34-531: Qulpa ( Kulpa and Askulpa in Russian chronicles; Colbadinus Cam in a contemporary Venetian document; died 1360) was Khan of the Golden Horde from August 1359 to February 1360. He came to the throne four days after the murder of his predecessor Berdi Beg . It has been supposed that Qulpa might have begun his reign as a rival khan at Azov, but that cannot be verified and seems unlikely. His short reign
68-708: A "full" khan , too. Compare also the rendition of the name of early Bulgarian ruler Pagan as Καμπαγάνος ( Kampaganos ), likely resulting from a misinterpretation of "Kan Pagan", in Patriarch Nicephorus 's so-called Breviarium . In general, however, the inscriptions as well as other sources designate the supreme ruler of Danube Bulgaria with titles that exist in the language in which they are written – archontes , meaning 'commander or magistrate' in Greek , and knyaz , meaning "duke" or "prince" in Slavic . Among
102-709: A common surname. Khan and its female forms occur in many personal names, generally without any nobiliary of political relevance, although it remains a common part of noble names as well. Notably in South Asia it has become a part of many South Asian Muslim names, especially when Pashtun (also known as Afghan ) descent is claimed. It is also used by many Muslim Rajputs of Indian subcontinent who were awarded this surname by Mughals for their bravery. and it's widely used by Baloch and Awan tribes. Rouran language Rouran ( Chinese : 柔然 ), also called Ruanruan , Ruan-ruan or Juan-juan ( Chinese : 蠕蠕 ),
136-635: A number of scholars including Ramstedt , Shiratori, Sinor and Doerfer , and was reportedly first used by the Xianbei . Dybo (2007) suggests that the ultimate etymological root of Khagan/Khan comes from the Middle Iranian * hva-kama- 'self-ruler, emperor', following the view of Benveniste 1966. Savelyev and Jeong 2020 note that both the etymological root for Khagan/Khan and its female equivalent " khatun " may be derived from Eastern Iranian languages , specifically from "Early Saka * hvatuñ , cf.
170-567: A serious threat to empires in the Central Plain and Central Asia . One of the earliest notable examples of such principalities in Europe was Danube Bulgaria (presumably also Old Great Bulgaria ), ruled by a khan or a kan at least from the 7th to the 9th century. The title "khan" is not attested directly in inscriptions and texts referring to Bulgar rulers – the only similar title found so far, Kanasubigi , has been found solely in
204-708: Is a historic Turkic and Mongolic title originating among nomadic tribes in the Central and Eastern Eurasian Steppe to refer to a king. It first appears among the Rouran and then the Göktürks as a variant of khagan (sovereign, emperor) and implied a subordinate ruler. In the Seljük Empire , it was the highest noble title, ranking above malik (king) and emir (prince). In the Mongol Empire it signified
238-708: Is an unclassified extinct language of Mongolia and northern China , spoken in the Rouran Khaganate from the 4th to the 6th centuries AD, considered a likely early precursor to Mongolic . Peter A. Boodberg claimed in 1935 that the Rouran language was Mongolic by analysing Chinese transcriptions of Rouran names. Atwood (2013) notes that Rourans calqued the Sogdian word pūr "son" into their language as * kʻobun (Chinese transliteration: 去汾 MC * kʰɨʌ -bɨun > Mandarin qùfén ); which, according to Atwood,
272-596: Is cognate with Middle Mongol kö'ün "son". Alexander Vovin noted that Old Turkic had borrowed some words from an unknown language not part of the Altaic sprachbund that might have been Rouran, arguing that if so, the language would be non- Altaic , and possibly a language isolate , though evidence was scant. In 2019, with the emergence of new evidence through the analysis of the Brāhmī Bugut and Khüis Tolgoi , Vovin changed his view, suggesting Rouran was, in fact,
306-507: Is not certain. The publication of a contemporary Venetian notary act by Benedetto Bianco confirms Qulpa's favor towards Christians and that at least his eldest, 12-year-old son was a Christian; it also dates the murders of Qulpa, his two sons, and two emirs, and the accession of the next khan, Nawruz Beg , to 28 February 1360. Qulpa's control over the Golden Horde may have been challenged from the start, by Berdi Beg's son-in-law Mamai in
340-487: Is not recorded in most of the Persian and Arabic narratives treating the khans of the Golden Horde, but it is briefly treated in the Russian chronicles, which report that Qulpa reigned for 6 months and 5 days, did a lot of evil, and in the end was killed, together with his sons Mihail and Ivan. The names of Qulpa's sons and the absence of a traditional Muslim name on his coins suggest that he might have been Christian, but that
374-491: The British Raj , as an honor akin to the ranks of nobility, often for loyalty to the crown. Khan Sahib was another title of honour. In the major Indian Muslim state of Hyderabad , Khan was the lowest of the aristocratic titles bestowed by the ruling Nizam upon Muslim retainers, ranking under Khan Bahadur , Nawab (homonymous with a high Muslim ruler's title), Jang, Daula , Mulk , Umara , Jah . The equivalent for
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#1732782862046408-667: The Eastern Orthodox faith. The title Khan rose to unprecedented prominence with the Mongol Temüjin 's creation of the Mongol empire , the largest contiguous empire in history, which he ruled as Genghis Khan . Before 1229 the title was used to designate leaders of important tribes as well as tribal confederations (the Mongol Empire considered the largest one), and rulers of non-Mongol countries. Shortly before
442-628: The Great Khans . The title Khan of Khans was among numerous titles used by the Sultans of the Ottoman empire as well as the rulers of the Golden Horde and its descendant states. The title Khan was also used in the Seljuk Turk dynasties of the near-east to designate a head of multiple tribes, clans or nations, who was below an Atabeg in rank. Jurchen and Manchu rulers also used
476-632: The Mongol Empire (1206–1368) in the Old World and later brought the title "khan" into Northern Asia, where locals later adopted it. Khagan is rendered as Khan of Khans . It was the title of Chinese Emperor Emperor Taizong of Tang ( Heavenly Khagan , reigned 626 to 649) and Genghis Khan 's successors selected to rule the Mongol Empire starting from 1229. Genghis Khan himself was referred as qa'an (khagan) only posthumously. For instance Möngke Khan (reigned 1251–1259) and Ogedei Khan (reigned 1229–1241) would be "Khagans" but not Chagatai Khan , who
510-453: The Muʿizz al-ansāb ) do not include Qulpa/Qulna among Jani Beg's offspring, or anywhere else. Jani Beg's son Berdi Beg is said to have slaughtered no less than 12 of his closest kinsmen, including an 8-month-old brother, making it unlikely that Qulpa/Qulna could have been another son of Jani Beg. To some scholars, the evidence of eastern sources (mostly enumerations of the khans) implies that Qulpa
544-838: The Safavids , or their successive Afsharid and Qajar dynasties outside their territories of Persia proper. For example, in present Armenia and nearby territories to the left and right, there was the khanate of Erivan (sole incumbent 1807–1827 Hosein Quli Khan Qajar). Diverse khanates existed in Dagestan (now part of Russia), Azerbaijan , including Baku (present capital), Ganja , Jawad , Quba (Kuba), Salyan , Shakki ( Sheki , ruler style Bashchi since 1743) and Shirvan= Shamakha (1748–1786 temporarily split into Khoja Shamakha and Yeni Shamakha ), Talysh (1747–1814); Nakhichevan and (Nagorno) Karabakh . As hinted above,
578-407: The attested Soghdian words xwt'w 'ruler' (< * hva-tāvya- ) and xwt'yn 'wife of the ruler' (< * hva-tāvyani )". "Khan" is first encountered as a title in the Xianbei confederation for their chief between 283 and 289. The Rourans may have been the first people who used the titles khagan and khan for their emperors. However, Russian linguist Alexander Vovin (2007) believes that
612-655: The best known Bulgar khans were: Khan Kubrat , founder of Great Bulgaria ; Khan Asparukh , founder of Danubian Bulgaria (today's Bulgaria ); Khan Tervel , who defeated the Arab invaders in 718 Siege of Constantinople (718) , thus stopped the Arab invasion in Southeast Europe; Khan Krum , "the Fearsome". "Khan" was the official title of the ruler until 864 AD, when Knyaz Boris (known also as Tsar Boris I ) adopted
646-622: The courts Hindu retainers was Rai . In Swat , a Pakistani Frontier State, it was the title of the secular elite, who together with the Mullahs (Muslim clerics), proceeded to elect a new Amir-i-Shariyat in 1914. It seems unclear whether the series of titles known from the Bengal sultanate are merely honorific or perhaps relate to a military hierarchy. Like many titles, the meaning of the term has also extended southwards into South Asian countries, and Central Asian nations, where it has become
680-522: The death of the Genghis Khan, his sons became khans in different dominions (ulus) and the title apparently became unsuitable for the supreme ruler of the empire, needing a more exalted one. Being under Uighur cultural influence, Mongols adopted the title of khagan starting with Ögedei Khan in 1229. Emperors of the Ming dynasty also used the term Xan to denote brave warriors and rulers. The title Khan
714-460: The downfall of the Mughals it was used promiscuously and became a surname . Khan and its female forms occur in many personal names, generally without any nobiliary of political relevance, although it remains a common part of noble names as well. The origin of the term is disputed and unknown, possibly a loanword from the Rouran language . A Turkic and Para-Mongolic origin has been suggested by
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#1732782862046748-588: The dynasty was mainly structured in eight classes, each being granted an honorary rank title, the fourth of which was Khan, or in this context synonymously Amir, granted to commanders of armed forces, provincial tribal leaders; in descending order. In neighboring Ottoman Turkey and subsequently the Republic of Turkey, the term Khanum was and is still written as Hanım in Turkish / Ottoman Turkish language. The Ottoman title of Hanımefendi (lit translated; lady of
782-411: The inscriptions of three consecutive Bulgarian rulers, namely Krum , Omurtag and Malamir (a grandfather, son and grandson). Starting from the compound, non-ruler titles that were attested among Bulgarian noble class such as kavkhan (vicekhan), tarkhan , and boritarkhan , scholars derive the title khan or kan for the early Bulgarian leader – if there was a vicekhan ( kavkhan ) there was probably
816-589: The master ), is also a derivative of this. The titles Khan and Khan Bahadur (from the Altaic root baghatur ), related to the Turkic batyr or batur and Mongolian baatar ("brave, hero"); were also bestowed in feudal India by the Mughals , who although Muslims were of Turkic origin upon Muslims and awarded this title to Hindus generals in army particularly in Gaud or Bengal region during Muslim rulers, and later by
850-512: The most famous rulers known as Khan : the Mongol imperial dynasty of Genghis Khan (his name was Temüjin, Genghis Khan a never fully understood unique title), and his successors, especially grandson Kublai Khan : the former founded the Mongol Empire and the latter founded the Yuan Dynasty in China . The ruling descendants of the main branch of Genghis Khan's dynasty are referred to as
884-589: The ruler of a horde ( ulus ) , while the ruler of all the Mongols was the khagan or great khan. It is a title commonly used to signify the head of a Pashtun tribe or clan. The title subsequently declined in importance. During the Safavid and Qajar dynasty it was the title of an army general high noble rank who ruling a province, and in Mughal India it was a high noble rank restricted to courtiers. After
918-590: The term qaγan originated among the Xiongnu people, who were Yeniseian -speaking (according to Vovin), and then it diffused across language families. Subsequently, the Göktürks adopted the title and brought it to the rest of Asia. In the middle of the sixth century the Iranians knew of a "Kagan – King of the Turks". Various Mongolic and Turkic peoples from Central Asia gave the title new prominence after period of
952-569: The title Khan ( Han in Manchu ); for example, Nurhaci was called Genggiyen Han. Rulers of the Göktürks , Avars and Khazars used the higher title Kaghan, as rulers of distinct nations. In imperial Persia , Khan (female form Khanum in Persia) was the title of a nobleman, higher than Beg (or bey ) and usually used after the given name. At the Qajar court , precedence for those not belonging to
986-703: The title Khan was also common in some of the polities of the various – generally Islamic – peoples in the territories of the Mongol Golden Horde and its successor states, which, like the Mongols in general, were commonly called Ta(r)tars by Europeans and Russians, and were all eventually subdued by Muscovia which became the Russian Empire . The most important of these states were: Further east, in Xinjiang flank: The higher, rather imperial title Khaqan (" Khan of Khans ") applies to probably
1020-486: The west, and by the reassertion of autonomy in the former subordinate Ulus of Orda in the east, under Qara Noqai, a descendant of Jochi 's son Toqai Temür. The antecedents of Qulpa are unclear. He may have been among those claiming descent from Jani Beg (like Nawruz Beg and Kildi Beg ), and some modern authorities treat him as a son of Jani Beg and brother of his predecessor Berdi Beg and successor Nawruz Beg. The most accurate collections of Jochid genealogies (like
1054-835: Was also the title of the rulers of various break-away states and principalities later in Persia , e.g. 1747–1808 Khanate of Ardabil (in northwestern Iran east of Sarab and west of the southwest corner of the Caspian Sea-Mazandaran and Gorgan provinces), 1747–1813 Khanate of Khoy (northwestern Iran, north of Lake Urmia, between Tabriz and Lake Van), 1747–1829 Khanate of Maku (in extreme northwestern Iran, northwest of Khoy, and 60 miles south of Yerevan, Armenia), 1747–1790s Khanate of Sarab (northwestern Iran east of Tabriz), 1747 – c.1800 Khanate of Tabriz (capital of Iranian Azerbaijan). There were various small khanates in and near Transcaucasia and Ciscaucasia established by
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1088-422: Was identical to Kildi Beg , who pretended to be a son of Jani Beg (but was actually his nephew, according to the Muʿizz al-ansāb ); the chronological implications of such an identification are problematic, but the more detailed treatment in Ötemiš-Ḥājjī's Čingīz-Nāmah makes it likely that Qulpa was at least confounded with Kildi Beg in an influential tradition. Khan (title) Khan ( / x ɑː n / )
1122-492: Was not proclaimed ruler of the Mongol Empire by the Kurultai . Originally khans headed only relatively minor tribal entities, generally in or near the vast Mongolian and North Chinese steppe, the scene of an almost endless procession of nomadic people riding out into the history of the neighbouring sedentary regions. Some managed to establish principalities of some importance for a while, as their military might repeatedly proved
1156-617: Was used to designate the greatest rulers of the Jurchens , who, later when known as the Manchus , founded the Qing dynasty . Once more, there would be numerous khanates in the steppe in and around Central Asia, often more of a people than a territorial state, e.g.: While most Afghan principalities were styled emirate, there was a khanate of ethnic Uzbeks in Badakhshan since 1697. Khan
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