. Only the moral theology of the Roman Catholic church changed not until some time after World War II to the term homosexuality . In Gibraltar , a British overseas territory , male homosexual acts (but not heterosexual anal sex) have been decriminalised since 1993, when

19188-429: The term sodomy are rarely spelled out in the law, but are typically understood and defined by many courts and jurisdictions to include any or all forms of sexual acts that are illegal, illicit, unlawful, unnatural and immoral. Sodomy typically includes anal sex , oral sex , manual sex , and bestiality . In practice, sodomy laws have rarely been enforced to target against sexual activities between individuals of

19344-409: The textbooks, the groups want universities to allow LGBT student organizations and groups on campuses which are not accepted well on campuses either. Another thing the group wants to promote is better protection for LGBT students from bullies since 3/4 of students mention having been bullied because of their sexuality. The groups hope to change this or eliminate it by changing regulations and rules within

19500-560: The time of legalization (for the above), the age of consent, rape, defences, etc. were all set gender-neutral and equal . Western Australia legalised male homosexuality in 1989 – Under the Law Reform (Decriminalization of Sodomy) Act 1989 , as did New South Wales and the Northern Territory in 1984 with unequal ages of consent of 18 for New South Wales and the Northern Territory and 21 for Western Australia. Then since 1997,

19656-499: The understanding of basic activism ideas. Using historical research as a source to identify and differentiate successful approaches. The identities of student activists and their involvement tends to shape the different organizations across campuses. The student movements have not always been successful in their goals, but they have been able to bring visibility to the LGBTQ community in their area as well as working to promote equality for

19812-483: The university and makes recommendations to the board of governors in the management of the institution. The senate has 24 ex officio positions, including the university's president and chancellor, the vice-presidents, the senior dean of each faculty, the presidents of the undergraduate, graduate, and faculty associations, and the presidents and principals of the university's associated colleges. The senate's 61 other members are appointed or elected by various communities of

19968-405: The university including the faculty of the university, its associated colleges, the student body, and alumni. The president, appointed by the board of governors, acts as the university's chief executive officer with the senate's approval, administers the affairs of the university, and acts on behalf of the board with respect to the operational management and control of the university. The president

20124-764: The university managed four undergraduate programs in Dubai . The university worked in partnership with the Higher Colleges of Technology , the largest post-secondary institution in the United Arab Emirates . Discussions regarding the partnership emerged in 2004, and the Dubai campus was officially opened in September 2009. Through the partnership, the university offered undergraduate degrees in chemical engineering , civil engineering , financial analysis and risk management, and information technology management. The programs offered in Dubai took place in facilities provided by

20280-606: The university's infrastructure and resources. Groundbreaking was on 25 June 2002, with the first completed building, the Sybase campus building, opening on 26 November 2004. In 2010, the Waterloo Research and Tech Park was renamed as the David Johnston Research and Technology Park, after David Johnston , the 28th Governor General of Canada and former president of the university. From 2009 to 2012,

20436-491: The university's library system. Doris E. Lewis was the first University Librarian. The university's library system is also a member of the TriUniversity Group, a partnership between the University of Guelph , the University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University. The group provides students and researchers at all three universities with access to all of the collections and services. The group also operates

20592-522: The university, while North Campus holds the Research and Technology Park. Northwest Campus is the least developed area of the main campus, made up primarily of farm fields and an environmental reserve, which divides it from North Campus. In addition, the university owns several other properties in Cambridge , Huntsville , Kitchener , and Stratford , Ontario . The Ion rapid transit system provides

20748-646: The various colonial parliaments during the 19th century, and by the state parliaments after Federation . Following the Wolfenden report , the Dunstan Labor government introduced a consenting adults in private type legal defence in South Australia in 1972. This defence was initiated as a bill by Murray Hill, father of former defence minister Robert Hill , and repealed the state's sodomy law in 1975. The Campaign Against Moral Persecution during

20904-432: The ways that heterosexism is enabled on college campuses was through heterosexist language and communicated anti-gay sentiments towards LGBTQ people. One factor that effects the college climate they experience is how they choose or if they choose to disclose their identities. Resources have been created to help promote non-hostile environments are initiatives like The Transgender On-Campus NonDiscrimination Project (TONI). TONI

21060-632: The west of Burt Matthews Hall Green the expansion will connect all three floors with the Red North corner of the PAC providing social, fitness, study, multi-faith, dining, and bookable spaces for students. The project was initially projected to complete in Fall 2018; although has not been completed as of 2021. The WUSA also operates an information desk in the Student Life Centre called the Turnkey Desk. It

21216-611: The world with over 20,000 undergraduate students. For co-op students, each term acts as either a study term or a work term depending on their co-op sequencing, typically for the entire length of their degree. Co-op work terms are mandatory for all undergraduate engineering programs, as well as several arts and mathematics programs. Engineering students are required to complete five out their six scheduled work terms to graduate from their program, while students from other faculties typically need to complete four work terms. Engineering students alternate between school and work terms, completing

21372-570: The world's first department of kinesiology was created. The present legislative act which defines how the university should be governed, the University of Waterloo Act, 1972 was passed on 10 May 1972. A coat of arms has been in use by the university since 1961. The coat of arms was officially registered with the Lord Lyon King of Arms in 1987 and with the Canadian Heraldic Authority in 2001. In February 1995,

21528-520: Was affiliated with the University of Western Ontario since 1925. When Gerald Hagey assumed the presidency of Waterloo College in 1953, he made it his priority to procure the funds necessary to expand the institution. While the main source of income for higher education in Ontario at the time was the provincial government, the Ontario government made it clear it would not contribute to denominational colleges and universities. Hagey soon became aware of

21684-413: Was an affiliate of the University of Western Ontario . This entity formally separated from Waterloo College and was incorporated as a university with the passage of the University of Waterloo Act by the Legislative Assembly of Ontario in 1959. It was established to fill the need to train engineers and technicians for Canada's growing postwar economy. It grew substantially over the next decade, adding

21840-568: Was an organization that began in 1977 by and for LSU students as the Gay and Lesbian Student Association. Originally students involved did not feel particularly accepted so, in turn, held their meetings at off-campus locations. In 1999 a group of students felt unhappy with the mainly private nature of the LGBT movement so they formed the Spectrum Alliance. This became the public activism group that now holds over 100 members on LSU's campus. In

21996-520: Was brought to the forefront of LGBT students when it became legal in Canada . Two same-sex couples traveled to Canada in order to be able to marry their partners, and then attempted to get their marriage recognized when they came back to Australia. The government then used the Marriage Act 1961 (Australia) in order to deny the recognition of the legality of their marriages. The students want to change

22152-496: Was centered on fighting for equal rights in all branches of life including marriage and adoption rights. They ran social events, led protests, and arranged support circles. There were other organizations that began earlier than WUGLM but none has operated continuously. The University of Guelph started their "University of Guelph Homophile Association" on February 23, 1971, however it ended later in 1971 and wasn't restarted until 1973. The University of Western Ontario Homophile Association

22308-464: Was conducted by the university's waste management coordinator. The university's sustainability initiatives are solely institution-specific, as it has not signed any national or international sustainability declaration. However, the university, along with the other members from the Council of Ontario Universities , signed a pledge in 2009 known as Ontario Universities Committed to a Greener World , with

22464-599: Was created for conference attendees. In the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania , The Pennsylvania Student Equality Coalition was founded as an independent and youth-led statewide LGBT organization by Pennsylvania students in April 2011. As of 2012, PSEC is connected with over 70 student LGBT organizations across Pennsylvania. The coalition is focused on campus-community organizing for LGBT equality in Pennsylvania and resource development for educational institutions. Over

22620-624: Was eased to an age of consent of 21 in East Germany in 1957 and in West Germany in 1969. This age was lowered to 18 in the East in 1968 and the West in 1973, and all legal distinctions between heterosexual and homosexual acts were abolished in the East in 1988, with this change being extended to all of Germany in 1994 as part of the process of German Reunification . In modern German ,

22776-575: Was effectively made illegal again by the government. During the First Czechoslovak Republic (1918–1938), there was a movement to repeal sodomy laws. It has been claimed that this was the first campaign to repeal anti-gay laws that was spearheaded primarily by heterosexuals. After the publishing of the 1957 Wolfenden report in the UK , which asserted that "homosexual behaviour between consenting adults in private should no longer be

22932-494: Was limited to men only (similar to other colonies of the British Empire ), however, a Botswana court found this to be discriminatory and that the law should apply to women as well. Brazilian criminal law does not punish any sexual act performed by consenting adults, but allows for prosecution, under statutory rape laws, when one of the participants is under 14 years of age and the other an adult, as per Articles 217-A of

23088-404: Was modeled on the University of Toronto Act of 1906, which established a bicameral system of university government consisting of a senate, responsible for academic policy, and a board of governors exercising exclusive control over financial policy and having formal authority in all other matters. The president, appointed by the board, was to act as the institution's chief executive officer and act as

23244-602: Was no victim, there was no crime. The same principle was held true in the Napoleon Penal Code in 1810, which was imposed on the large part of Europe then ruled by the French Empire and its cognate kings, thus decriminalizing sodomy in most of Continental Europe. In 1830, Emperor Pedro I of Brazil signed a law into the Imperial Penal Code. It eliminates all references to sodomy. During

23400-485: Was passed in 1892, as part of a larger update to the criminal law of the new dominion of Canada. Changes to the Criminal Code in 1948 and 1961 were used to brand gay men as "criminal sexual psychopaths" and "dangerous sexual offenders." These labels provided for indeterminate prison sentences. Most famously, George Klippert , a homosexual, was labelled a dangerous sexual offender and sentenced to life in prison,

23556-964: Was provided at Walker Residence Hall. The space was referred to as The Closet and was actually a closet. In 1995, the LGBRC finally changed its name to the Queer Resource Center (QRC) and became an official center funded by all 7 colleges. Eventually, the GRC was provided with an entire staffed building on campus. A renewed interest in LGBT rights brought about the formation of the Florida Collegiate Pride Coalition in 2003 with chapter from Florida Gulf Coast University , University of Central Florida , University of Miami , and University of South Florida . The group holds an annual conference where multiple LGBT Social groups meet up, including people from out of state. In 2011,

23712-400: Was punishable by up to seven years' imprisonment, while indecency between males was punishable by up to five years' imprisonment. The law was inherited from the former British Empire . Prosecutions were rare, however. In 1933, Denmark decriminalized homosexuality. The age of consent has been set at 15 since 1977. In April 2024, the High Court of Dominica ruled that sections 14 and 16 of

23868-467: Was quickly populating the room they had booked for meetings. Waterloo Universities' Gay Liberation Movement (WUGLM) was formed in 1971 at the University of Waterloo and originally encompassed both the University of Waterloo and Wilfrid Laurier University. It is the country's oldest continuous running LGBT student organization, which is now called the Glow Centre for Sexual and Gender Diversity . Its first meeting had over 100 people attend. The organization

24024-529: Was start in October 1971, moved off campus in 1974 and eventually disbanded in 2005. In 2017, the Conservative party in Ontario announced plans to repeal the 2015 sex-education curriculum and replace it with the 1998 version to give the party time to develop a new curriculum that pleases educators and parents. Students staged a walk-out against repealing the 2015 curriculum which included topics like same-sex marriage, consent, and gender identity. The walk-out had close to 90% participation in some schools. In 2019,

24180-529: Was started at the University of Toronto in 1969 and was originally called the University of Toronto Homophile Association. The current iteration is now called LGBTOUT for lesbians, gays, bisexuals, and trans people, of the University of Toronto. The Homophile Association was created as a student-run organization to help other LGBT students socialize in a safe environment where they would not be judged for their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. Their first meeting had 16 students, but their group

24336-563: Was the first jurisdiction to recognize same-sex couples in Australia since 2004 under the Relationships Act 2003 ). In 2016, Queensland became the final Australian jurisdiction to equalise its age of consent for all forms of sexual activity at 16 years, after reducing the age of consent for anal sex from 18 years. Before the December 2022 ruling by the Barbados High Court that struck down buggery and gross indecency laws in Barbados, same-sex and different-sex anal and oral sex were criminalised in Barbados under Chapter 154, Sections 9 and 12 of

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