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39-573: The R-5 was developed by OKB-1 as a single-stage missile with a detachable warhead reentry vehicle. The R-5M was a nuclear armed missile with greater payload and weight entered service in March 1956, was deployed along the western and eastern Russian borders, and in 1959 was installed in East Germany , the first Soviet nuclear missile bases outside the USSR. The missile was retired in 1967, superseded by

78-468: A decade before Mishin took control. It was selected for a lunar landing mission, which required a design capable of putting ninety-five tons of cargo into orbit, up from fifty and later seventy-five ton requirements earlier in development. Under Korolev, a precedent of forgoing much of the usual ground testing had been begun. According to Korolev, this was because proper facilities would not be funded, and it would also allow for earlier test flights. Some of

117-501: A detachable reentry vehicle with a payload capacity of 1,000 kg (2,200 lb). Quickly upgraded to the nuclear-capable R-5M, this missile was just under 21 m (69 ft) long and 1.652 m (5 ft 5.0 in) in diameter, had a dry weight of 4,390 kg (9,680 lb) (fueled, 29,100 kg (64,200 lb)), and carried a 1,350 kg (2,980 lb) payload. The R-5 had an accuracy of 1.5 km (0.93 mi) downrange and 1.25 km (0.78 mi) cross-range from

156-657: A large part of the Russian space program, and a considerable part of the World's space program, with its Soyuz spacecraft having become the only crewed spacecraft conducting regular flights and the exclusive crew transport vehicle for the International Space Station from the Space Shuttle retirement in 2011 and until the maiden flight of Crew Dragon Endeavour in 2020. The Chinese Shenzhou program

195-533: A nuclear warhead. This rocket, which would be the world's first nuclear missile, was a stopgap weapon pending the development of an ICBM, the development of both of which had been decreed by the USSR Council of Ministers in late 1953. Test flights of this new rocket flew from January 1955 through February 1956. The test on 2 February 1956 involved a live nuclear payload, with a yield of less than 3 kilotons. This flight earned Korolev and his deputy, Vasily Mishin ,

234-509: Is a Russian manufacturer of spacecraft and space station components. Its name is derived from the Russian word for energy and is also named for Sergei Pavlovich Korolev , the first chief of its design bureau and the driving force behind early Soviet accomplishments in space exploration. Energia is the largest company of the Russian space industry and one of its key players. It is responsible for all operations involving human spaceflight and

273-479: Is a network structure that unites specialists and heads of different divisions to quickly develop and launch innovative products. KIPM was established in early 2016 on the initiative of a group of young engineers from the RSC Energia. The main task of the new structure is to give young specialists the opportunity to realize their creative ideas. The main criterion for projects selecting is their potential demand in

312-545: Is the lead developer of the Soyuz and Progress spacecraft, and the lead developer of the Russian end of the International Space Station (ISS). In the mid-2000s, the company employed 22,000–30,000 people. The enterprise has been awarded 4 Orders of Lenin , Order of the October Revolution and Russian Federation President's Message of Thanks. In addition, 14 cosmonauts employed by the company have been awarded

351-487: Is the only other program in the world with planned semi-regular crewed spaceflights. The President of Energia , Vitaly Lopota , was removed from his post as president on August 1, 2014. Dmitry Rogozin indicated that this was the start of "long-awaited personnel reform in [the Russian] space industry... Tough times require tough decisions". Lopota was offered the position of vice president for technological development in

390-694: The Baltic states , Crimea , and the Russian Far East. In 1959, the R-5M was installed at Vogelsang, Zehdenick and Fürstenberg/Havel in East Germany , the first Soviet nuclear missile bases outside the USSR. Known by the American Department of Defense as the SS-3 and by NATO as the "Shyster", the R-5M left service in 1967, superseded by the more effective R-12 . A scientific version of

429-663: The Moscow Aviation Institute . Mishin was one of the first Soviet specialists to see Nazi Germany's V-2 facilities at the end of World War II , along with others such as Sergei Korolev , who preceded him as the OKB-1 design bureau head, and Valentin Glushko , who succeeded him. Mishin worked with Korolev as his deputy in the Experimental Design Bureau working on projects such as

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468-461: The R-12 . In 1958, R-5A rockets were used to launch pairs of dogs to altitudes above 450 km (280 mi). The R-5 was a single-stage Medium Range Ballistic Missile (MRBM) with a range of 1,200 km (750 mi). Using 92% ethanol for fuel and liquid oxygen as an oxidizer , the rocket had a dry weight of 4,030 kg (8,880 lb) (fueled, 28,900 kg (63,700 lb)) and carried

507-403: The Soyuz spacecraft and the details of its operation, his lack of cooperation in working with the cosmonauts in flight and training activities" and asked Nikolai Kamanin for him to be cited in the official report into the Soyuz 1 crash, which killed Vladimir Komarov . Leonov described Mishin as "hesitant, uninspiring, poor at making decisions, over-reluctant to take risks and bad at managing

546-461: The United Rocket and Space Corporation , the new company formed in 2013 to re-nationalize the Russian space industry. Energia builds: Over the years the products of Energia and its predecessors included: Including meteorological rockets as their modifications: Committee of Innovative Youth Projects (Russian: Комитет инновационных проектов молодежи) also known as KIPM of RSC Energia

585-509: The Launchpad was repaired. For the first time all thirty engines of the first stage fired successfully, which was the cause of the failure of the flight. When all engines fired together, it created unexpectedly high roll (rotation along the axis of thrust), which was beyond the strength of the compensating vernier engines , designed to keep stable flight. This was another failure that might have been prevented with proper ground testing. For

624-807: The R-5, the R-5A, was finished in 1958. Its first flight was 21 February 1958, and in its subsequent three flights, the rocket carried pairs of space dogs to altitudes of more than 400 km (250 mi), offering nine minutes of zero gravity. Other variants of the R-5, including the R-5B, R-5V, and Vertikal, were used until well into the 1970's for test of equipment and for scientific research. OKB-1 S.P. Korolev Rocket and Space Corporation "Energia" ( Russian : Ракетно-космическая корпорация «Энергия» им. С. П. Королёва , romanized :  Raketno-kosmicheskaya korporatsiya «Energiya» im. S. P. Korolova )

663-460: The USSR to date, its innovations were to include fuel and oxidizer tanks that were integral to (not separate from) the frame of the rocket. In addition, the large, heavy graphite stabilizing fins of its predecessors were to be omitted. Rather than use ethanol as fuel, the R-3 would use the more-efficient kerosene . Neither Valentin Glushko of OKB-486 nor NII-1's Aleksandr Polyarniy were able to produce

702-654: The advanced engines required for the design. As a result, in the spring of 1951, Korolev revised his plans to instead concentrate on an easier stepping stone toward an ICBM. His team had already managed to create the R-3A, an experiment rocket with a range of 900 km (560 mi). Using the RD-103 engine, a evolution of the RD-101 used in the R-2 missile, and by reducing the weight of the rocket through use of integrated tankage (while at

741-636: The aim point, substantially greater than that of the R-1 and R-2 missiles . With its range (five times that of the R-1; more than twice that of the R-2), accuracy, and atomic armament, the R-5M was the Soviet Union's first real strategic missile, carrying a nuclear warhead yielding at least 80 kilotons (kt). Later, the R-5M received a 1 megaton (mt) thermonuclear warhead. The R-1 and R-2, developed by NII-88 under

780-464: The calculations necessary to compensate for the missing motors, which would allow the same flight path to be maintained. The N1, despite its necessity for planned missions, was never successfully flown. The first test flight, on 3 February 1969, had internal plumbing issues which led to a fire one minute in. It did, however, demonstrate the KORD system working successfully as well as proper deployment of

819-408: The cosmonaut corps" Other failures during his term of leadership were the deaths of the Soyuz 11 crew, the loss of three space stations, and computer failures in four probes sent to Mars. On 15 May 1974, while he was in the hospital, Mishin was replaced by a rival, Chief Engine Designer Valentin Glushko , after all four N1 test launches failed. He continued his educational and research works as

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858-673: The development of the first Soviet ICBM as well in the Sputnik and Vostok programs. He became head of Korolev's OKB-1 design bureau and was the Chief Designer after Korolev's death in 1966, during surgery to remove a tumor from Korolev's colon. He inherited the N1 rocket program, intended to land a man on the Moon, but which turned out to be fatally flawed (largely due to lack of adequate funding). N1 development began on 14 September 1956,

897-420: The ejection safety system. The second launch, on July 3, experienced failure seconds after ignition, causing the rocket to fall back on the Launchpad and create significant damage. The third N1 launch occurred on 22 June 1971, after improvements were made to KORD, the cabling, and fuel pumps, and the addition of an extinguishment system and filters. Before the launch, the individual engines were further tested and

936-477: The failures Mishin faced during his leadership could have been avoided if further testing had been conducted at this stage. To handle engine failures, the KORD system was created under Mishin. To prevent the rocket from having uneven flight that would result from the unbalanced thrust caused by a malfunctioning motor, the faulty motor and the motor opposite it in the rocket base would be turned off. KORD would also make

975-425: The first series, was scheduled for mid-1954. These began 12 August 1954, continuing through 7 February 1955. These tests confirmed the soundness of the design and cleared the way for nuclear and sounding rocket variants. One issue that surfaced in this final round of testing was an increasing vibration of the control fins during flight, caused by flexing of the long rocket as it traveled. This problem had been unknown on

1014-446: The first time in 1959. The road-transportable missiles could be set up vertically for launch at any soil-stabilized or concrete-covered site. It took about five hours to ready the missile for firing, where it could remain at the ready (with a reaction time of about 15 minutes) as much as one hour. Initially deployed with nuclear warheads of 80 kt yields or more, one megaton thermonuclear warheads were later installed on missiles on duty in

1053-459: The fourth and what would become the final flight of the N1, further refinements were made, including four additional vernier engines, additional heat shielding for internal components, a new digital control system, and additional sensors paired with a high speed relay system. The Soviet Space program was now eyeing creating a base on the Moon, but first needed to finally succeed with this design. The launch

1092-575: The head of rocket department of Moscow Aviation Institute. Vasily Mishin was awarded the title Hero of Socialist Labour for his work with the Soviet space program. He died in Moscow on 10 October 2001 at the age of 84. His diaries, containing information on the program from 1960 to 1974, were purchased by the Perot Foundation in 1993. In 1997 a small part of the collection was donated to

1131-695: The market. Currently KIPM work on five projects: Vasily Mishin Vasily Pavlovich Mishin ( Russian : Василий Павлович Мишин ; 18 January 1917 – 10 October 2001) was a Russian engineer in the former Soviet Union , and a prominent rocket pioneer, best remembered for the failures in the Soviet space program that took place under his management. Mishin was born in Byvalino in the Bogorodsky Uyezd , and studied mathematics at

1170-546: The precision of engine cutoff and thus accuracy. The R-5 missile used combined autonomous inertial control with lateral radio-correction for guidance and control. The R-5 underwent its first series of eight test launches from 15 March to 23 May 1953. After two failures, the third rocket, launched 2 April, marked the beginning of streak of success. Seven more missiles were launched between 30 October and December, all of which reached their targets. A final series of launches, designed to test modifications made in response to issues with

1209-497: The same time increasing propellant load by 60% over the R-2), the R-5 would have a range of 1,200 km (750 mi). The military had much more confidence in this incremental design than the radical leap forward that was the R-3, and work proceeded apace. Other innovations over the R-1/R-2 included small aerodynamic rudders run by servomotors to replace the big fins of the R-1/R-2, and longitudinal acceleration integrators to improve

R-5 Pobeda - Misplaced Pages Continue

1248-526: The shorter R-1 and R-2 rockets, and it posed a potential hazard to the structural integrity of the missile. The vibrations of the frame and fuel also interfered with the guidance system. The experience gained from solving these problems was applied not just to the R-5 but all subsequent missiles, including the R-7 Semyorka . Upon the completion of the R-5 design, work began on the nuclear-capable R-5M with similar launch mass and range, but designed to carry

1287-509: The supervision of Chief Designer Sergei Korolev were essentially direct descendants of the German V-2 rocket developed during World War Two . Korolev's next design, the 27 m (89 ft)-long, 3,000 km (1,900 mi) range R-3, was a bold step forward in the fulfillment of Josef Stalin 's 1947 request for a "transatlantic" Intercontinental Ballistic Missile (ICBM). By far the largest and costliest ballistic missile program in

1326-553: The title Hero of Socialist Labor . 20 engineers at NII-88 received the Order of Lenin . The R-5 entered military service in 1955. The R-5M entered service in March 1956 with the designation "8K51". On 2 June 1956, the R-5M was introduced into the Strategic Rocket Forces . 48 missiles were deployed, primarily at sites close to the USSR's western borders, over the course of the next two years. They were put on alert for

1365-648: The title " Hero of the Russian Federation ". The company consists of the following subsidiaries and branches: As of 2009 , 38% of the company's stock was owned by the Russian state. The company was founded on 26 August 1946 and has been known successively as: It is named after the first chief of its design bureau Sergei Korolev (1946–1966). His successors as chief designers were: Vasily Mishin (1966–1974), Valentin Glushko (1974–1989), Yuriy Semenov  [ ru ] (1989–2005), Nikolai Sevastianov (2005–2007). Its President and Chief designer

1404-432: Was Vitaly Lopota , until 1 August 2014. Korolev's design bureau was, beginning with the first artificial satellite Sputnik 1 and the first crewed spaceflight of Vostok 1 , responsible for a major part of the Soviet space program. It was the main rival of OKB-52 (later known as TsKBM , then the design bureau of Vladimir Chelomei ) during the Soviet crewed lunar programs and the Soviet space station program . OKB-1

1443-731: Was among others responsible for the development of the crewed Soyuz spacecraft and its Soyuz rocket , the N1 "Moon Shot" rocket , large parts of the Salyut space station program , the uncrewed Progress resupply craft and designed the Energia rocket for the Buran space shuttle program . Since the early beginnings of the Luna programme it designed many space probes, among others of the Venera , Zond and Mars program . The company continues to dominate

1482-519: Was not known as an able administrator. He is often blamed for the failure of the program to put a man on the Moon, and faced criticisms for his alcohol consumption. He was described by Soviet Premier Nikita Khrushchev as "not [having] the slightest idea how to cope with the many thousands of people, the management of whom had been loaded onto his shoulders, nor make the huge irreversible government machine work for him." In May 1967, Yuri Gagarin and Alexei Leonov criticised Mishin's "poor knowledge of

1521-460: Was on 23 November 1972, with a Mishin approved flight plan to orbit the Moon forty-two times, with flight activities such as taking pictures of future landing sites, before returning to Earth on December 4. The rocket preceded farther than its predecessors, but shortly before the first stage was to separate one engine caught fire, causing the entire structure to explode, but not before the escape system activated. Despite his skills in rocketry, Mishin

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