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45-519: The Hospice des Quinze-Vingts , a hospital for the blind, was founded in 1260 by Louis IX , king of France, also known as "Saint Louis". It was constructed on a piece of land called "Champ-Pourri", an area lying a short distance west of the Louvre fortress , outside the fortified wall built by Philippe Augustus from 1190 to 1209. It became included within the city after the erection of the new fortified wall of Charles V built between 1356 and 1383. Within

90-827: A delegate to the Khangan Güyük Khan ( r.  1246–1248 ) in Mongolia . However, Güyük's death preceded the arrival of the emissary, and his widow and acting regent, Oghul Qaimish , rejected the diplomatic proposition. Louis sent another representative, the Franciscan missionary and explorer William of Rubruck , to the Mongol court. Rubruck visited the Khagan Möngke ( r.  1251–1259 ) in Mongolia and spent several years there. In 1259, Berke ,

135-516: A mortal sin." Louis authored and sent the Enseignements , or teachings, to his son Philip III . The letter outlined how Philip should follow the example of Jesus Christ in order to be a moral leader. The letter is estimated to have been written in 1267, three years before Louis's death. Louis and his followers landed in Egypt on 4 or 5 June 1249 and began their campaign with the capture of

180-656: A yellow badge of shame, as well as the notorious burning of the Talmud following the Disputation of Paris . Louis IX holds the distinction of being the sole canonized king of France. Much of what is known of Louis's life comes from Jean de Joinville 's famous Life of Saint Louis . Joinville was a close friend, confidant, and counselor to the king. He participated as a witness in the papal inquest into Louis's life that resulted in his canonization in 1297 by Pope Boniface VIII . Two other important biographies were written by

225-533: Is William of Saint-Parthus's 19th-century biography, which he wrote using material from the papal inquest mentioned above. Louis was born on 25 April 1214 at Poissy , near Paris, the son of Louis the Lion and Blanche of Castile , and was baptized there in La Collégiale Notre-Dame church. His grandfather on his father's side was Philip II , king of France; his grandfather on his mother's side

270-577: Is believed to have ordered the production of the Morgan Bible and the Arsenal Bible , both deluxe illuminated manuscripts . During the so-called "golden century of Saint Louis", the kingdom of France was at its height in Europe, both politically and economically. Saint Louis was regarded as " primus inter pares ", first among equals, among the kings and rulers of the continent. He commanded

315-638: Is once recorded to have said: I love you, my dear son, as much as a mother can love her child; but I would rather see you dead at my feet than that you should ever commit a mortal sin. His younger brother Charles I of Sicily (1227–85) was created count of Anjou , thus founding the Capetian Angevin dynasty. In 1229, when Louis was 15, his mother ended the Albigensian Crusade by signing an agreement with Raymond VII of Toulouse . Raymond VI of Toulouse had been suspected of ordering

360-578: The Angevin continental holdings , only to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Taillebourg . Louis expanded his territory by annexing several provinces, including parts of Aquitaine , Maine , and Provence . Keeping a promise he made while praying for recovery from a grave illness, Louis led the ill-fated Seventh and Eighth Crusades against the Muslim dynasties that controlled North Africa, Egypt , and

405-556: The Cathedral of Monreale near Palermo . Louis's bones were carried overland in a lengthy processional across Sicily, Italy, the Alps, and France, until they were interred in the royal necropolis at Saint-Denis in May 1271. Charles and Philip III later dispersed a number of relics to promote Louis's veneration. Louis and Margaret's two children who died in infancy were first buried at

450-626: The Cistercian abbey of Royaumont . In 1820 they were transferred and reinterred to Saint-Denis Basilica . Pope Boniface VIII proclaimed the canonization of Louis in 1297; he is the only French king to be declared a saint . Louis IX is often considered the model of the ideal Christian monarch. Named in his honour, the Sisters of Charity of St. Louis is a Roman Catholic religious order founded in Vannes , France, in 1803. A similar order,

495-560: The Mongol rulers of his era. During his first crusade in 1248, he received envoys from Eljigidei , the Mongol military leader stationed in Armenia and Persia . Eljigidei proposed that Louis should launch an offensive in Egypt while he targeted Baghdad to prevent the unification of the Muslim forces in Egypt and Syria. In response, Louis sent André de Longjumeau , a Dominican priest, as

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540-584: The Quinze-Vingt for 300 blind men (1254), and hospitals at Pontoise, Vernon, and Compiègne. St. Louis installed a house of the Trinitarian Order at Fontainebleau , his chateau and estate near Paris. He chose Trinitarians as his chaplains and was accompanied by them on his crusades. In his spiritual testament he wrote, "My dearest son, you should permit yourself to be tormented by every kind of martyrdom before you would allow yourself to commit

585-661: The Quinze-Vingts remains a hospital for eye diseases. It also houses the Vision Institute ( Institut de la Vision ), an ophthalmology research center that opened in 2008. The courtyard is decorated with a statue of king Saint Louis, created by French sculptor François-Léon Sicard and completed by his student, Gabrielle Maurion. Zina Weygand , The Blind in French Society from the Middle Ages to

630-565: The Treaty of Corbeil to end areas of contention between them. By this treaty, Louis renounced his feudal overlordship over the County of Barcelona and Roussillon , which was held by the King of Aragon. James in turn renounced his feudal overlordship over several counties in southern France, including Provence and Languedoc . In 1259 Louis signed the Treaty of Paris , by which Henry III of England

675-444: The presumption of innocence into criminal proceedings . To implement his new legal framework, he established the offices of provosts and bailiffs . Louis IX's reign is often marked as an economic and political zenith for medieval France , and he held immense respect throughout Christendom . His reputation as a fair and judicious ruler led to his being solicited to mediate disputes beyond his own kingdom. Louis' admirers through

720-646: The Ayyubid sultan died, and the sultan's wife Shajar al-Durr set in motion a shift in power that would make her Queen and eventually result in the rule of the Egyptian army of the Mamluks . On 8 February 1250, Louis lost his army at the Battle of Fariskur and was captured by the Egyptians. His release was eventually negotiated in return for a ransom of 400,000 livres tournois (roughly US$ 80 million today) and

765-587: The Cathars and others reached its highest levels in the years before his first crusade and slowed upon his return to France in 1254. In 1250, Louis headed a crusade to Egypt and was taken prisoner. During his captivity, he recited the Divine Office every day. After his release against ransom, he visited the Holy Land before returning to France. In these deeds, Louis IX tried to fulfill what he considered

810-621: The Century of Louis Braille , Stanford University Press, 2009 Louis IX of France Louis IX (25 April 1214 – 25 August 1270), also known as Saint Louis , was King of France from 1226 until his death in 1270. He is widely recognized as the most distinguished of the Direct Capetians . Following the death of his father, Louis VIII , he was crowned in Reims at the age of 12. His mother, Blanche of Castile , effectively ruled

855-618: The Holy Land . He was captured and ransomed during the Seventh Crusade, and later succumbed to dysentery during the Eighth Crusade. His son, Philip III , succeeded him. Louis instigated significant reforms in the French legal system , creating a royal justice mechanism that allowed petitioners to appeal judgements directly to the monarch. He abolished trials by ordeal , endeavored to terminate private wars, and incorporated

900-547: The Middle Ages: it referred to the number of beds in the hospital, and was intended to house 300 poor, blind city-dwellers. In 1779, during the reign of king Louis XVI , the Cardinal de Rohan transferred the hospital to its current location, rue de Charenton , in the former barracks of the "Black Musketeers", ( Mousquetaires noirs , named for the color of their horses), which had been disbanded in 1775. Rohan also changed

945-633: The Sisters of St Louis, was founded in Juilly in 1842. He is honoured as co-patron of the Third Order of St. Francis , which claims him as a member of the Order. When he became king, over a hundred poor people were served meals in his house on ordinary days. Often the king served these guests himself. His acts of charity, coupled with his devout religious practices, gave rise to the legend that he joined

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990-500: The Third Order of St. Francis, though it is unlikely that he ever actually joined the order. The Catholic Church and Episcopal Church honor him with a feast day on 25 August. Many countries in which French speakers and Catholicism were prevalent named places after King Louis: France United States Muslim dynasties This article includes a list of successive Islamic states and Muslim dynasties beginning with

1035-520: The Venetian merchant Niccolo Quirino, for which Baldwin had pledged the Crown of Thorns as collateral. Louis IX paid the exorbitant sum of 135,000 livres to clear the debt. In 1230, the King forbade all forms of usury , defined at the time as any taking of interest and therefore covering most banking activities. Louis used these anti-usury laws to extract funds from Jewish and Lombard moneylenders, with

1080-641: The assassination of Pierre de Castelnau , a Roman Catholic preacher who attempted to convert the Cathars . On 27 May 1234, Louis married Margaret of Provence (1221–1295); she was crowned in the cathedral of Sens the next day. Margaret was the sister of Eleanor of Provence , who later married Henry III of England . The new queen's religious zeal made her a well-suited partner for the king, and they are attested to have gotten along well, enjoying riding together, reading, and listening to music. His closeness to Margaret aroused jealousy in his mother, who tried to keep

1125-693: The burning of 12,000 Talmudim, along with other important Jewish books and scripture. The edict against the Talmud was eventually overturned by Gregory IX's successor, Innocent IV . Louis also expanded the scope of the Inquisition in France. He set the punishment for blasphemy to mutilation of the tongue and lips. The area most affected by this expansion was southern France, where the Cathar sect had been strongest. The rate of confiscation of property from

1170-487: The centuries have celebrated him as the quintessential Christian monarch. His skill as a knight and engaging manner with the public contributed to his popularity, although he was occasionally criticized as being overly pious, earning the moniker of a " monk king". Louis was a staunch Christian and rigorously enforced Catholic orthodoxy . He enacted harsh laws against blasphemy , and he also launched actions against France's Jewish population , including ordering them to wear

1215-491: The couple apart as much as she could. While his contemporaries viewed his reign as co-rule between the king and his mother, historians generally believe Louis began ruling personally in 1234, with his mother assuming a more advisory role. She continued to have a strong influence on the king until her death in 1252. Louis's patronage of the arts inspired much innovation in Gothic art and architecture . The style of his court

1260-702: The duty of France as "the eldest daughter of the Church" ( la fille aînée de l'Église ), a tradition of protector of the Church going back to the Franks and Charlemagne , who had been crowned by Pope Leo III in Rome in 800. The kings of France were known in the Church by the title "most Christian king" ( Rex Christianissimus ). Louis founded many hospitals and houses: the House of the Filles-Dieu for reformed prostitutes;

1305-488: The hopes that it would help pay for a future crusade. Louis also oversaw the Disputation of Paris in 1240, in which Paris's Jewish leaders were imprisoned and forced to admit to anti-Christian passages in the Talmud, the major source of Jewish commentaries on the Bible and religious law. As a result of the disputation, Pope Gregory IX declared that all copies of the Talmud should be seized and destroyed. In 1242, Louis ordered

1350-409: The king's confessor, Geoffrey of Beaulieu , and his chaplain, William of Chartres . While several individuals wrote biographies in the decades following the king's death, only Jean of Joinville, Geoffrey of Beaulieu, and William of Chartres wrote from personal knowledge of the king and of the events they describe, and all three are biased favorably to the king. The fourth important source of information

1395-585: The kingdom as regent until he came of age and continued to serve as his trusted adviser until her death. During his formative years, Blanche successfully confronted rebellious vassals and championed the Capetian cause in the Albigensian Crusade , which had been ongoing for the past two decades. As an adult, Louis IX grappled with persistent conflicts involving some of the most influential nobles in his kingdom, including Hugh X of Lusignan and Peter of Dreux . Concurrently, England's Henry III sought to reclaim

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1440-582: The largest army and ruled the largest and wealthiest kingdom, the European centre of arts and intellectual thought at the time. The foundations for the notable college of theology, later known as the Sorbonne , were laid in Paris about the year 1257. The prestige and respect felt by Europeans for King Louis IX were due more to the appeal of his personality than to military domination. For his contemporaries, he

1485-700: The leader of the Golden Horde , demanded Louis's submission. In contrast, Mongol emperors Möngke and Khubilai 's brother, the Ilkhan Hulegu , sent a letter to the French king, soliciting his military aid; this letter, however, never reached France. In a parliament held at Paris, 24 March 1267, Louis and his three sons "took the cross." On hearing the reports of the missionaries, Louis resolved to land at Tunis , and he ordered his younger brother, Charles of Anjou, to join him there. The crusaders, among whom

1530-403: The lord arrested and brought to the Louvre by his sergeants. Enguerrand demanded judgment by his peers and trial by battle, which the king refused because he thought it obsolete. Enguerrand was tried, sentenced, and ordered to pay 12,000 livres. Part of the money was to pay for masses to be said in perpetuity for the souls of the men he had hanged. In 1258, Louis and James I of Aragon signed

1575-590: The new neighborhood thus formed west of the Louvre, it was located on rue Saint-Honoré at the corner of the rue Saint-Nicaise , (in the area between the Palais-Royal and Place du Carrousel , whose construction post-dated of several centuries that of the Quinze-Vingts) . The name Quinze-Vingts , which means three hundred (15 × 20 = 300), comes from the vigesimal (based on 20) numeral system used in

1620-635: The port of Damietta . This attack caused some disruption in the Muslim Ayyubid empire, especially as the current sultan, Al-Malik as-Salih Najm al-Din Ayyub , was on his deathbed. However, the march of Europeans from Damietta toward Cairo through the Nile River Delta went slowly. The seasonal rising of the Nile and the summer heat made it impossible for them to advance. During this time,

1665-803: The royal palace complex (now the Paris Hall of Justice ), on the Île de la Cité in the centre of Paris. The Sainte Chapelle , a prime example of the Rayonnant style of Gothic architecture , was erected as a shrine for the crown of thorns and a fragment of the True Cross , precious relics of the Passion of Christ. He acquired these in 1239–41 from Emperor Baldwin II of the Latin Empire of Constantinople by agreeing to pay off Baldwin's debt to

1710-729: The surrender of the city of Damietta. Upon his liberation from captivity in Egypt, Louis IX devoted four years to fortifying the Kingdom of Jerusalem , focusing his efforts in Acre , Caesarea , and Jaffa . He used his resources to aid the Crusaders in reconstructing their defenses and actively engaged in diplomatic endeavors with the Ayyubid dynasty . In the spring of 1254, Louis and his remaining forces made their return to France. Louis maintained regular correspondence and envoy exchanges with

1755-667: The system of administration and increased the number of beds to eight hundred. In 1801, during the Consulate , the hospital was housing the Institute for the Young Blind founded by Valentin Haüy in 1784. Between 1957 and 1968, large parts of the former barracks of Black Musketeers were demolished. What was left - entrance and chapel - was classified Monument historique (historical monument) on 26 December 1976. Up to this day

1800-425: The time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad (570–632 CE) and the early Muslim conquests that spread Islam outside of the Arabian Peninsula , and continuing through to the present day. The first-ever establishment of an Islamic polity goes back to the Islamic State of Medina , which was established by Muhammad in the city of Medina in 622 CE. Following his death in 632 CE, his immediate successors established

1845-543: Was Alfonso VIII , king of Castile . Tutors of Blanche's choosing taught him Latin , public speaking, writing, military arts, and government. He was nine years old when his grandfather Philip II died and his father became King Louis VIII. Louis was 12 years old when his father died on 8 November 1226. He was crowned king on 29 November 1226 at Reims Cathedral , officiated by the bishop of Soissons . His mother, Blanche, ruled France as regent during his minority. Louis's mother instilled in him her devout Christianity. She

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1890-405: Was confirmed in his possession of territories in southwestern France, and Louis received the provinces of Anjou , Normandy (Normandie), Poitou , Maine, and Touraine . The perception of Louis IX by his contemporaries as the exemplary Christian prince was reinforced by his religious zeal. Louis was an extremely devout Catholic, and he built the Sainte-Chapelle ("Holy Chapel"), located within

1935-430: Was influential throughout Europe, both because of artwork purchased from Parisian masters for export, and by the marriage of the king's daughters and other female relatives to foreigners. They became emissaries of Parisian models and styles elsewhere. Louis's personal chapel, the Sainte-Chapelle in Paris, which was known for its intricate stained-glass windows, was copied more than once by his descendants elsewhere. Louis

1980-548: Was the English prince Edward Longshanks , landed at Carthage 17 July 1270, but disease broke out in the camp. Louis died at Tunis on 25 August 1270, during an epidemic of dysentery that swept through his army. According to European custom, his body was subjected to the process known as mos Teutonicus prior to his remains being returned to France. Louis was succeeded as King of France by his son, Philip III . Louis's younger brother, Charles I of Naples , preserved his heart and intestines, and conveyed them for burial in

2025-477: Was the quintessential example of the Christian prince and embodied the whole of Christendom in his person. His reputation for fairness and even saintliness was already well established while he was alive, and on many occasions he was chosen as an arbiter in quarrels among the rulers of Europe. Shortly before 1256, Enguerrand IV, Lord of Coucy , arrested and without trial hanged three young squires of Laon, whom he accused of poaching in his forest. In 1256 Louis had

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