The Quraysh or Qureshi ( Arabic : قُرَيْشٍ ) is an Arab tribe that inhabited and used to control Mecca and the Kaaba . Comprising ten main clans, it includes the Hashim clan into which the Islamic prophet Muhammad was born. By 600 CE , the Quraysh had become wealthy merchants, dominating trade between the Indian Ocean , East Africa , and the Mediterranean . They ran caravans to Gaza and Damascus in summer, and Yemen in winter. They also mined and pursued other enterprises on these routes, placing business interests first.
122-595: When Muhammad began spreading Islam in Mecca, the Quraysh initially showed little concern. However, opposition grew as he challenged the existence of gods other than Allah (an Arabic name for God or the god of Abraham). As relations deteriorated, Muhammad and his followers migrated to Medina (the Hijrah ) after negotiating with Banu Aws and Khazraj to mediate their conflict. The Quraysh had prevented Muslims from performing
244-575: A Lakhmid caravan to the Hejaz. The attack took place during the holy season when fighting was typically forbidden. The Kinani tribesman's patron was Harb ibn Umayya , a Qurayshi chief. This patron and other chiefs were ambushed by the Hawazin at Nakhla, but were able to escape. In the battles that occurred in the following two years, the Qays were victorious, but in the fourth year, the tide turned in favor of
366-563: A Sufi practice known as dhikr Allāh ( Arabic : ذِكر الله , lit. "Remembrance of God"), the Sufi repeats and contemplates the name Allah or other associated divine names to Him while controlling his or her breath. The Islamic tradition to use Allah as the personal name of God became disputed in contemporary scholarship, including the question, whether or not the word Allah should be translated as God . Umar Faruq Abd-Allah urged English-speaking Muslims to use God instead of Allah for
488-563: A believer and he was an unbeliever …” And al-Muṣ’ab al-Zubayrī stood by this hadith saying that whatever Muhammad said was the truth. This is also supported by Ibn Khaldūn , who reiterates the statement of Qādi ‘Ayyāḑ : ”What is well known about this Khuza'a is that he is Amr bin Luhay bin Qum’ah bin Ilyās. Hadith 4: The hadith of Salamah ibn al-Akwā' , who said: “The Messenger of Allah (SAW) passed by
610-520: A caravan at Nakhla , Muhammad learned of a larger Quraysh caravan returning from Gaza . He attempted to intercept it, but the caravan rerouted. Instead, Muhammad encountered Quraysh troops led by Amr ibn Hisham , and despite being outnumbered, won the Battle of Badr , gaining prestige and followers. The Quraysh defeat at Badr was significant, causing them to lose many of their influential or experienced men and their prestige. Seeking to restore their honor,
732-552: A class of men with well-developed managerial and organizational skills. It was a development unheralded, and almost unique, in central Arabia. The Banu Makhzum and Banu Umayya , in particular, acquired vast wealth from trade and held the most influence among the Quraysh in Meccan politics. The Banu Umayya and the Banu Nawfal , another clan descending from Abd Manaf that had become wealthy from their commercial enterprise, split from
854-777: A great mass, accompanied by some other tribes, intending to seize it. At that time the leader of Banu Qays Aylan was Amr ibn al-Zarb al-'Udwānī. Khuza'a went out to fight them, and a battle ensued, and finally the Banu Qays Aylan fled. Similarly, a group of the Hawāzin also launched a raid on the Banu Datir bin Habshah, one of the Banu Khuza'a, just after the Hawāzin had attacked the Banu Malūḥ (who belonged to Kinanah); then
976-401: A group of people from the tribe of Aslam who were practicing archery.“ And he said to them: ”Throw Banī Ishmael, for your father was an archer, and I am with the sons of such-and-such a one …” Ibn Ḥazm said: “Now as for the first, the third and the fourth hadiths, they are all extremely authentic and reliable, and they cannot be rejected for the statements of the genealogists and others; and on
1098-585: A key component in the Muslim elite. Many leading Qurayshi tribesmen were installed in key government positions and in Muhammad's policy-making circle. According to Donner, the inclusion of Quraysh "in the ruling elite of the Islamic state was very probably responsible for what appears to be the more carefully organized and systematic approach to statesmanship practiced by Muhammad in the closing years of his life, as
1220-473: A new spring of fresh water had emerged at that location. They settled in Mecca and in the area around. Once Ishmael had become a youth, he married a woman of the tribe of Jurhum. Ishmael was the custodian of the Kaaba , and after he died he made his son Nabit his successor. After Nabit, the job was given to his uncles from Jurhum, and with them were the descendants of Ishmael. Then Mudadh ibn Amr al-Jurhamī assumed
1342-529: A precedent for Muslims later on towards Jews and Christians, namely jizya . He did not slaughter those who surrendered but let them stay and tend their fields, with half the produce going to him and his followers. The Jewish colony of Wadi al-Qura also came into his possession with this expedition, making the Muslim community rich. In early 627, Muhammad undertook the Umrah known as the 'fulfilled pilgrimage' in Mecca, during which time he reconciled with his family,
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#17327648018631464-513: A supreme deity of their pantheon . The term may have been vague in the Meccan religion . According to one hypothesis, which goes back to Julius Wellhausen , Allah (the supreme deity of the tribal federation around Quraysh ) was a designation that consecrated the superiority of Hubal (the supreme deity of Quraysh) over the other gods. However, there is also evidence that Allah and Hubal were two distinct deities. According to that hypothesis,
1586-564: A ten-year truce with the Meccans, allowed Muhammad to perform Umrah in Mecca the following year. During this pilgrimage, Muhammad reconciled with his family, the Hashim clan, which was symbolized by his marriage to Maymuna bint al-Harith . Several prominent Meccans, such as Khalid ibn al-Walid and Amr ibn al-As , recognized Muhammad's increasing influence in Arabia and converted to Islam. At
1708-645: A trench to be dug around Medina. This led to the Battle of the Trench . The trench hampered the Quraysh advance, and Muhammad conducted secret negotiations with the Ghatafan to induce distrust among his enemies. Unfavorable weather eventually caused the besiegers to lose morale and retire. Afterwards, Muhammad turned his attention to the Banu Qurayza , who were accused of betraying the Muslims by conspiring with
1830-511: A universal deity, unlike Yahweh who closely follows Israelites . Since the first centuries of Islam, Arabic-speaking commentators of Jewish, Christian, and Islamic faith used the term Allah as a generic term for the supreme being. Saadia Gaon used the term Allah interchangeably with the term ʾĔlōhīm . Theodore Abu Qurrah translates theos as Allah in his Bible, as in John 1:1 "the Word
1952-537: A violation of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya, Muhammad then set out with his army to Mecca. With those willing to fight from the Mecca side becoming fewer and fewer, Abu Sufyan set out with several others, including Muhammad's friend, Budayl ibn Warqa al-Khuza’i, to ask for amnesty for all the Quraysh who abandoned armed resistance. Muhammad thus managed to enter Mecca unopposed, and almost all the inhabitants adopted Islam. In 630, Muhammad entered Mecca victoriously , prompting
2074-637: Is Qurashī , though in the early centuries of the Islamic Ummah , most Qurayshi tribesmen were denoted by their specific clan instead of the tribe. Later, particularly after the 13th century, claimants of Qurayshi descent used the Qurashī surname. The Quraysh's progenitor was Fihr ibn Malik , whose full genealogy, according to traditional Arab sources, was the following: Fihr ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr ibn Kinana ibn Khuzayma ibn Mudrika ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Ma'add ibn Adnan. Thus, Fihr belonged to
2196-588: Is ʼElāh ( אלה ), but its emphatic state is ʼElāhā ( אלהא ). It is written as ܐܠܗܐ ( ʼĔlāhā ) in Biblical Aramaic and ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ( ʼAlāhā ) in Syriac , both meaning simply "God". The unusual Syriac form is likely an imitation of the Arabic. Regional variants of the word Allah occur in both pagan and Christian pre-Islamic inscriptions. According to Marshall Hodgson , it seems that in
2318-524: Is "the interchangeability of al-ilāh and allāh in early Arabic poetry even when composed by the Christian ʿAdī ibn Zayd . The majority of scholars accept this hypothesis. A minority hypothesis, seen with more skepticism, is that the term is a loanword from Syriac Alāhā . Grammarians of the Basra school regarded it as either formed "spontaneously" ( murtajal ) or as the definite form of lāh (from
2440-1103: Is Mā’ al-Samā’ ibn Ḥārithah bin Imra’ al-Qays bin Tha’labah bin Māzin bin al-Azd bin Ghawth bin al-Nabit bin Mālik bin Zayd bin Kaḥlān bin Saba’ bin Yashjab bin Ya’rab bin Qaḥṭān, so he is the ancestor of all of Khuza'a, and they broke away from him." It is suggested that one of the strongest proofs for this is that the Khuza'a themselves used to say: “We are the sons of Amr ibn Rabiah from the Yemen.” Arabs linguists tended towards
2562-647: Is also frequently, albeit not exclusively, used by Bábists , Baháʼís , Mandaeans , Indonesian Christians , Maltese Christians , and Sephardic Jews , as well as by the Gagauz people . While it is an Arabic word and has historically been used by Muslims and non-Muslims alike in the Arab world , the usage of "Allah" by non-Muslims has been controversial in non-Arab parts of the Muslim world , especially Malaysia , where it became illegal for non-Muslims to use "Allah" after
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#17327648018632684-564: Is encoded in Unicode, in the Miscellaneous Symbols range, at code point U+262B (☫). The flags that include the word are also present in the regional indicator symbols of Unicode: 🇮🇶, 🇸🇦, 🇦🇫, 🇮🇷, 🇺🇿. Banu Khuza%27a The Banū Khuzāʿah ( Arabic : بنو خزاعة , singular خزاعيّ Khuzāʿī ) are an Azdite , Qahtanite tribe, one of the main ancestral tribes of Arabia . They ruled Mecca for 400 years before
2806-422: Is estimated to have included around 10,000 men and six hundred horsemen. At the end of March 627 the army, which was led by Abu Sufyan, marched on Medina. In accordance with the plan the armies began marching towards Medina , Meccans from the south (along the coast) and the others from the east. At the same time, horsemen from the Banu Khuza'a left to warn Medina of the invading army. Most traditionalists trace
2928-600: Is generally pronounced [ɑɫˈɫɑː(h)] , exhibiting a heavy lām , [ɫ] , a velarized alveolar lateral approximant , a marginal phoneme in Modern Standard Arabic . Since the initial alef has no hamza , the initial [a] is elided when a preceding word ends in a vowel. If the preceding vowel is /i/ , the lām is light, [l] , as in, for instance, the Basmala . The history of the name Allāh in English
3050-418: Is in line with the spirit of the 18 - and 20-point agreements of Sarawak and Sabah. The word Allāh is always written without an alif to spell the ā vowel. This is because the spelling was settled before Arabic spelling started habitually using alif to spell ā . However, in vocalized spelling, a small diacritic alif is added on top of the shaddah to indicate
3172-518: Is no deity but God) or sometimes " lā ilāha illā inta/ huwa " (There is no deity but You / Him ) and " Allāhu Akbar " (God is the Most Great) as a devotional exercise of remembering God ( dhikr ). The Christian Arabs of today have no other word for "God" than "Allah". Similarly, the Aramaic word for "God" in the language of Assyrian Christians is ʼĔlāhā , or Alaha . (Even
3294-593: Is that usage has been long-established and local Alkitab ( Bibles ) have been widely distributed freely in East Malaysia without restrictions for years. Both states also do not have similar Islamic state laws as those in West Malaysia. In reaction to some media criticism, the Malaysian government has introduced a "10-point solution" to avoid confusion and misleading information. The 10-point solution
3416-419: Is uncertain." The Quraysh, the dominant tribe of Mecca , initially showed little concern when Muhammad began preaching his new faith in the city. However, as Muhammad's message increasingly challenged traditional Meccan religious and social practices, tensions gradually arose. As relations with the Quraysh deteriorated, Muhammad coordinated the gradual emigration of his followers to Medina , eventually making
3538-547: Is ‘Umayr, father of Khuza'a. This is supported by the opinion of Ibn Ḥazm , who related four prophetic traditions ( Hadith ) substantiating that Khuza'a were from Muḑar and not from Qaḥṭān: Hadith 1: From Abū Hurayrah that Muhammad said: “’Amr ibn Luhay bin Qum’ah bin Khandaf is the father of Khuza'a.” Hadith 2: The statement of Muhammad: “I saw Amr bin Luhay bin Qum’ah bin Khandaf the father of those sons of Kaab, and he
3660-616: The al-Muṭayyabūn faction in 605 and engaged in business with the al-Aḥlāf . Their financial fortunes had enabled them to become a force of their own. During a commercial incident where a Yemenite merchant was robbed of his trade by al-As ibn Wa'il al-Sahmi, the al-Muṭayyabūn reformed in the Hilf al-Fudul , which consisted of the Banu Hashim and Banu Muttalib , which, like the Banu Umayya, were descendants of Abd Manaf, and
3782-561: The 99 Names of Allah ( al-asmā' al-ḥusná lit. meaning: 'the best names' or 'the most beautiful names') and considered attributes, each of which evoke a distinct characteristic of Allah. All these names refer to Allah, the supreme and all-comprehensive divine name. Among the 99 names of God, the most famous and most frequent of these names are "the Merciful" ( ar-Raḥmān ) and "the Compassionate" ( ar-Raḥīm ), including
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3904-496: The Arabic Presentation Forms-A block, which exists solely for "compatibility with some older, legacy character sets that encoded presentation forms directly"; this is discouraged for new text. Instead, the word Allāh should be represented by its individual Arabic letters, while modern font technologies will render the desired ligature. The calligraphic variant of the word used as the emblem of Iran
4026-482: The Banu Hashim , which was sealed by marrying Maymuna bint al-Harith . Some important people of Mecca, such as Khalid ibn al-Walid and Amr ibn al-As , recognized Muhammad as a man of the future in Arabia and converted to Islam. In December 629, after the belligerent party in Mecca, against the advice of Abu Sufyan, decided to support one of their client clans against the Khuzaa, who were allied with Muhammad, resulting in
4148-592: The Banu Mustaliq were defeated in battle, with many captives later freed. Over time, tensions between Muhammad and the people of Mecca eased, leading to the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya , a ten-year armistice. Muhammad and his followers were then allowed to perform Umrah next year in Mecca. A short time later, Muhammad attacked the Jewish-inhabited Khaybar, where he instituted a practice that set
4270-564: The Banu Nadir , driving them to Khaybar and other settlements, and seizing their property. The Quraysh, with their caravans still under attack and urged by the Jews in Khaybar, recognized the importance of occupying Medina. They negotiated with various Bedouin tribes and managed to raise 10,000 troops. To defend against the Quraysh troops, Muhammad, advised by one of his followers, ordered
4392-742: The Banu Sulaym , the Nadir secured 700 men, though this force would likely have been much larger had not some of its leaders been sympathetic towards Islam. The Banu Amir , who had a pact with Muhammad, refused to join. Other tribes included the Banu Murra , with 400 men led by Hars ibn Auf Murri, and the Banu Shuja , with 700 men led by Sufyan ibn Abd Shams. In total, the strength of the Confederate armies, though not agreed upon by scholars,
4514-700: The Banu Taym , Banu Asad , Banu Zuhra and Banu al-Harith ibn Fihr , were known as al-Muṭayyabūn ('the Perfumed'). Toward the end of the 6th century, the Fijar War broke out between the Quraysh and the Kinana on one side and various Qaysi tribes on the other, including the Hawazin , Banu Thaqif , Banu Amir and Banu Sulaym . The war broke out when a Kinani tribesman killed an Amiri tribesman escorting
4636-526: The Hejaz (western Arabia). In the words of Fred Donner : [By the end of the 6th century,] Meccan commerce was flourishing as never before, and the leaders in this trade [the Quraysh] had developed from mere merchants into true financiers. They were no longer interested in "buying cheap and selling dear," but also with organizing money and men to realize their commercial objectives. There was emerging, in short,
4758-420: The Kaaba was first consecrated to a supreme deity named Allah and then hosted the pantheon of Quraysh after their conquest of Mecca , about a century before the time of Muhammad . Some inscriptions seem to indicate the use of Allah as a name of a polytheist deity centuries earlier, but nothing precise is known about this use. Some scholars have suggested that Allah may have represented a remote creator god who
4880-514: The Kinana tribe and his descent is traced to Adnan the Ishmaelite , the semi-legendary father of the " northern Arabs ". According to the traditional sources, Fihr led the warriors of Kinana and Khuzayma in defense of the Kaaba, at the time a major pagan sanctuary in Mecca, against tribes from Yemen ; however, the sanctuary and the privileges associated with it continued to be in the hands of
5002-692: The Malaysian and Indonesian languages (both of them standardized forms of the Malay language ). Mainstream Bible translations in the language use Allah as the translation of Hebrew Elohim (translated in English Bibles as "God"). This goes back to early translation work by Francis Xavier in the 16th century. The first dictionary of Dutch-Malay by Albert Cornelius Ruyl, Justus Heurnius, and Caspar Wiltens in 1650 (revised edition from 1623 edition and 1631 Latin edition) recorded Allah " as
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5124-526: The Ottoman Empire's invasion in the late 19th century and were the rulers of the kingdom of the Middle Euphrates until the early 20th century. The Banu Khuza'a fought in the Battle of the Trench . The Banu Nadir began rousing the nomads of Najd . The Nadir enlisted the Ghatafan confederacy by paying them half of their harvest. This contingent, the second largest, added a strength of about 2000 men and 300 horsemen led by Unaina bin Hasan Fazari. The Banu Assad also agreed to join, led by Tuleha Asadi. From
5246-410: The Quran) , this attack constituted a breach of the Treaty of Ḥudaybīyah of 628, that had brought about a truce between the Muslims and the Quraish and forbade hostilities between the two groups and their respective allies. This led to the conquest of Mecca by the Muslim armies, which occurred without a battle. The Banu Mustaliq was a branch of Banu Khuza'a. They occupied the territory of Qudayd on
5368-534: The Red Sea shore between Jeddah and Rābigh . The genealogy of Muhammad is connected to that of Khuza'a in two ways: firstly by way of his third great grandfather Abd Manaf bin Qusay; and also through his marriage to the ‘Mother of the Believers’ Juwayrīyah, daughter of al-Ḥārith al-Khuza'i. At the time of the Truce of Hudaybiya, one of the conditions set down was: ”Whoever wishes to enter into an agreement with Muhammad and into his covenant, then he should enter it; and whoever wishes to enter into an agreement with
5490-678: The pilgrimage to Mecca . Unable to reach a peaceful resolution, Muhammad decided to confront the Quraysh through armed conflict, beginning with raids on Meccan caravans. This led to several major battles, including those at Badr , Uhud , and the Trench . After these conflicts and following changes in Medina's political landscape, including the expulsion of three major Jewish tribes, Muhammad reportedly shifted his focus from Quraysh caravans to northern tribes such as Banu Lahyan and Banu Mustaliq . As Muhammad's position in Medina became more established, attitudes towards him in his hometown became more approving. The Treaty of al-Hudaybiya , establishing
5612-403: The 6th century. The issue of succession between Qusayy's natural successor, Abd al-Dar, and his chosen successor, Abd Manaf, led to the division of Quraysh into two factions; those who backed the Abd al-Dar clan , including the clans of Banu Sahm , Banu Adi , Banu Makhzum and Banu Jumah , became known as al-Aḥlāf ('the Confederates'), while those who backed the Abd Manaf clan , including
5734-412: The Ansar (Aws & Khazraj) and Bariq, Ghassān and Dawasir (Al-Zayed). All are from Azd Mazin tribes . Geographical and historical works mention the locations that Khuza'a used to inhabit before and after the coming of Islam, since they were either Mecca , or adjoining it or in the mountains, watering holes and wadis around it. A number of other Arab tribes used to share these places with them, such as
5856-445: The Ansar were concerned about their political stake. The Quraysh apparently held real power during this period marked by the Muslim conquests . During the First Fitna , the Ansar, who backed Caliph Ali of the Banu Hashim against two factions representing rival Qurayshi clans, were defeated. They were subsequently left out of the political elite, while the Thaqif maintained a measure of influence by dint of their long relationship with
5978-407: The Arabic-descended Maltese language of Malta , whose population is almost entirely Catholic , uses Alla for "God".) Arab Christians have used two forms of invocations that were affixed to the beginning of their written works. They adopted the Muslim bismillāh , and also created their own Trinitized bismillāh as early as the 8th century. The Muslim bismillāh reads: "In
6100-399: The Azd when they all left Yemen at the time of the flood of ˁIram” (the breach of the Marib dam ). Yāqūt al-Ḥamawī says the same, but states that they are Qahtanites. Al-Qalqashandī states: “Khuza'a are a tribe from the Azd, from the Qahtanites.” Ibn ‘Abd al-Birr states that Ibn al-Kalbi held the opinion that: ”Amr bin Luhay, for Luhay was his name, is Rabiah ibn Ḥārithah bin Amr; and he
6222-406: The Banu Asad and Talha ibn Ubayd Allah of the Banu Taym. Later, during the Second Fitna , these same factions again fought for control of the caliphate , with the Umayyads victorious at the war's conclusion in 692/693. In 750, the issue of which Qurayshi clan would hold the reins of power was again raised but this time, the Abbasids , a branch of the Banu Hashim, were victorious and slew much of
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#17327648018636344-448: The Banu Datir and a group of Khuza'a raided the Hawāzin and killed many men. On another occasion the Hawazin raided Khuza'a, and they fought at al-Mahsab near Mina; they succeeded in beating the Banu 'Unqa' and some of the Banu Datir from Khuza'a. During this time the Khuza'a tribe controlled the region from the West of Medina to the Red Sea. Quraysh, the descendants of Al-Nadr bin Kinanah, were dispersed at that time throughout Mecca and
6466-417: The Banu Umayya. Afterward, Islamic leadership was contested between different branches of the Banu Hashim. Allah Allah ( / ˈ æ l ə , ˈ ɑː l ə , ə ˈ l ɑː / A(H)L -ə, ə- LAH ; Arabic : ﷲ , IPA: [ɑɫˈɫɑːh] ) is the Arabic word for God , particularly the God of Abraham . Outside of the Middle East , it is principally associated with Islam , but
6588-528: The Day Of Judgement. The Qur'an declares "the reality of Allah, His inaccessible mystery, His various names, and His actions on behalf of His creatures." Allah does not depend on anything. Allah is not considered a part of the Christian Trinity. God has no parents and no children. The concept correlates to the Tawhid , where chapter 112 of the Qur'an ( Al-'Ikhlās , The Sincerity) reads: قُلْ هُوَ ٱللَّهُ أَحَدٌ ٱللَّهُ ٱلصَّمَدُ لَمْ يَلِدْ وَلَمْ يُولَدْ وَلَمْ يَكُن لَّهُۥ كُفُوًا أَحَدٌۢ ١ In
6710-412: The Islamic prophet Muhammad , and many members of the tribe now live in and around that city. Others are also present in significant numbers in countries such as Iraq , Palestine , and Jordan , but can also be found across the Middle East. The Banu Khuza'a acted as the custodians of Mecca before the Quraysh . They were the ruling kings of the emirate of Lower Mesopotamia (now southern Iraq) until
6832-512: The Jewish and Christian theologies. Languages which may not commonly use the term Allah to denote God may still contain popular expressions which use the word. For example, because of the centuries long Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula , the word ojalá in the Spanish language and oxalá in the Portuguese language exist today, borrowed from Andalusi Arabic law šá lláh similar to inshalla ( Arabic : إِنْ شَاءَ ٱللَّٰهُ ). This phrase literally means 'if God wills' (in
6954-426: The Kaaba were known Quraysh al-Biṭāḥ ('Quraysh of the Hollow'), and included all of the descendants of Ka'b ibn Lu'ayy and others. The clans settled in the outskirts of the sanctuary were known as Quraysh al-Ẓawāhir ('Quraysh of the Outskirts'). According to historian Ibn Ishaq , Qusayy's younger son, Abd Manaf , had grown prominent during his father's lifetime and was chosen by Qusayy to be his successor as
7076-411: The Muslim community traditionally passed to a member of the Quraysh, as was the case with the Rashidun , Umayyad , and Abbasid Caliphates , and purportedly the Fatimids . Sources differ as to the etymology of Quraysh, with one theory holding that it was the diminutive form of qirsh (shark). The Arab genealogist Hisham ibn al-Kalbi asserted that there was no eponymous founder of Quraysh; rather,
7198-468: The Pre-Islamic period; they surprised them at a watering hole belonging to Khuza'a at al-Watīr to the south of Mecca, and they killed twenty of their men. They were helped in this attack by Quraysh who supplied men and weapons; and Khuza'a were driven into the Sacred Territory (Ḥaram), where they were unable to continue fighting. Amr bin Salim al-Khuza'i set out with forty mounted men of Khuza'a to inform Muhammad about what had happened to them. When Muhammad
7320-472: The Quraysh and Kinana. After a few more clashes, peace was reestablished. According to Watt, the actual aim in the Fijar War was control of the trade routes of Najd . Despite particularly tough resistance by the Quraysh's main trade rivals, the Thaqif of Ta'if , and the Banu Nasr clan of Hawazin, the Quraysh ultimately held sway over western Arabian trade. The Quraysh gained control over Ta'if's trade, and many Qurayshi individuals purchased estates in Ta'if, where
7442-455: The Quraysh and into their covenant then he should enter it.” And Khuza'a leaped up with enthusiasm, saying: “We are in agreement with Muhammad and in his [SAW] covenant!” While the Banu al-Di’l bin Bakr jumped up saying: “We are in agreement with the Quraysh and in their covenant!” Now while the truce was still holding, the Banu al-Di’l bin Bakr took advantage of it, and wanted to take blood revenge from Khuza'a for something that had happened in
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#17327648018637564-448: The Quraysh in Mecca, and Kinanah in Jabal al-Abwā’ and Murr al-Ẓahrān and Qudayd. The Arab tribes in general often used to move from one area to another in search of water, something that sometimes led to tribes sharing certain spots. And among the campsites of Khuza’ah were: After Hagar and her son Ishmael had settled in Mecca , the tribe of Jurhum happened to pass through there and agreed with Hagar that they should remain there, as
7686-547: The Quraysh, led by Abu Sufyan , mobilized 3,000 troops to confront Muhammad, resulting in the Battle of Uhud . Initially, Muhammad's forced had the upper hand, but a setback occurred when his archers abandoned their positions and pursued the fleeing Meccan soldiers. The Meccan military strategist Khalid ibn al-Walid exploited this and Muhammad's forces retreated. The Quraysh did not pursue further, considering their objective achieved. In Medina, some Jewish tribes expressed satisfaction at Muhammad's defeat, prompting him to target
7808-481: The Quraysh. A hadith holding that the caliph must be from Quraysh became almost universally accepted by the Muslims, with the exception of the Kharijites . Indeed, control of the Islamic state essentially devolved into a struggle between various factions of the Quraysh. In the first civil war, these factions included the Banu Umayya represented by Mu'awiya ibn Abi Sufyan , the Banu Hashim represented by Ali, and other Qurayshi leaders such as al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam of
7930-410: The Quraysh. Following a siege, their men were judged to be executed, while the women and children were taken captive. This event marked a significant turning point, with Muhammad consolidating his control in Medina. Muhammad's focus then shifted to other tribes, such as the Banu Lahyan and Banu Mustaliq . The Banu Nadir were expelled from Medina after being accused of plotting against Muhammad, and
8052-519: The Sacred House to Abū Ghabshān Salīm bin Amr al-Khuza'i, and one day he and Quṣay were drinking together; now when he became drunk Quṣay bought the control of the Sacred House from him for a skinful of wine and a young camel. As a result there was a saying: “More damaging than the transaction of Abū Ghabshān.” These individual accounts, when collated show that Qusay was getting ready to seize the Sacred House from Khuza’ah, and Khuza’ah set out to fight Quṣay, Quraysh, Kinanah and his allies from Quḑaa’ah. There
8174-419: The Sacred House, and according to the Muslim sources Allah turned them into two stones to punish them for this sacrilegious act. Their aggression against the sanctity of the Sanctuary was the catalyst that made the Banu Bakr bin ‘Abd al-Manāf bin Kinanah, descendants of Ishmael, join with Khuza'a in fighting Jurhum, and they expelled them from Mecca. After the Jurhumites had fled, Khuza'a became custodians of
8296-421: The Sacred House, passing the duty on from father to son for a long time, five hundred years it is said. The first one of Khuza'a to govern the Sacred House was Amr bin Rabiah (Luhay) who travelled to Syria-Palestine (al-Shām) to seek a cure for a disease he was suffering from; he found the people there worshiping idols, and he liked this religion, so he brought back an idol called Hubal back to Mecca and called on
8418-440: The Sanctuary, giving him the key. Now when Khuza’ah found out about this they refused to give the control of the Sacred House to Quṣay, and they took the key from Hubay. Now Quṣay quickly went to his people the Quraysh and Banu Kinanah and sought their help against Khuza'a, and he also sent for his brother to come from the territory of Quḑa’ah to assist. 3. Abu Hilāl al-‘Askerī relates that when Ḥalīl became old, he passed control of
8540-400: The Taym, Asad, Zuhra and al-Harith ibn Fihr clans. The Banu Hashim held the hereditary rights surrounding the pilgrimage to the Kaaba, though the Banu Umayya were ultimately the strongest Qurayshi clan. According to Watt, "In all the stories of the pre-Islamic period there is admittedly a legendary element, but the main outline of events appears to be roughly correct, even if most of the dating
8662-407: The Universe. Pagans believed worship of humans or animals who had lucky events in their life brought them closer to God. Pre-Islamic Meccans worshiped Allah alongside a host of lesser gods and those whom they called the "daughters of Allah." Islam forbade worship of anyone or anything other than God. Some authors have suggested that polytheistic Arabs used the name as a reference to a creator god or
8784-585: The Yemeni Khuza'a tribe. The Quraysh gained their name when Qusayy ibn Kilab , a sixth-generation descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen and took control of the Kaaba. Prior to this, Fihr's offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives. All medieval Muslim sources agree that Qusayy unified Fihr's descendants, and established the Quraysh as the dominant power in Mecca. After conquering Mecca, Qusayy assigned quarters to different Qurayshi clans. Those settled around
8906-504: The ancestry and origins of the Banu Khuza'a; some say that they were descended from Qahtan and others say they are from Adnan . We will present both opinions here: Al-Mubarrid held the opinion that Khuza'a are descendants of Amr bin Rabiah, and he was known as Luhay and belonged to the Azd ; Ibn al-Athīr al-Jazarī agrees with him, saying: “They were called Khuza'a because they broke away from
9028-522: The authority of 10th-century Muslim scholar Al-Marzubani , "Allah" was also mentioned in pre-Islamic Christian poems by some Ghassanid and Tanukhid poets in Syria and Northern Arabia . Different theories have been proposed regarding the role of Allah in pre-Islamic polytheistic cults . According to the Quran exegete Ibn Kathir , Arab pagans considered Allah as an unseen God who created and controlled
9150-463: The basis of these Khuza'a was one of the sons of Qum’ah bin Ilyās bin Muḑar. Al-Suhaylī said that the hadith of Salamah was a strong proof for those who considered Khuza'a to be one of the sons of Qum’ah ibn Ilyās. And there is not the slightest doubt that the difference between the different genealogists stems from the fact that Salamah mentioned in the fourth hadith are the brothers of Khuza'a. And among
9272-615: The blood of Khuza'a spilled by Quṣay’s army blood money was due; but Khuza’ah should pass on the rule of Mecca to Quṣay. This event occurred in the 5th century CE. The Khuza'a remained allies of the Quraysh, and in 570, the Year of the Elephant , took part in the battle against Abrahah . In 630, the Khuza'a were attacked by the Banu Bakr , allies of the Quraysh. Since the Khuza'a had recently formed an alliance with Muhammad (referred to in
9394-567: The burden of the affairs of the Sacred House. Jurhum's custodianship of the Sanctuary lasted for some time, but they then started to become weaker in faith, putting the continuing sanctity of the Sacred House in peril. They considered all the funds collected at the Sanctuary to be their property, and started to perform sinful acts within its precincts. It came to the point where a man and a woman, called Asaf and Na'ilah, performed coitus in
9516-580: The camp at Karākir.") It is said that ascribing Khuza'a to Qaḥṭān also agrees with this etymology of the name, whereas to say that they are descendants of ‘Adnān makes such an etymology of the name meaningless. Ibn Iṣḥaq is of the opinion that Khuza'a are the descendants of Amr ibn Luhay bin Qum’ah bin Ilyās bin Muḑar bin Nazār bin Ma’d bin ‘Adnān; they would therefore be Muḑarites rather than Qaḥṭanites. Al-Muṣ’ab al-Zubayri also agrees with Ibn Iṣḥaq, saying that Qum’ah
9638-590: The climate was cooler. The sanctuary village of Mecca developed into a major Arabian trade hub. According to Watt, by 600 CE, the leaders of Quraysh "were prosperous merchants who had obtained something like a monopoly of the trade between the Indian Ocean and East Africa on the one hand and the Mediterranean on the other". Furthermore, the Quraysh commissioned trade caravans to Yemen in the winter and caravans to Gaza , Bosra , Damascus and al-Arish in
9760-522: The country experienced a social and political upheaval in the face of the word being used by Malaysian Christians and Sikhs . The etymology of the word Allāh has been discussed extensively by classical Arab philologists. Most considered it to be derived from a contraction of the Arabic definite article al- and ilāh " deity , god" to al-lāh meaning "the deity, the God". Indeed, there
9882-642: The end of 629 CE, a belligerent party within the Quraysh, against the advice of their chief Abu Sufyan , supported one of their client clans in a conflict against the Khuza'a , allies of Muhammad. This act was seen as a violation of the Treaty of al-Hudaybiya. As Muhammad advanced with his army to besiege Mecca, Abu Sufyan, along with others, including Muhammad's ally Khuza'i Budayl ibn Warqa, met with Muhammad to request amnesty for all Quraysh who did not resist. Thus Muhammad entered Mecca unopposed, and almost all of its inhabitants converted to Islam. Afterwards, leadership of
10004-498: The five-verse inscription was retranslated: "(1)This [inscription] was set up by colleagues of ʿUlayh, (2) son of ʿUbaydah, secretary (3) of the cohort Augusta Secunda (4) Philadelphiana; may he go mad who (5) effaces it." Irfan Shahîd quoting the 10th-century encyclopedic collection Kitab al-Aghani notes that pre-Islamic Arab Christians have been reported to have raised the battle cry " Ya La Ibad Allah " (O slaves of Allah) to invoke each other into battle. According to Shahid, on
10126-709: The forementioned above al-Aḥad ("the One, the Indivisible") and al-Wāḥid ("the Unique, the Single"). According to Islamic belief, Allah is the most common word to represent God, and humble submission to his will, divine ordinances and commandments is the pivot of the Muslim faith. "He is the only God, creator of the universe, and the judge of humankind." "He is unique ( wāḥid ) and inherently one ( aḥad ), all-merciful and omnipotent." No human eyes can see Allah till
10248-545: The guardian of the Kaaba. He also gave other responsibilities related to the Kaaba to his other sons Abd al-Uzza and Abd, while ensuring that all decisions by the Quraysh had to be made in the presence of his eldest son Abd al-Dar ; the latter was also designated ceremonial privileges such as keeper of the Qurayshi war banner and supervisor of water and provisions to the pilgrims visiting the Kaaba. According to historian F. E. Peters , Ibn Ishaq's account reveals that Mecca in
10370-535: The hearing of the appeal. In October 2013 the court ruled in favor of the government's ban. In early 2014 the Malaysian government confiscated more than 300 bibles for using the word to refer to the Christian God in Peninsular Malaysia. However, the use of Allah is not prohibited in the two Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak . The main reason it is not prohibited in these two states
10492-679: The journey himself, after negotiations with various factions in Medina had established a base of support there. This event, known as the Hijra , followed complex negotiations with different groups in Medina, where Muhammad was seen as a potential mediator for ongoing tribal conflicts, though his role was likely more multifaceted than just mediation. In Medina, Muhammad received a divine revelation allowing Muslims to defend themselves, which included targeting Quraysh trade caravans in response to their ongoing hostility and persecution. After obtaining spoils from
10614-534: The latter corresponding to the Jewish custom to refer to Yahweh as Adonai . Most Qur'an commentators , including al-Tabari (d. 923), al-Zamakhshari (d. 1143/44), and al-Razi (d. 1209), regard Allah to be a proper name. While other names of God in Islam denote attributes or adjectives, the term Allah specifically refers to his essence as his real name ( ism'alam li-dhatih ). The other names are known as
10736-561: The name of God, the Compassionate, the Merciful." The Trinitized bismillāh reads: "In the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy Spirit, One God." The Syriac , Latin and Greek invocations do not have the words "One God" at the end. This addition was made to emphasize the monotheistic aspect of Trinitarian belief and also to make it more palatable to Muslims. The word Allāh
10858-407: The name stemmed from taqarrush , an Arabic word meaning "a coming together" or "association". The Quraysh gained their name when Qusayy ibn Kilab , a sixth-generation descendant of Fihr ibn Malik, gathered together his kinsmen and took control of the Kaaba . Prior to this, Fihr's offspring lived in scattered, nomadic groups among their Kinana relatives. The nisba or surname of the Quraysh
10980-576: The opinion that the name of Khuza'a came from the phrase: khaza’a ‘an aṣḥābihi (خزع عن أصحابه ), which means "he has lagged behind his companions (when they are walking)"; so they were called this because they were behind their people when they came from Marib. Al-Zabīdī mentions what ‘Awn ibn Ayūb al-Ansārī stated: فَلَمَّا هَبَطْنَا بَطْنَ مُرٍّ تَخَزَعَتْ خُزَاعَةٌ عَنّا فِيْ حُلُوْلِ كَرَاكِرَ ( Fa-lammā habaṭnā baṭna murrin takhazza'at khuzā’atun ‘annā fī ḥulūli Karākira : "And when we dismounted at Baṭn Murr Khuza'a had already stayed behind in
11102-582: The organizational skills of the Quraysh were put to use in the service of Islam". With Muhammad's death in 632, rivalry emerged between the Quraysh and the two other components of the Muslim elite, the Ansar and the Thaqif, over influence in state matters. The Ansar wanted one of their own to succeed the prophet as caliph , but were persuaded by Umar to agree to Abu Bakr. During the reigns of Abu Bakr ( r. 632–634 ) and Umar ( r. 634–644 ), some of
11224-481: The origins of the tribe to Amr ibn Luhay , and agree that, with the other branches of the Azd, they at some point, left Yemen and moved north. Amr ibn Luhay and his clan settled themselves around Mecca . A date of around the 5th century can be set for that settlement, although traditionalists place it at an earlier date by giving particularly long lives to some of its leaders. The opinions of genealogists vary concerning
11346-542: The people to worship it. Hubal had the figure of an old man with a long beard and was made of carnelian. Its right hand had been cut off but the Quraysh would later provide it with a hand made of gold. Amr ibn Rabi'ah was the first to change the religion of the Arabs. Muslims historians consider that the people of Mecca were following the monotheistic religion of Ibrāhīm and Ismā'īl up to this point (see Hanif ), when polytheism
11468-742: The pre-Islamic times, some Arab Christians made pilgrimage to the Kaaba , a pagan temple at that time, honoring Allah there as God the Creator. The Syriac word ܐܠܗܐ ( ʼĔlāhā ) can be found in the reports and the lists of names of Christian martyrs in South Arabia, as reported by antique Syriac documents of the names of those martyrs from the era of the Himyarite and Aksumite kingdoms In an inscription of Christian martyrion dated back to 512, references to al-ilah ( الاله ) can be found in both Arabic and Aramaic. The inscription starts with
11590-405: The prevalence of Ishmael , whose God was that of Abraham , in pre-Islamic Arab culture. In contrast with pre-Islamic Arabian polytheism , as stated by Gerhard Böwering , God in Islam does not have associates and companions, nor is there any kinship between God and jinn . Pre-Islamic pagan Arabs believed in a blind, powerful, inexorable and insensible fate over which man had no control. This
11712-421: The previous ligature is considered faulty which is the case with most common Arabic typefaces. This simplified style is often preferred for clarity, especially in non-Arabic languages, but may not be considered appropriate in situations where a more elaborate style of calligraphy is preferred. Unicode has a code point reserved for Allāh , U+FDF2 ﷲ ARABIC LIGATURE ALLAH ISOLATED FORM , in
11834-414: The pronunciation. In the pre-Islamic Zabad inscription , God is referred to by the term الاله , that is, alif-lam-alif-lam-ha. This presumably indicates Al-'ilāh means "the god", without alif for ā . Many Arabic type fonts feature special ligatures for Allah. Since Arabic script is used to write other texts rather than Koran only, rendering lām + lām + hā' as
11956-400: The rest of Quraysh to embrace Islam. Muhammad sought to consolidate the unity of his expanding Muslim community by "winning over this powerful group [the Quraysh]", according to Donner; to that end he guaranteed Qurayshi participation and influence in the nascent Islamic state. Thus, despite their long enmity with Muhammad, the Quraysh were brought in as political and economic partners and became
12078-508: The riders. We have nobody, whether close relatives or not close, in Tihamah who has been better with us than Khuza'a!” Then he continued: “I would not receive succour if I failed to assist Banu Kaab from the very thing in which I need help.” Muhammad coordinated a large coalition force including Muslims and some of the Bedouin tribes and they went to Mecca and conquered it. This was towards
12200-597: The sake of finding "extensive middle ground we share with other Abrahamic and universal traditions". Most Muslims use the Arabic phrase in shā'a llāh (meaning 'if God wills') untranslated after references to future events. Muslim discursive piety encourages beginning things with the invocation of bi-smi llāh (meaning 'In the name of God'). There are certain other phrases in praise of God that are favored by Muslims and left untranslated, including " Subḥāna llāh " (Glory be to God), " al-ḥamdu li-llāh " (Praise be to God), " lā ilāha illā llāh " (There
12322-547: The sense of "I hope so"). The German poet Mahlmann used the form "Allah" as the title of a poem about the ultimate deity, though it is unclear how much Islamic thought he intended to convey. Some Muslims leave the name "Allāh" untranslated in English, rather than using the English translation "God". The word has also been applied to certain living human beings as personifications of the term and concept. Christians in Malaysia and Indonesia use Allah to refer to God in
12444-450: The some more modern scholars who prefer to regard Khuza'a as one of the descendants of ‘Adnān is 'Allāmah ‘Abd al-Raḥmān bin Yaḥyā al-Mu’allamī al-Yamānī. In ancient times the tribe of Khuza'a was subdivided into a number of phratries (buṭūn): And Banu al-Muṣṭaliq and Banu al-Ḥayā’ belong to the tribes who formed the Ḥalaf of Ḥabābish in Mecca. The closest tribes in lineage to Khuza'a are
12566-536: The statement "By the Help of al-ilah". Archaeological excavation quests have led to the discovery of ancient pre-Islamic inscriptions and tombs made by Arab Christians in the ruins of a church at Umm el-Jimal in Northern Jordan , which initially, according to Enno Littmann (1949), contained references to Allah as the proper name of God. However, on a second revision by Bellamy et al. (1985 & 1988)
12688-401: The strongman of Quraysh, he was not officially a king of the tribe, but one of many leading shaykhs (tribal chieftains). According to historian Gerald R. Hawting , if the traditional sources are to be believed, Qusayy's children, "must have lived in the second half of the fifth century". However, historian W. Montgomery Watt asserts that Qusayy himself likely died in the second half of
12810-502: The summer. The Quraysh established networks with merchants in these Syrian cities. They also formed political or economic alliances with many of the Bedouin (nomadic Arab) tribes in the northern and central Arabian deserts to ensure the safety of their trade caravans. The Quraysh invested their revenues in building their trading ventures, and shared profits with tribal allies to translate financial fortune into significant political power in
12932-600: The superiority or sole existence of one God , but among the pre-Islamic Arabs, Allah was a supreme deity and was worshipped alongside lesser deities in a pantheon . When Muhammad founded Islam, he used "Allah" to refer to the same unitary God who met Abraham , according to the Bible and the Quran . Many Jews, Christians, and early Muslims used "Allah" and "al-ilah" interchangeably in Classical Arabic . The word
13054-724: The surrounding area. This changed when Qusay bin Kilab got betrothed to Hubay bint Halil bin Habshah bin Salul bin Kaab bin Amr al-Khuza'i; he married her and at that time her father was in charge of the Kaabah, so Quṣay was later able to take over the custody of the Sanctuary. There are three different versions of the story of how Quṣay managed to seize this custody: 1. Ibn Isḥaq states that Quṣay became wealthy, his sons were dispersed all over Mecca, and he
13176-691: The term Allah in any other but Muslim contexts, but the Malayan High Court in 2009 revoked the law, ruling it unconstitutional. While Allah had been used for the Christian God in Malay for more than four centuries, the contemporary controversy was triggered by usage of Allah by the Roman Catholic newspaper The Herald . The government appealed the court ruling, and the High Court suspended implementation of its verdict until
13298-536: The term was used in pre-Islamic Arabia and continues to be used today by Arabic-speaking adherents of any of the Abrahamic religions , including Judaism and Christianity . It is thought to be derived by contraction from al - ilāh ( الاله , lit. ' the god ' ) and is linguistically related to God's names in other Semitic languages , such as Aramaic ( ܐܲܠܵܗܵܐ ʼAlāhā ) and Hebrew ( אֱלוֹהַּ ʾĔlōah ). The word "Allah" now implies
13420-530: The time of Qusayy and his immediate offspring was not yet a commercial center; rather, the city's economy was based on pilgrimage to the Kaaba, and "what pass[ed] for municipal offices [designated by Qusayy] have to do only with military operations and with control of the shrine". During that time, the tribesmen of Quraysh were not traders; instead, they were entrusted with religious services, from which they significantly profited. They also profited from taxes collected from incoming pilgrims. Though Qusayy appeared to be
13542-644: The translation of the Dutch word Godt . Ruyl also translated the Gospel of Matthew in 1612 into the Malay language (an early Bible translation into a non-European language, made a year after the publication of the King James Version ), which was printed in the Netherlands in 1629. Then he translated the Gospel of Mark , published in 1638. The government of Malaysia in 2007 outlawed usage of
13664-572: The verbal root lyh with the meaning of "lofty" or "hidden"). The use of Allah as the name of a deity appears as early as the first century . An inscription using the Ancient South Arabian script in Old Arabic from Qaryat al-Fāw reads, "to Kahl and lh and ʿAththar ( b-khl w-lh w-ʿṯr )". Cognates of the name "Allāh" exist in other Semitic languages , including Hebrew and Aramaic . The corresponding Aramaic form
13786-499: The war against Khuza'a. 2. Al-Azraqī mentions that Ḥalil liked Quṣay, and gave him his daughter's hand during his lifetime. Quṣay became the father of Abd al-Dar, Abd Manaf and Abd al-Uzza among others. Now when Ḥalīl became old he used to give the key of the Kaabah to his daughter, and she would pass it to her husband to open up the Sacred House. When Ḥalīl was dying he considered the fact that Quṣay had so many offspring and that they were well established, and he bequeathed him control of
13908-624: Was a fierce battle which was known as “The Day of Abṭaḥ” ( Yawm Abṭaḥ ); there were many casualties on both sides but the army of Quṣay was victorious. Finally both sides decided that they should seek a ruling about what to do; they consulted the leader of Banu Kinanah, Ya’mar bin ‘Awf bin Kaab bin ‘Āmir bin Layth bin Bakr bin ‘Abd Manāt bin Kinanah, and he decide that Quṣay should forget all the injuries sustained by him and his men, and that in recompense for
14030-486: Was among the people in the mosque, Amr recited a poem to him about the agreements and affiliations between them and Khuza'a. Then Muhammad said: “You have our help, O Amr ibn Salim!” He looked towards a cloud in the sky, saying: “This will make the victory of the Banu Kaab easy!” Nawfil ibn Mu'awiyah al-Di'li al-Kinani apologized for his people saying: “The riders are lying to you.” But Muhammad said: “Never mind about
14152-650: Was dragging his intestines through hellfire.” And those sons of Kaab are the ones about whom Ibn 'Abbās said: “The Quran was sent down in the dialect of Kaabs: Kaab bin Kaab bin Lu’ayy and Kaab bin Amr bin Luhay.” Hadith 3: The narration of Aktham ibn Abī Ḥabbūn al-Khuza'i, when Muhammad said to him, “O Aktham! I saw Rabiah ibn Luhay bin Qum’ah bin Khandaf dragging his intestines in the fire, and I have never seen any man more like him than you; nor more like you than him.” Aktham asked: “Are you afraid that being like him will harm me, o Messenger of Allah?” And he replied: ”No, you are
14274-418: Was gradually eclipsed by more particularized local deities. There is disagreement on whether Allah played a major role in the Meccan religious cult. No iconic representation of Allah is known to have existed. Muhammad's father's name was ʿAbd-Allāh meaning "the slave of Allāh". The interpretation that Pre-Islamic Arabs once practiced Abrahamic religions is supported by some literary evidence, being
14396-496: Was held in great respect. After the death of Ḥalīl, Qusay thought he had more right to govern Mecca than Khuzā’a since the tribe of Quraysh were the cream of the sons of Ishmael son of Ibrāhīm and he was their pure descendant. The sons of Kinanah and Quraysh joined to help him to expel Khuza'a and Banu Bakr from Mecca. He sent a message to his stepbrother, Razah bin Rabiah, asking him to assist, and he did indeed come. Razah rushed to Mecca with his tribe from Quda'a, to help his brother in
14518-455: Was introduced. Amr ibn Luhay became very famous among the other Arab tribes, because he fed all the pilgrims to the Sacred House, and distributed Yemeni cloaks to them. Many of the tribes started to visit Mecca on pilgrimage, and took their own idols with them, placing them around the Kaaba to worship. It is narrated that Banu Qays Aylan bin MuDar coveted the Sacred House and they came one day in
14640-406: Was probably influenced by the study of comparative religion in the 19th century; for example, Thomas Carlyle (1840) sometimes used the term Allah but without any implication that Allah was anything different from God. However, in his biography of Muḥammad (1934), Tor Andræ always used the term Allah , though he allows that this "conception of God" seems to imply that it is different from that of
14762-490: Was replaced with the Islamic notion of a powerful but provident and merciful God. According to Francis Edward Peters , "The Qur'ān insists, Muslims believe, and historians affirm that Muhammad and his followers worship the same God as the Jews ( 29:46 ). The Qur'an's Allah is the same Creator God who covenanted with Abraham ". Peters states that the Qur'an portrays Allah as both more powerful and more remote than Yahweh , and as
14884-662: Was with Allah". Muslim commentators likewise used the term Allah for the Biblical concept of God. Ibn Qutayba writes "You cannot serve both Allah and Mammon.". However, Muslim translators of the Middle East, North Africa, and Asia rarely translated the Tetragrammaton , referring to the supreme being in Israelite tradition, as Allah . Instead, most commentators either translated Yahweh as either yahwah or rabb ,
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