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59-556: Quietism may refer to: Quietism (Christian philosophy) , a 17th-century Christian philosophy condemned as heresy by the Catholic Church Quietism (philosophy) , the view that the proper role of philosophy is a broadly therapeutic or remedial one Political quietism, the religious rejection of politics Political quietism in Islam Topics referred to by

118-847: A Magisterium from the University of Paris at the age of forty-three in 1535. In later life, he would often be called "Master Ignatius" because of this. In 1539, with Peter Faber and Francis Xavier, Ignatius formed the Society of Jesus, which was approved in 1540 by Pope Paul III . He was chosen as the first Superior General of the order and invested with the title of "Father General" by the Jesuits. Ignatius sent his companions on missions across Europe to create schools, colleges, and seminaries. Juan de Vega , then ambassador of Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor in Rome, met Ignatius there and having formed

177-408: A cave nearby where he practised rigorous asceticism , praying for seven hours a day, and formulating the fundamentals of his Spiritual Exercises . Íñigo also experienced a series of visions in full daylight while at the hospital. These repeated visions appeared as "a form in the air near him and this form gave him much consolation because it was exceedingly beautiful ... it somehow seemed to have

236-434: A "direction of the human mind" to exaggerate concepts that otherwise could be considered perfectly orthodox. He suggests that it is misleading to speak of a Quietist School, if by this we mean a well thought-out set of beliefs that all members of a supposed Quietist heresy professed. Quietism, he maintains, is not a neat set of "conclusions." Rather, he asserts, Quietism, as it manifested itself in seventeenth-century Europe, ran

295-600: A community of nuns after he was suspected of Quietism (a charge of which he was acquitted). Apatheia to the Stoics meant " equanimity ", the characteristic of the sage . The Stoics thought that living virtuously provided freedom from the passions , resulting in apatheia . In the Eastern Orthodox Church, an analogous dispute might be located in Hesychasm in which "the supreme aim of life on earth

354-413: A dead body", meaning that a Jesuit should be as empty of ego as is a corpse. However the overarching Jesuit principle became: Ad maiorem Dei gloriam ("for the greater glory of God"). Ignatius died in Rome on 31 July 1556, probably of the " Roman Fever ", a severe variant of malaria which was endemic in Rome throughout medieval history. An autopsy revealed that he also had kidney and bladder stones,

413-608: A degree in theology. As a result, he was singled out for interrogation by the Inquisition but was later released. Following these risky activities, Íñigo (by this time, he had changed his name to Ignatius, probably to make it more acceptable to other Europeans) adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. moved to France to study at the University of Paris . He attended first

472-483: A degree of perfection as to become utterly sinless ; that the "perfect" have no need to fast or pray , but may freely grant the body whatsoever it craves. The Cathars ' denial of the need for sacerdotal rites has been perceived as a form of quietism. This may be a tacit reference to the Cathars or Albigenses of southern France and Catalonia , and that they are not subject to any human authority or bound by

531-522: A good impression of the Jesuits, invited them to travel with him to his new appointment as Viceroy of Sicily . As a result, a Jesuit college was opened in Messina , which proved a success, so that its rules and methods were later copied in subsequent colleges. In a letter to Francis Xavier before his departure to India in 1541, Ignatius famously used the Latin phrase "Ite, inflammate omnia", meaning, "Go, set

590-487: A group linked in their zeal and spirituality to Franciscan reforms, but they had incurred mounting suspicion from the administrators of the Inquisition. Once when Íñigo was preaching on the street, three of these devout women began to experience ecstatic states. "One fell senseless, another sometimes rolled about on the ground, another had been seen in the grip of convulsions or shuddering and sweating in anguish." The suspicious activity took place while Íñigo had preached without

649-467: A less radical form known as Semiquietism, whose principle advocates were Fénelon and Madame Guyon . Quietism spread among Catholics through small groups into France. The most noted representative was Madame Guyon, especially with her work A Short and Easy Method of Prayer , who claimed not to have known the teaching of Molinos directly, but certainly did have contact with François Malaval, a proponent of Molinos. Madame Guyon won an influential convert at

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708-490: A name which he believed was a simple variant of his own, for use in France and Italy where it was better understood. Íñigo adopted the surname "de Loyola" in reference to the Basque village of Loyola where he was born. Soon after the birth of Íñigo, his mother died. Maternal care fell to María de Garín, the wife of the local blacksmith. In 1498, his second eldest brother, Martin, heir to the estate, took his new wife to live in

767-613: A press war with Bossuet , Pope Innocent XII prohibited the circulation of Fénelon's Maxims of the Saints , to which Fénelon submitted at once. The Inquisition 's proceedings against remaining quietists in Italy lasted until the eighteenth century. Jean Pierre de Caussade , the Jesuit and author of the spiritual treatise Abandonment to Divine Providence , was forced to withdraw for two years (1731–1733) from his position as spiritual director to

826-401: A probable cause of the abdominal pains he suffered from in later life. The anatomist Matteo Colombo was present at the necropsy of St. Ignatius. He describes the results in his De re anatomica libre XV : I have taken out innumerable stones with my own hands, with various colors found in the kidneys, in the lungs, in the liver, and in the portal vein. For I saw stones in the ureters, in

885-429: A sword and dagger at his waist". According to another he was "a fancy dresser, an expert dancer, a womanizer, sensitive to insult, and a rough punkish swordsman who used his privileged status to escape prosecution for violent crimes committed with his priest brother at carnival time." In 1509, aged 18, Íñigo took up arms for Antonio Manrique de Lara, 2nd Duke of Nájera . His diplomacy and leadership qualities earned him

944-541: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Quietism (Christian philosophy) Since the late seventeenth century, "Quietism" has functioned (especially within Catholic theology, though also to an extent within Protestant theology), as the shorthand for accounts which are perceived to fall foul of the same theological errors, and thus to be heretical. As such,

1003-523: Is named for him. In India , Loyola College, Chennai is named after him. This college was founded in 1925 by the French Jesuit priest Francis Bertram (originally known as Père François Bertrand), along with other European Jesuits. The Shield of Oñaz-Loyola is a symbol of the Ignatius family's Oñaz lineage, and is used by many Jesuit institutions around the world. As the official colours of

1062-400: Is the contemplation of the uncreated light whereby man is intimately united with God". However, according to Bishop Kallistos Ware , "The distinctive tenets of the 17th-century Western Quietists are not characteristic of Greek hesychasm." In early Christianity, suspicion over forms of mystical teaching may be seen as controversies over Gnosticism in the second and third centuries, and over

1121-600: The Holy Land to "kiss the earth where our Lord had walked", and to do stricter penances . He thought that his plan was confirmed by a vision of the Virgin Mary and the infant Jesus he experienced one night, which resulted in much consolation to him. In March 1522, he visited the Benedictine monastery of Santa Maria de Montserrat . There, he carefully examined his past sins , confessed , gave his fine clothes to

1180-643: The Messalian heresy in the fourth and fifth centuries. Likewise, the twelfth and thirteenth-century Brethren of the Free Spirit , Beguines and Beghards were all accused of holding beliefs with similarities to those condemned in the Quietist controversy. Among the ideas seen as errors and condemned by the Council of Vienne (1311–12) are the propositions that humankind in the present life can attain such

1239-683: The Military Ordinariate of the Philippines , the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Baltimore , in his native Basque Country, the Roman Catholic Diocese of Antwerp , Belo Horizonte, Junín, and Rome. Numerous institutions across the world are named for him, including many educational institutions and Ateneo University institutions in the Philippines. In 1852, Loyola University Maryland was

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1298-495: The Spiritual Guide in 1675. Molinos recommended absolute passivity and contemplation in total repose of the spirit. He was aware of the focus in the writings of Ignatius of Loyola on meditation, and the likelihood that Jesuit writers would react poorly to any perceived attack on Ignatius’s thought. He said the meditation was an important stage of the spiritual life, but that it was well-established that in order to pass to

1357-548: The French vernacular. Margaret is truly unique in her thought, but that the perfected soul becomes free of virtue and of its obligations and of those of the church she states clearly in her work, which is a theme throughout. The condemnation of the ideas of Meister Eckhart in 1329 may also be seen as an instance of an analogous concern in Christian history. Eckhart's assertions that we are totally transformed into God just as in

1416-573: The Loyola family are maroon and gold , the Oñaz shield consists of seven maroon bars going diagonally from the upper left to the lower right on a gold field. The bands were granted by the King of Spain to each of the Oñaz brothers, in recognition of their bravery in battle. The Loyola shield features a pair of rampant grey wolves flanking each side of a cooking pot. The wolf was a symbol of nobility, while

1475-587: The Maria della Strada Church on 1 August 1556. In 1568 the church was demolished and replaced with the Church of the Gesù . Ignatius' remains were reinterred in the new church in a new coffin. Ignatius was beatified by Pope Paul V on 27 July 1609, and canonized by Pope Gregory XV on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated annually on 31 July, the day he died. He is venerated as the patron saint of Catholic soldiers,

1534-521: The Portuguese Simão Rodrigues and Peter Faber , a Savoyard , the latter two becoming his first companions, and his closest associates in the foundation of the future Jesuit order. "On the morning of the 15th of August, 1534, in the chapel of church of Saint Peter , at Montmartre, Loyola and his six companions, of whom only one was a priest, met and took upon themselves the solemn vows of their lifelong work." Ignatius gained

1593-587: The ascetic Collège de Montaigu , moving on to the Collège Sainte-Barbe to study for a master's degree. He arrived in France at a time of anti-Protestant turmoil which had forced John Calvin to flee France. Very soon after, Ignatius had gathered around him six companions, all of them fellow students at the university. They were the Spaniards Alfonso Salmeron , Diego Laynez , Francis Xavier and Nicholas Bobadilla , with

1652-455: The bladder, in the colon, in the hemorrhoidal veins as well as in the umbilicus. Also in the gall bladder I found stones of various shapes and colors. From the facts presented, the exact cause of death cannot be established. The stones mentioned in the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder and gall bladder appear to indicate nephrolithiasis and cholelithiasis . The so-called stones in the veins appear to be thrombosed haemorrhoids. Those mentioned in

1711-516: The castle, and instead, his beloved sister-in-law, Magdalena de Araoz brought him the lives of Christ and of the saints. The religious work which most particularly struck him was the De Vita Christi of Ludolph of Saxony . This book would influence his whole life, inspiring him to devote himself to God and follow the example of Francis of Assisi and other great monks. It also inspired his method of meditation, since Ludolph proposes that

1770-437: The castle, and she became mistress of the household. Later, the seven-year-old boy Íñigo returned to Casa Loyola. Anticipating his possible ecclesiastic career, Don Beltrán had Íñigo tonsured . Instead, Íñigo became a page in the service of a relative, Juan Velázquez de Cuéllar, treasurer ( contador mayor ) of the kingdom of Castile . During his time in the household of Don Velázquez, Íñigo took up dancing, fencing, gambling,

1829-615: The church, Loyola instituted a fourth vow for Jesuits of obedience to the Pope, to engage in projects ordained by the pontiff. Jesuits were instrumental in leading the Counter-Reformation . As a former soldier, Ignatius paid particular attention to the spiritual formation of his recruits and recorded his method in the Spiritual Exercises (1548). In time, the method has become known as Ignatian spirituality . He

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1888-400: The colon, liver, and lungs suggest the possibility of a malignant gastro-intestinal growth with metastases to the liver and lungs. Because of the inadequacy of the protocols of the sixteenth century, the exact final anatomical diagnosis on the autopsy of Ignatius cannot be established beyond doubt. His body was dressed in his priestly robes, placed in a wooden coffin and buried in the crypt of

1947-547: The court of Louis XIV in Madame de Maintenon , and influenced the circle of devout Catholics in the court for a time. She was also a spiritual counsellor to Archbishop Fénelon of Cambrai. A commission in France found most of Madame Guyon's works intolerable and the government confined her, first in a convent, then in the Bastille , leading eventually to her exile to Blois in 1703. In 1699, after Fénelon's spirited defense in

2006-575: The entire design represented the family's generosity towards their military followers. According to legend, wolves had enough to feast on after the soldiers had eaten. Both shields were combined as a result of the intermarriage of the two families in 1261. Former coat of arms of the Argentine city, Junín, Buenos Aires used until 1941 bore Loyola shield under the Sun of May and surrounded by laurel wreath. Villoslada  [ es ; eu ] established

2065-603: The fact he was not canonised until 1726 is largely due to seventeenth-century suspicions of beliefs similar to those termed "Quietist" later in the century. George Fox came to the conclusion that the only real spirituality was achieved by paying attention to the Holy Spirit (the Godhead) through silence, and founded the Quaker movement on this basis – one which shared much resemblance with "Quietist" thought. Quietist thinking

2124-754: The first university in the United States to bear his name. In 1949 he was the subject of a Spanish biographical film Loyola, the Soldier Saint starring Rafael Durán in the role of Ignatius. In 2016, he was the subject of a Filipino film, Ignacio de Loyola , in which he was portrayed by Andreas Muñoz . Ignatius of Loyola is honoured in the Church of England and in the Episcopal Church on 31 July. The Saint Ignatius de Loyola Catholic Church , built in 1905 in El Paso, Texas ,

2183-538: The late seventeenth century, as well as their opponents, spoke of the Quietists (in other words, those who were devoted to the "prayer of quiet", an expression used by Teresa of Avila , John of the Cross and others), "Quietism" was a creation of its opponents, a somewhat artificial systematisation made on the basis of ecclesiastical condemnations and commentary upon them. No single author – even Molinos, generally seen as

2242-437: The leg, with his bones set and rebroken. In the end, the operations left his right leg shorter than the other. He would limp for the rest of his life, with his military career over. While recovering from surgery, Íñigo underwent a spiritual conversion and discerned a call to the religious life. In order to divert the weary hours of convalescence, he asked for the romances of chivalry, his favourite reading, but there were none in

2301-462: The main representative of Quietist thought – advocated all the positions that formed the Quietism of later Catholic doctrinal textbooks; as such, at least one author suggests that it is better to speak of a Quietist tendency or orientation, one which may be located in analogous forms through Christian history. Quietism is particularly associated with the writings of Miguel de Molinos . He published

2360-605: The mid-sixteenth century and in the writings of Teresa of Avila and John of the Cross . Both were very active reformers and cautioned against a simple-minded "don't think anything" ( no pensar nada ) approach to meditation and contemplation; further, both acknowledged the authority of the Catholic Church and did not oppose its teaching concerning contemplative prayer. Thus, their work was not condemned as heresy, being consistent with Church teaching. This did not stop John's work, however, coming under suspicion after his death;

2419-590: The municipality of Azpeitia , Gipuzkoa, in the Basque region of Spain . His parents, Don Beltrán Ibáñez de Oñaz y Loyola and Doña María (or Marina) Sáenz de Licona y Balda, who were of the minor nobility, from the clan of Loyola, were involved in the Basque war of the bands . Their manor house was demolished on the orders of the King of Castile in 1456 for their depredations in Gipuzkoa, with Iñigo's paternal grandfather being expelled to Andalusia by Henry IV . Íñigo

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2478-474: The poor he met, wore a "garment of sack-cloth", then hung his sword and dagger at the Virgin 's altar during an overnight vigil at the shrine. From Montserrat he walked on to the nearby town of Manresa ( Catalonia ), where he lived for about a year, begging for his keep, and then eventually doing chores at a local hospital in exchange for food and lodging. For several months he spent much of his time praying in

2537-576: The precepts of the Church. Similar assertions of individual autonomy on the part of the Fraticelli led to their condemnation by John XXII in 1317. Alternatively, it is likely to be a direct reference to the so-called Beguine, Margaret Porete , burned alive at the stake in Paris in 1310 formally as a relapsed heretic, but also on account of her work " The Mirror of Simple Souls ", written, importantly, in

2596-419: The pursuit of the young ladies, and duelling. Íñigo was keen on military exercises and was driven by a desire for fame. He patterned his life after the stories of El Cid , the knights of Camelot , The Song of Roland and other tales of romantic chivalry. He joined the army at seventeen, and according to one biographer, he strutted about "with his cape flying open to reveal his tight-fitting hose and boots;

2655-534: The reader place himself mentally at the scene of the Gospel story, visualising the crib at the Nativity, etc. This type of meditation, known as Simple Contemplation, was the basis for the method that Ignatius outlined in his Spiritual Exercises . Aside from dreaming about imitating the saints in his readings, Íñigo was still wandering off in his mind about what "he would do in service to his king and in honour of

2714-403: The royal lady he was in love with". Cautiously he came to realize the after-effects of both kinds of his dreams. He experienced desolation and dissatisfaction when the romantic heroism dream was over, but, the saintly dream ended with much joy and peace. It was the first time he learned about discernment . After he had recovered sufficiently to walk again, Íñigo resolved to begin a pilgrimage to

2773-458: The sacrament the bread is changed into the body of Christ (see transubstantiation ) and the value of internal actions, which are wrought by the Godhead abiding within us, have often been linked to later Quietist heresies. In early sixteenth-century Spain, concern over a set of beliefs held by those known as alumbrados raised similar concerns to those of Quietism. These concerns continued into

2832-413: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Quietism . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Quietism&oldid=1186185565 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

2891-468: The shape of a serpent and had many things that shone like eyes, but were not eyes. He received much delight and consolation from gazing upon this object ... but when the object vanished he became disconsolate". He came to interpret this vision as diabolical in nature. In September 1523, Íñigo made a pilgrimage to the Holy Land with the aim of settling there. He remained there from 3 to 23 September but

2950-524: The spectrum from almost completely orthodox teaching to extremely heterodox beliefs. "You can, he concludes, "be more or less of a Quietist." One, therefore, should always bear in mind that many differences in style and emphasis (and in some cases even in rather essential beliefs) exist among the various mystics labeled Quietist. As Knox has shown, the teachings of Molinos are not necessarily synonymous with those of La Combe or Guyon, much less those of Fénelon. Although both Molinos and other authors condemned in

3009-457: The state of contemplation one must leave behind meditative practices. The doctrines of quietism were finally condemned by Pope Innocent XI in the bull Coelestis Pastor of 1687. However, theologian Bernard McGinn says that the particular errors condemned in the bull are not in the Spiritual Guide . Molinos' work was marked by imprecision and ambiguities that left it subject to unintended interpretations. From Molinos' teaching developed

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3068-401: The term has come to be applied to beliefs far outside its original context. The term quietism was not used until the 17th century, so some writers have dubbed the expression of such errors before this era as "pre-quietism". Ronald Knox , in his study of heterodox Christian movements, including Quietism, points out, however, that Quietism is less a heresy or school of thought than a "tendency,"

3127-624: The title "servant of the court", and made him very useful to the Duke. Under the Duke's leadership, Íñigo participated in many battles without injury. However at the Battle of Pamplona on 20 May 1521 he was gravely injured when a French-Navarrese expedition force stormed the fortress of Pamplona, and a cannonball ricocheting off a nearby wall fractured his right leg. Íñigo was returned to his father's castle in Loyola, where, in an era before anesthetics , he underwent several surgical operations to repair

3186-496: The world on fire", a phrase used in the Jesuit order to this day. With the assistance of his secretary, Juan Alfonso de Polanco , Ignatius wrote the Jesuit Constitutions, which were adopted in 1553. They created a centralised organisation of the order, and stressed absolute self-denial and obedience to the Pope and to superiors in the Church hierarchy. This was summarised in the motto perinde ac cadaver – "as if

3245-403: Was beatified in 1609 and was canonized as a saint on 12 March 1622. His feast day is celebrated on 31 July. He is the patron saint of the Basque provinces of Gipuzkoa and Biscay as well as of the Society of Jesus. He was declared the patron saint of all spiritual retreats by Pope Pius XI in 1922. Ignatius of Loyola was born Iñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola in the castle at Loyola, in

3304-453: Was a Basque Spaniard Catholic priest and theologian , who, with six companions, founded the religious order of the Society of Jesus (Jesuits), and became its first Superior General , in Paris in 1541. Ignatius envisioned the purpose of the Society of Jesus to be missionary work and teaching . In addition to the vows of chastity, obedience and poverty of other religious orders in

3363-904: Was also influential among the British Quakers of the later 19th century, when the tract A Reasonable Faith, by Three Friends ( William Pollard , Francis Frith and W. E. Turner (1884 and 1886)) caused sharp controversy with evangelicals in the society. The Capuchin friar Benet Canfield (1562–1611), an English Catholic living in Belgium , espoused quietism in a tract called Way of Perfection , on deep prayer and meditation. Ignatius of Loyola Ignatius of Loyola SJ ( / ɪ ɡ ˈ n eɪ ʃ ə s / ig- NAY -shəs ; Basque : Ignazio Loiolakoa ; Spanish : Ignacio de Loyola ; Latin : Ignatius de Loyola ; born Íñigo López de Oñaz y Loyola ; c.  23 October 1491 – 31 July 1556), venerated as Saint Ignatius of Loyola ,

3422-531: Was sent back to Europe by the Franciscans . He returned to Barcelona and at the age of 33 attended a free public grammar school in preparation for university entrance. He went on to the University of Alcalá, where he studied theology and Latin from 1526 to 1527. There he encountered a number of devout women who had been called before the Inquisition . These women were considered alumbrados –

3481-598: Was the youngest of their thirteen children. Their eldest son, Juan Pérez, had soldiered in forces commanded by Gonzalo Fernández de Córdoba , but died fighting in the Italian Wars (1494–1559). He was baptized "Íñigo" on honour of Íñigo of Oña , Abbot of Oña ; the name also is a medieval Basque diminutive for "My little one". It is not clear when he began using the Latin name "Ignatius" instead of his baptismal name "Íñigo". Historian Gabriel María Verd says that Íñigo did not intend to change his name, but rather adopted

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