122-562: [REDACTED] Look up rm in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. RM , rm , R.M. or R&M may refer to: Arts and entertainment [ edit ] Race Modification, a gameplay feature in the Gran Turismo series of video games Random map , a randomly generated map in strategy games RauteMusik.FM , a German Internet Radio Station RM (musician) , born Kim Nam-joon,
244-635: A Gran Turismo -themed cafe opened at the Twin Ring Motegi racetrack. The series also performed as technical support for cars in the LMP1 class of the 24 Hours of Le Mans . The GT Academy was a driver discovery/development program initiated through a partnership between Sony Computer Entertainment Europe, Polyphony Digital, and Nissan Europe. The program lasted from 2008 to 2016. Online qualifiers were held within Gran Turismo , with
366-619: A concept car simulator for many car manufacturers. In 2023, the series received a film adaptation , and it became a sport for the Olympic Esports with the backing of the FIA . In 2024 Mercedes-AMG recognized Gran Turismo 7 as a simulator for the Mercedes-AMG GT3 race car . The Gran Turismo series is known for its accurate driving physics emulation, a large number of licensed vehicles, attention to vehicle detail,
488-406: A South Korean rapper, composer and person who produces music The R.M. , a comedy film Running Man (TV program) , a South Korean variety television program Business and finance [ edit ] Companies [ edit ] Récoltant-Manipulant , a designation for champagne producers with their own label Reichle & De-Massari (R&M), a Swiss family tech business RM,
610-525: A Spanish football club Titles [ edit ] Radioman , a former rate of the U.S. Navy Raksha Mantri , the defense minister of India Registered Midwife, a legally registered or certified professional midwife Reiki Master , one level of the three-tiered hierarchy of Reiki Resident magistrate Returned Missionary , a Mormon who has served as a missionary Other uses [ edit ] Reasoning Mind , an American school math initiative Récoltant-Manipulant , champagne made by
732-490: A chat room to talk over private races with up to 100 people at once. Gran Turismo HD Concept , a demo, was the first PS3 sim in the series, and released in 2006. It had ten playable cars and one track. Since Gran Turismo 5 Prologue launched on the PS3 in 2007, the series has included online play. The sim enabled users to race online with up to 16 players on track at once. Another installment titled simply Gran Turismo
854-687: A clothing line by Roland Mouret RM Education , a British computer firm RM Sotheby's , a classic car auctioneers Currencies [ edit ] Malaysian ringgit , Malaysia (ISO 4217: MYR ) Reichsmark (ℛℳ), German currency during the Weimar Republic and the Third Reich Methods and disciplines [ edit ] Rapid manufacturing , computer-automated additive manufacturing method Records management , an information archiving practice Relationship marketing , in marketing jargon Revenue management ,
976-556: A data format provided by RealNetworks Relational model , a database model based on predicate logic and set theory Reset Mode (ANSI) , an ANSI X3.64 escape sequence Resource Management , a service in Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) networks Reuters Messaging , an instant messenger application rm (Unix) , a Unix command for the removal of files Physics [ edit ] Faraday rotation measure , in astrophysics Magnetic Reynolds number ,
1098-614: A discipline aimed at maximize profit for businesses Risk management , identification and prioritization of business risks Military [ edit ] Radioman , a rating for the United States Navy Regia Marina , the Italian Navy prior to 1946 Royal Marines , the United Kingdom's amphibious forces Places [ edit ] Countries [ edit ] Madagascar , per
1220-400: A documentary film covering the past 15 years of the game series up until that point, titled KAZ: Pushing The Virtual Divide . It was released on 22 January 2014 on Hulu . In 2013, Sony Pictures announced it was developing a Gran Turismo film with Michael De Luca and Dana Brunetti producing it, with a script by Alex Tse . In 2015, Joseph Kosinski was set to direct the film, with
1342-670: A general advance. When the Union Sixth Corps broke through Confederate lines on the Boydton Plank Road south of Petersburg, Confederate casualties exceeded 5,000, about a tenth of Lee's defending army. Lee then informed President Jefferson Davis that he intended to evacuate Richmond. On April 2, 1865, the Confederate Army began Richmond's evacuation. Confederate President Davis and his cabinet, Confederate government archives, and its treasury's gold, left
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#17327724354441464-462: A general retreat southwestward, and General Lee continued to reject General Grant's surrender entreaties until Sheridan's infantry and cavalry encircled the shrinking Army of Northern Virginia and cut off its ability to retreat further on April 8. Lee surrendered his remaining approximately 10,000 troops the following morning at Appomattox Court House , meeting Grant at the McLean Home. Davis
1586-633: A major railroad crossroads, showcasing the world's first triple railroad crossing. Tobacco warehousing and processing continued to play a central economic role, advanced by the world's first cigarette-rolling machine that James Albert Bonsack of Roanoke invented between 1880 and 1881. Another important contributor to Richmond's resurgence was the Richmond Union Passenger Railway , a trolley system developed by electric power pioneer Frank J. Sprague . The system opened its first Richmond line in 1888, using an overhead wire and
1708-709: A modified GT4P engine. The Gran Turismo 4 – BMW 1-Series demo disc features two models of the BMW 1 Series (120i and 120d), and three Gran Turismo 4 tracks – including the Nürburgring (driving around this circuit was limited to three minutes). BMW customers in the United Kingdom who ordered a 1-series before its official release date were invited to a private event at the Rockingham Motor Speedway in Northamptonshire . On departure from
1830-466: A more centralized location for Virginia's increasing western population and theoretically isolating the capital from a British attack from the coast. In 1781, Loyalist troops led by Benedict Arnold led a raid on Richmond and burnt it, leading Governor Thomas Jefferson to flee while the Virginia militia , led by Sampson Mathews , unsuccessfully defended the city. Richmond recovered quickly from
1952-483: A multimillion-dollar flood wall was completed, protecting the city's low-lying areas from the oft-rising James River. Consequently, the River District businesses grew rapidly, bolstered by the creation of a Canal Walk along the city's former industrial canals. Today the area is home to much of Richmond's entertainment, dining, and nightlife activity. In 1996, racial tensions grew amid controversy about adding
2074-522: A new one, collecting a garage of vehicles. Gran Turismo was first modern simulator of the 21st century to introduce racing with a wheel, instead of a controller. The series' origins can be traced back to 1992, when Kazunori Yamauchi , at the time an employee at Sony Computer Entertainment Japan , started developing the original Gran Turismo with a team named Polys Entertainment; that started with five people and eventually became seventeen. The development took five years to complete. In comparison to
2196-591: A new screenplay by Jon and Erich Hoeber. By 2018, the Kosinski version was no longer moving forward. On 26 May 2022, a new iteration of the Gran Turismo film was revealed to be in development, with Neill Blomkamp eyed to direct. On 14 June 2022, it was confirmed that Blomkamp would direct and announced that the film would be released on 11 August 2023, which is intended to be a non-fiction Bildungsroman focusing on GT Academy 2011 graduate Jann Mardenborough and his transition from gamer to race car driver. It
2318-560: A popular game for esports competitions. Gran Turismo 7 was strongly criticized by players for its implementation of microtransactions and a " pay-to-play " system. The user score in Metacritic as of 20 March 2022 is 2.2 out of 10, which is Sony's lowest user rating and the lowest score in PlayStation exclusive history on the site to date. Because of the success of the Gran Turismo series, Guinness World Records awarded
2440-447: A racer who is ranked at the top at the GT academy and who is not thrilled to see Mardenborough excel. Both Djimon Hounsou and Geri Halliwell-Horner will play Mardenborough's parents and Daniel Puig as his brother, Josha Stradowski as Mardenborough's rival and Thomas Kretschmann as his father. Richmond, Virginia Richmond ( / ˈ r ɪ tʃ m ə n d / RITCH -mənd )
2562-672: A railroad hub, and one of the largest slave markets. It also had the largest Confederate arms factory, the Tredegar Iron Works . The factory produced artillery and other munitions, including heavy ordnance machinery and the 723 tons of armor plating that covered the CSS Virginia , the world's first ironclad ship used in war. The Confederate States Congress shared quarters in the Jefferson-designed Virginia State Capitol with
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#17327724354442684-400: A ratio used in magnetohydrodynamics Molière radius (Rm), in high energy physics Vehicles [ edit ] AEC Routemaster , the traditional London bus China Railways RM , a Chinese steam locomotive Rail Motor , a self-propelled rail car SJ Rm , a Swedish locomotive Sport [ edit ] One rep maximum , or 1RM, a weight training term Real Madrid C.F. ,
2806-495: A suburban character as part of Chesterfield County before being annexed by Richmond, most notably in 1970. Richmond has a humid subtropical ( Köppen : Cfa ) or oceanic ( Trewartha : Do ) climate, with hot, humid summers and moderately cold winters. The mountains to the west act as a partial barrier to outbreaks of cold, continental air in winter. Arctic air is delayed long enough to be modified and further warmed as it subsides in its approach to Richmond. The open waters of
2928-453: A trolley pole to connect to the current and electric motors on the car's trucks. The success led to electric streetcar lines rapidly spreading to other cities. A post-World War II transition to buses from streetcars began in May 1947 and was completed on November 25, 1949. By the beginning of the 20th century, the city's population had reached 85,050 in 5 sq mi (13 km ), making it
3050-784: A type of district in Canada Locations in the United States [ edit ] Richard Montgomery High School , Rockville, Maryland Richmond, Virginia Rocky Mount, North Carolina Regions [ edit ] Metropolitan City of Rome Capital , Italy (ISO 3166-2:IT code) Province of Rome , Italy RM postal area , the UK postcode area for Romford Santiago Metropolitan Region of Chile (Spanish: Región Metropolitana de Santiago ) Science and technology [ edit ] Biology and medicine [ edit ] Range of motion , or range of movement,
3172-498: Is 11 °F (−12 °C), set on February 11 and 12, 1899 . The record warm minimum is 81 °F (27 °C), set on July 12, 2011. The warmest months recorded were July 2020 and August 1900, both averaging 82.9°F (28.3 °C). The coldest, January 1940, averaged 24.2 °F (-4.3 °C). Precipitation is rather uniformly distributed throughout the year. Dry periods lasting several weeks sometimes occur, especially in autumn, when long periods of pleasant, mild weather are most common. There
3294-697: Is considerable variability in total monthly precipitation amounts from year to year, so no one month can be depended to be normal. Snow has been recorded during seven of the 12 months. Falls of 4 in (10 cm) or more within 24 hours occur once a year on average. Annual snowfall is usually moderate, averaging 10.5 in (27 cm) per season. Snow typically remains on the ground for only one or two days, but it remained for 16 days in 2010 (January 30 to February 14). Ice storms (freezing rain or glaze) are not uncommon, but they are seldom severe enough to cause considerable damage. The James River reaches tidewater at Richmond, where flooding may occur in any month of
3416-485: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Gran Turismo (series) Gran Turismo is a series driving simulators developed by Polyphony Digital and published by Sony Interactive Entertainment for PlayStation consoles . Gran Turismo simulators are intended to emulate the appearance and performance of a large selection of vehicles, most of which are licensed reproductions of real-world automobiles. Since
3538-682: Is home to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the 4th Circuit and a Federal Reserve Bank (one of 13 such courts and one of 12 such banks ). After the first permanent English-speaking settlement was established at Jamestown, Virginia , in April 1607, Captain Christopher Newport led explorers northwest up the James River to an inhabited area in the Powhatan Nation. Richmond was Arrohattoc territory where Arrohateck village
3660-502: Is located at the James River's fall line , 44 mi (71 km) west of Williamsburg , 66 mi (106 km) east of Charlottesville , 91 mi (146 km) east of Lynchburg and 92 mi (148 km) south of Washington, D.C. Surrounded by Henrico and Chesterfield counties, Richmond is at the intersection of Interstate 95 and Interstate 64 and encircled by Interstate 295 , Virginia State Route 150 and Virginia State Route 288 . Major suburbs include Midlothian to
3782-443: Is no doubt that his work has a huge cultural resonance with people today. He has driven the racing game genre to new levels of realism and his creations are as much art as technology. Ronda’s association with Gran Turismo is also a reflection that our ancient city is a modern, vibrant place to live and very much part of the 21st century." As of 16 November 2022, more than 90 million copies of Gran Turismo titles have been sold. It
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3904-530: Is the capital city of the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. Incorporated in 1742, Richmond has been an independent city since 1871. The city's population in the 2020 census was 226,610, up from 204,214 in 2010, making it Virginia's fourth-most populous city . The Richmond metropolitan area , with over 1.3 million residents, is the Commonwealth's third-most populous . Richmond
4026-732: Is the city's traditional hub of African American commerce and culture, once known as the "Black Wall Street of America" and the "Harlem of the South." At the beginning of the 20th century, Richmond had one of the world's first successful electric streetcar systems. Law, finance, and government primarily drive Richmond's economy. The downtown area is home to federal, state, and local governmental agencies as well as notable legal and banking firms. The greater metropolitan area includes several Fortune 500 companies: Performance Food Group , Altria , CarMax , Dominion Energy , Markel , Owens and Minor , Genworth Financial , and ARKO Corp . The city
4148-416: Is the highest-selling sim series on PlayStation consoles. The first Gran Turismo sold just under 11 million copies, making it the highest-selling sim on the original PlayStation. Gran Turismo 2 is the third-best selling sim on the console, at 9 million. As of 2022, Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec was the highest-selling out of the entire series, at 15 million copies. It was also the second-highest selling game on
4270-720: The Blue Ridge Mountains . Significant bodies of water in the region include the James River , the Appomattox River , and the Chickahominy River . The Richmond-Petersburg Metropolitan Statistical Area (MSA), the 44th largest in the United States, includes the independent cities of Richmond, Colonial Heights , Hopewell , and Petersburg , and the counties of Charles City , Chesterfield , Dinwiddie , Goochland , Hanover , Henrico , New Kent , Powhatan , and Prince George . On July 1, 2009,
4392-610: The Chesapeake Bay and Atlantic Ocean contribute to the humid summers and cool winters. The coldest weather normally occurs from late December to early February, and the January daily mean temperature is 37.9 °F (3.3 °C), with an average of 6.0 days with highs at or below the freezing mark. Richmond's Downtown and areas south and east of downtown are in USDA Hardiness zones 7b. Surrounding suburbs and areas to
4514-784: The Colony and Dominion of Virginia in 1780. During the Revolutionary War period, several notable events occurred in the city, including Patrick Henry 's " Give me liberty, or give me death! " speech in 1775 at St. John's Church and the passage of the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom written by Thomas Jefferson . During the American Civil War , Richmond was the capital of the Confederate States of America . The Jackson Ward neighborhood
4636-757: The Gran Turismo – Nissan 350Z Edition demo disc also comes in one of the many press kits available for the Nissan 350Z in the United States. There is no confirmation that a European version exists. The press kit containing the game demo comes with two other discs inside a silver folder. An additional booklet with information and pictures of the Nissan 350Z is also included. The game ran on a modified Gran Turismo Concept engine and races are limited on 150 seconds. Only Côte d'Azur, not available in Gran Turismo Concept but available in Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec ,
4758-948: The Mistubishi Lancer Evolution VIII . The first seven models of the Lancer Evolution series were only sold in Japan, and the eighth model was brought to America in a decision Mitsubishi said was partially inspired by the popularity of the game. The TVR car brand from the United Kingdom increased six-fold in sales after its inclusion in the first game. The series has partnerships with Japan Race Promotion, Brembo , Michelin , Mazda , Toyota Gazoo Racing , BBS , and Fanatec . The series has worked with Mercedes-Benz , BMW , Mitsubishi , Volkswagen , Nissan , Chaparral , Subaru , Mazda, Infiniti , Alpine , Dodge , Bugatti , Lamborghini , Ferrari , and various other car manufactures to come up with cars for
4880-656: The Nismo Global Driver Exchange and go on to race in the following years' Dubai 24 Hour . Winners of the Gran Turismo Academy include Lucas Ordóñez , Jordan Tresson and Jann Mardenborough , who have all gone on to compete in professional real-life racing. Some of these winners, who would normally be seen as "non-professionals", have received praise relating to how they are as skilled as drivers with years of experience. Based on this merit, four GT Academy drivers have been barred entry to
5002-679: The Pikes Peak International Hill Climb as of November 2014, D1GP since the 2008 season , the 2004 Race of Champions , the first chicane on the Mulsanne Straight at Circuit de la Sarthe until 2012, and racing teams/drivers such as Prost Grand Prix , Pescarolo Sport , Audi/Oreca , Peugeot , Abt Sportsline , Signatech - Nissan , Audi A4 DTM, Vita4One - BMW Z4 , Aston Martin Rapide S, Igor Fraga , Lewis Hamilton , and Sébastien Loeb . In 2009,
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5124-518: The PlayStation 3 (PS3) was a "nightmare", and the game's release was delayed multiple times. Gran Turismo 4 Online Test Version , Polyphony's test of future series development, was released for the PS2 in 2006 . It featured online play, which was a feature cut out of Gran Turismo 4 mid-development. When online, players could join races seeking entrants, look at other players' profiles, or join up
5246-683: The River Thames . In 1742, the settlement was incorporated as a town. In 1775, Patrick Henry delivered his famous " Give me liberty, or give me death " speech in Richmond's St. John's Church , greatly influencing Virginia's participation in the First Continental Congress and the course of the American Revolution . On April 18, 1780, the state capital was moved from Williamsburg to Richmond, providing
5368-622: The United States Census Bureau , the city has a total area of 62 sq mi (160 km ), of which 60 sq mi (160 km ) is land and 2.7 sq mi (7.0 km ) (4.3%) is water. The city is in the Piedmont region of Virginia , at the James River's highest navigable point. The Piedmont region is characterized by relatively low, rolling hills, and lies between the low, flat Tidewater region and
5490-647: The Virginia General Assembly . The Confederacy's executive mansion, known as the " White House of the Confederacy ," was two blocks away on Clay Street. Located about 100 mi (160 km) from the national capital in Washington, D.C. , Richmond was at the end of a long supply line and difficult to defend. For four years, its defense required the bulk of the Army of Northern Virginia and
5612-793: The Virginia Historical Society and the Virginia Museum of Fine Arts . South of the Downtown Expressway are Byrd Park , Maymont , Hollywood Cemetery , the predominantly black working-class Randolph neighborhood, and white working-class Oregon Hill . Cary Street between Interstate 195 and the Boulevard is a popular commercial area called Carytown . Richmond's Northside is home to numerous listed historic districts. Neighborhoods such as Chestnut Hill-Plateau and Barton Heights began to be developed at
5734-499: The "B driver", races on the player's behalf, and gains driving skills over their career. They can perform endurance events. A youth-focused Gran Turismo was announced in November 2004 with a scheduled release date of 2005, though the sim was not released at that time. In September 2006, Kazunori Yamauchi confirmed the sim was still in development. In April 2008, while discussing plans for Gran Turismo 5 , Kazunori Yamauchi
5856-503: The 25th Corps of the United States Colored Troops , accepted Richmond's surrender from the mayor and a group of leading citizens who did not evacuate. Union troops eventually contained the fires, but about 25% of the city's buildings were destroyed. On April 3, President Abraham Lincoln visited Grant at Petersburg and took a launch up the James River to Richmond on April 4. While Davis attempted to organize
5978-697: The British GT (specifically the 'gentleman driver' section of the competition). The Gran Turismo World Series is a series of Gran Turismo tournaments held around the world since 2018. In 2021, the FIA and the International Olympic Committee collaborated and hosted the Olympic Virtual Series, in which Gran Turismo Sport was used as one of the games used to host the motorsport event. The motorsport virtual series
6100-705: The Carver and Newtowne West neighborhoods are demographically similar to neighboring Jackson Ward .Carver has seen some gentrification due to its proximity to VCU. The affluent area between the Boulevard , Main Street, Broad Street, and VCU, known as the Fan , is home to Monument Avenue , an outstanding collection of Victorian architecture , and many students. West of the Boulevard is the Museum District, which contains
6222-614: The Confederacy's best troops and commanders. The Union army made Richmond a main target in the campaigns of 1862 and 1864–65. In late June and early July 1862, Union General-in-Chief George B. McClellan threatened but failed to take Richmond in the Seven Days Battles of the Peninsula campaign . Three years later, Richmond became indefensible in March 1865 after nearby Petersburg fell and several remaining rail supply lines to
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#17327724354446344-517: The Confederate attack on Fort Sumter , the Virginia legislature voted to secede from the United States and join the newly created Confederate States of America on April 17, 1861. The action became official in May, after the Confederacy promised to move its national capital to Richmond from Montgomery, Alabama . Richmond held local, state and national Confederate government offices, hospitals,
6466-697: The Confederate government in Danville , Lincoln met Confederate Assistant Secretary of War John A. Campbell , handing him a note inviting Virginia's state legislature to end their rebellion. After Campbell spun the note to Confederate legislators as a possible end to the Emancipation Proclamation , Lincoln rescinded his offer and ordered General Weitzel to prevent the state legislature from meeting. On April 6, Union forces killed, wounded, or captured 8,000 Confederate troops at Sayler's Creek , southwest of Petersburg. The Confederate Army continued
6588-447: The HPI E10 RTR Ford GT LM Race Car Spec II designed by Gran Turismo (200mm), a pre-built officially licensed radio-control car kit built to look exactly like the cover car for Gran Turismo 4 . Plans for future releases include releasing more kits to replicate other Gran Turismo cover cars. Gran Turismo lead to greater involvement of the car industry in racing sims . The series increased sales of several of its playable cars, including
6710-433: The North. Nonetheless, the James Falls area saw more White settlement in the late 1600s and early 1700s. In early 1737, planter William Byrd II commissioned Major William Mayo to lay out the original town grid, completed in April. Byrd named the city after the English town of Richmond near (and now part of) London, because the view of the James River's bend at the fall line reminded him of his home at Richmond Hill on
6832-417: The PS2, behind Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas . Gran Turismo 4 was the third best-selling game on the console. Gran Turismo 5 was the second-highest selling out of the entire series, which IGN attributes to the long wait between the series' main installments. Gran Turismo 6 sold half-the copies of the previous game, being even lower than 5 Prologue . At the Jalopnik Film Festival, Kazunori announced
6954-405: The PS3 in 2013, and was unannounced until shortly before its release. It released after the PlayStation 4 (PS4) was already out, which resulted from the same development issues that effected Gran Turismo 5 . Players now had 1,200 cars to drive with. Yamauchi said the PS4 was much easier to develop for. Gran Turismo Sport was then released for the console in 2017. The sim was the first in
7076-415: The PlayStation's visual capabilities, and had a roster of licensed vehicles larger than any other sim at the time, at 150. The vehicles can also be customized. The game's content was accessible via icons in a hub world . The sim was released for the PlayStation in Japan in 1997, 1998 for North America, Europe, and other territories. By mid-1998, it had sold two million copies in Japan. Polyphony Digital
7198-446: The Prius and the Toyota MTRC concept car. Two tracks were included, Fuji Speedway ('90s version) and Grand Canyon rally track, but each was limited to two minutes of play time. Toyota stopped offering the demo discs when the requests for the marketing brochure became disproportional to the real interest in their cars. The disc became a collectible item for Prius owners and is still sometimes available via auction at eBay. The game ran on
7320-442: The Richmond area. Downtown Richmond averages 84 days of nighttime frost annually. Nighttime frost is more common in areas north and west of Downtown and less common south and east of downtown. From 1981 to 2010, the average first temperature at or below freezing was on October 30 and the average last one on April 10. See or edit raw graph data . Richmond's population is approximately 226,000. As an independent city, Richmond
7442-476: The Richmond—Petersburg MSA 's population was 1,258,251. Richmond is located 21.69 mi (34.91 km) north of Petersburg, Virginia , 66.1 mi (106.4 km) southeast of Charlottesville, Virginia , 79.24 mi (127.52 km) northwest of Norfolk, Virginia , 96.87 mi (155.90 km) south of Washington, D.C. , and 138.72 mi (223.25 km) northeast of Raleigh, North Carolina . Richmond's original street grid, laid out in 1737, included
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#17327724354447564-462: The South and the country. By 1850, Richmond was connected by the Richmond and Petersburg Railroad to Port Walthall , where ships carrying over 200 tons of cargo could connect to Baltimore or Philadelphia . Passenger liners could reach Norfolk, Virginia , through the Hampton Roads harbor. In the 19th century, Richmond was connected to the North by the Richmond, Fredericksburg, and Potomac Railroad , later replaced by CSXT . The railroad also
7686-460: The UN Conventions on Road Traffic Marshall Islands , per the American FIPS 10-4 standard Moldova , an abbreviation of its official Romanian name Republica Moldova ; also per the World Meteorological Organisation Republic of Macedonia (now North Macedonia ) Romania , per the Library of Congress Forms of place [ edit ] Ranch to Market Road , a designation for minor state highways in Texas, US Rural municipality ,
7808-436: The ability to tune a car's performance, and realistic graphics. Its physics emulation includes "real-world dynamics such as weight transfer , suspension response, and understeer/oversteer characteristics". The Sim has been a flagship for the PlayStation console's graphics capabilities, and is often used to demonstrate the system's potential. It has a replay system shown with a cinematic presentation. The physics of
7930-442: The affluent and middle-class suburban Westover Hills, Forest Hill, Southampton, Stratford Hills, Oxford, Huguenot Hills, Hobby Hill, and Woodland Heights to the impoverished Manchester and Blackwell areas, the Hillside Court housing projects, and the ailing Jefferson Davis Highway commercial corridor. Other Southside neighborhoods include Fawnbrook, Broad Rock, Cherry Gardens, Cullenwood, and Beaufont Hills. Much of Southside developed
8052-402: The area between what are now Broad, 17th, and 25th Streets and the James River. Modern Downtown Richmond is slightly farther west, on the slopes of Shockoe Hill. Nearby neighborhoods include Shockoe Bottom , the historically significant and low-lying area between Shockoe Hill and Church Hill , and Monroe Ward, which contains the Jefferson Hotel . Richmond's East End includes neighborhoods like
8174-418: The areas around the Regency Mall. More affluent areas include Glen Allen, Short Pump, and the areas of Tuckahoe away from Regency Mall, all north and northwest of the city. The University of Richmond and the Country Club of Virginia are located on this side of town near the Richmond-Henrico border. The portion of the city south of the James River is known as the Southside. Southside neighborhoods range from
8296-420: The beginning) from used car dealers, and then tune their car at the appropriate parts store for best performance. Certain events are open only to particular types of vehicles. In order to enter and progress through more difficult races, a license-testing system has been implemented, which guides players through skill development. Players may apply prize money won in events to upgrade their existing car or buy
8418-434: The bio-mechanics of respiration Rhabdomyolysis , a condition in which damaged skeletal muscle tissue breaks down, potentially leading to kidney failure Rhesus monkey , a species of Old World monkey native to South, Central and Southeast Asia Rhinitis medicamentosa , or rebound congestion Urinalysis , or "routine and microscopy", an array of tests performed on urine Computing [ edit ] RealMedia ,
8540-419: The chance, and the Bathurst Regional Council is very excited about opening up the Mount Panorama experience through the launch of Gran Turismo 6 ." Also in 2013, series creator Kazunori Yamauchi had a street named in honor of him in the city of Ronda , Spain . Named Paseo de Kazunori Yamauchi, the street snakes around the Parador de Ronda. According to Ronda's city mayor Maria de la Paz Fernandez Lobato, "There
8662-476: The city itself had declined to less than 200,000. On November 2, 2004, former Virginia governor L. Douglas Wilder was elected as the city's first directly elected mayor in over 60 years. Most of the statues honoring Confederate leaders such as the Robert E. Lee monument on Monument Avenue were removed during or after the George Floyd protests on June 2020 following the killing of George Floyd by Minneapolis police officer Derek M. Chauvin . The city removed
8784-468: The city that night by train. Confederate officials burned documents and troops burned tobacco and other warehouses to deny the Union any spoils. In the early morning of April 3, Confederate troops exploded the city's gunpowder magazine, killing several paupers in a temporary Almshouse and a man on 2nd St. The concussion shattered windows all over the city. Later that day, General Godfrey Weitzel , commander of
8906-407: The distance a joint can move between the flexed and extended positions Recurrent miscarriage , referring to multiple consecutive miscarriages Regenerative medicine , the process of replacing or regenerating human cells, tissues or organs to restore or establish normal function Relative migration, in gel electrophoresis Respiratory mechanics , the branch of human physiology focusing upon
9028-431: The downtown area suffered extensive flood damage after the remnants of Hurricane Gaston dumped up to 12 in (300 mm) of rain. Damaging storms occur mainly from snow and freezing rain in winter, and from hurricanes, tornadoes, and severe thunderstorms in other seasons. Damage can come from wind, flooding, rain, or a combination of the three. Tornadoes are infrequent, but some notable ones have been observed in
9150-475: The end of the 19th century when the new streetcar system made it possible for people to live on the city's outskirts and commute downtown. Other prominent Northside neighborhoods include Azalea, Barton Heights, Bellevue, Chamberlayne, Ginter Park, Highland Park, and Rosedale. Farther west is the affluent, suburban West End . Windsor Farms is among its best-known sections. The West End also includes middle- to low-income neighborhoods, such as Laurel, Farmington, and
9272-417: The era's other racing games, which had "over-simplified" arcade-style racing with exaggerated car movement, Gran Turismo is a complex racing simulator. Sony initially rejected Yamauchi's pitch for a realistic racing sim. However, his team was still working on it as a side project. After the success of the team's other arcade racing games, Motor Toon Grand Prix and Motor Toon Grand Prix 2 , he pitched
9394-592: The event, all guests were given a pack containing the demo disc. The game ran on a modified pre-release GT4 engine. With the release of the Nissan Micra Roma, Nissan distributed a press kit for each concessionaire in several countries in Europe to promote the car. This press kit included several photographs, a press information booklet and three discs. One of the discs included in this kit is an official Gran Turismo demo named Nissan Micra Edition. Similarly,
9516-487: The fall line to the ocean-faring ships below. The canal boatmen legacy is represented by the figure in the center of the city flag. Because of the canal and the hydropower the falls generated, Richmond emerged as an important industrial center after the American Revolutionary War (1775–1783). It became home to some of the largest manufacturing facilities, including iron works and flour mills, in
9638-678: The feasibility of making a real-life replica version of the fictional Grand Valley Speedway used in the series. In acknowledgment of the Mount Panorama Circuit 's inclusion in Gran Turismo 6 , the City of Bathurst in Australia unveiled a new street called Gran Turismo Drive in December 2013. Mayor of Bathurst, Gary Rush said "Driving a lap of our world famous motor racing circuit is a life changing experience for those who have
9760-751: The first European settlement in Central Virginia was established at Henricus , where the Falling Creek empties into the James River. In 1619, early Virginia Company settlers established the Falling Creek Ironworks there. Decades of conflicts between the Powhatan and the settlers followed, including the Battle of Bloody Run , fought near Richmond in 1656, after tensions arose from an influx of Manahoacs and Nahyssans from
9882-801: The former city of Manchester consolidated with Richmond, and in 1914 the city annexed Barton Heights, Ginter Park, and Highland Park in Henrico County . In May 1914, Richmond became the headquarters of the Fifth District of the Federal Reserve Bank . Several major performing arts venues were constructed during the 1920s, including what are now the Landmark Theatre, Byrd Theatre, and Carpenter Theatre. The city's first radio station, WRVA , began broadcasting in 1925. WTVR-TV (CBS 6), Richmond's first television station,
10004-404: The franchise's debut in 1997, over 90 million units have been sold worldwide, making it the best selling driving simulator under the PlayStation brand. The series has partnerships with Japan Race Promotion , Brembo , Michelin , Mazda , Toyota Gazoo Racing , BBS and Fanatec . The series uses data from car companies and real-life races for its car physics simulation. It is also used as
10126-704: The franchise, which was released on the short-lived Dreamcast console and later had a sequel on the original Xbox before the franchise died off after low sales success. Turn 10 would later create the Forza Motorsport series for the Xbox consoles, which later saw releases on Windows , which has been often seen as the primary rival of the Gran Turismo series. Other similar titles include Driving Emotion Type-S by Square and Enthusia Professional Racing by Konami . In 2005, Maeda Corporation , in association with Tokyo University of Science , researched
10248-663: The future with the Vision Gran Turismo project. Participating manufacturers in the Gran Turismo World Series are Alfa Romeo , AMG , Aston Martin , Audi , BMW, Chevrolet , Citroën , Dodge, Ferrari, Ford , Genesis , Honda , Hyundai , Jaguar , Lamborghini, Lexus , Mazda, McLaren , Mitsubishi, Nissan, Peugeot , Porsche , Renault , Subaru, Suzuki , Toyota , and Volkswagen. The series has been involved in sponsoring various sporting events and teams, including Super GT , Super Formula ,
10370-400: The game could became real-life motorsport racers. According to Yamauchi, the cars in the first two sims were made from 300 polygons , while those in Gran Turismo 3 and 4 were made up of 4,000 polygons, and the "premium cars" in Gran Turismo 5 were made up of 500,000 ("standard cars" are slightly more detailed versions of those in Gran Turismo 4 ). Gran Turismo 6 was released for
10492-407: The idea to Sony again, and they accepted it. The first Gran Turismo essentially has role-playing elements; players start the sim with "entry-level cars" which can be upgraded over time, and faster cars can be bought with prize money from winning races. The complexities of the simulation are taught to the player through in-sim driving tests . It has a realistic visual style which demonstrated
10614-538: The last Confederate statue, honoring Confederate General General A. P. Hill , on December 12, 2022. The only statue remaining on Monument Avenue is of Arthur Ashe, the pioneering Black tennis player. The Bill "Bojangles" Robinson monument in Jackson Ward was untouched during the protests and remained in place. Richmond is located at 37°32′N 77°28′W / 37.533°N 77.467°W / 37.533; -77.467 (37.538, −77.462). According to
10736-538: The most densely populated city in the Southern United States . In the 1900 Census, Richmond's population was 62.1% white and 37.9% black. Freed slaves and their descendants created a thriving African-American business community, and the city's historic Jackson Ward became known as the "Wall Street of Black America." In 1903, African-American businesswoman and financier Maggie L. Walker chartered St. Luke Penny Savings Bank, served as its president, and
10858-510: The most popular over its lifetime, appealing to an audience ranging from Amateur to professional Sim racers like Igor Fraga In 2017, Edge said the first Gran Turismo was one of the 10 greatest video games of the last 20 years. Gran Turismo 2 , Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec , and Gran Turismo 4 have all been named by different organizations as one of the best games of all time. Gran Turismo Sport's changes to series tradition were initially controversial among fans, but it ultimately became
10980-692: The north and west of Downtown are in Hardiness Zone 7a. Temperatures seldom fall below 0 °F (−18 °C), with the most recent subzero reading on January 7, 2018, when the temperature reached −3 °F (−19 °C). The July daily mean temperature is 79.3 °F (26.3 °C), and high temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) approximately 43 days a year; 100 °F (38 °C) temperatures are not uncommon but do not occur every year. Extremes in temperature have ranged from −12 °F (−24 °C) on January 19, 1940, to 107 °F (42 °C) on August 6, 1918. The record cold maximum
11102-601: The physics engine, graphical user interface and all but one of the circuits found in Gran Turismo 4 . The number of AI racers was reduced from the series' usual five to only three. Tourist Trophy also uses the License School feature that was popularized by the Gran Turismo series, as well as the Photo Mode introduced in Gran Turismo 4 . The B-spec mode, which appeared in Gran Turismo 4 , was removed from Tourist Trophy . The Gran Turismo Academy Time Trial demo
11224-627: The players to drive a Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution V in Seattle Circuit for two minutes. In the summer of 2004, Toyota sent a demo disc of GT4 along with a marketing brochure for its 2004 Prius hybrid car by way of customer request from their website. The demo was also given out at a presentation of the Toyota MTRC at the New York International Auto Show. The demo disc featured only two cars, namely
11346-438: The race limited to ninety seconds. Other demos existed in other regions with different restrictions. Gran Turismo 2000 was a demo on display at E3 2000 and 2001 , promoting the capabilities of the PlayStation 2 . Due to a delay in the release date, the name of the final version of the sim was changed to Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec . A demo version of the sim was given out for the visitors of PlayStation Festival 2000 , allowing
11468-461: The rapidly gentrifying Church Hill , home to St. John's Church , poorer areas like Fulton , Union Hill, and Fairmont, and public housing projects like Mosby Court , Whitcomb Court, Fairfield Court, and Creighton Court closer to Interstate 64 . The area between Belvidere Street, Interstate 195 , Interstate 95 , and the river, which includes Virginia Commonwealth University , is socioeconomically and architecturally diverse. North of Broad Street,
11590-496: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title RM . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RM&oldid=1252991194 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Articles containing Romanian-language text Articles containing Spanish-language text Short description
11712-508: The series seven world records in the Guinness World Records: Gamer's Edition 2008 . These records include "Largest Number of Cars in a Racing Game", "Highest Selling PlayStation Game", "Oldest Car in a Racing Game", and "Largest Instruction Guide for a Racing Game". The success of the series has led to other studios creating simulation racing games similar to the franchise. It started with Sega GT , Sega's answer to
11834-469: The series to focus on online-only racing, meaning it has no single-player mode. It also did not include a career mode, and thus, the idea of "car ownership". The sim received post-release content at no charge, including cars and tracks, along with offline events, as well as bug fixes. The most recent sim in the series, Gran Turismo 7 , was revealed at the PS5 Future of Gaming event in 2020. The title
11956-589: The south and southwest were broken. On March 25, Confederate General John B. Gordon 's desperate attack on Fort Stedman , east of Petersburg, failed. On April 1, Union Cavalry General Philip Sheridan , assigned to interdict the Southside Railroad, met brigades commanded by Southern General George Pickett at the Five Forks Junction, defeated them, took thousands of prisoners, and advised Union General-in-Chief Ulysses S. Grant to order
12078-475: The southwest, Chesterfield to the south, Varina to the southeast, Sandston to the east, Glen Allen to the north and west, Short Pump to the west, and Mechanicsville to the northeast. Richmond was an important village in the Powhatan Confederacy and was briefly settled by English colonists from Jamestown from 1609 to 1611. Founded in 1737, it replaced Williamsburg as the capital of
12200-409: The statue of African American Richmond native and tennis star Arthur Ashe to the series of statues of Confederate figures on Monument Avenue . After several months of controversy, Ashe's bronze statue was finally completed on July 10, 1996. By the beginning of the 21st century, the population of the greater Richmond metropolitan area had reached approximately 1,100,000, although the population of
12322-418: The top qualifiers being invited to National Finals in each participating country. The top winners of each country were sent to a Race Camp held at Silverstone, UK for the final selection. The winners were to undergo an intensive Driver Development Program designed by Nissan with the intention to train and license them into a professional driver, competing in races worldwide. The four winning drivers were to join
12444-717: The upper James River and provide a water route across the Appalachian Mountains to the Kanawha River , which flows westward into the Ohio River and converges with the Mississippi River , George Washington helped design the James River and Kanawha Canal . The canal started in Westham and cut east to Richmond, facilitating the transfer of cargo from flat-bottomed James River bateaux above
12566-473: The vehicles are based on their real-life counterparts, and they are represented in the PlayStation controllers ' rumble features and in specialized racing wheels designed for Gran Turismo and sim racing . Although Gran Turismo has an arcade mode, most gameplay derives from its simulation mode. Players start with a certain number of credits, usually 10,000, which are used to purchase vehicles from several manufacturer-specific shops, or (more likely at
12688-562: The war, thriving within a year of its burning. In 1786, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom , drafted by Thomas Jefferson, was enacted, separating church and state and advancing the legal principle for freedom of religion in the United States. In 1788, the Virginia State Capitol , designed by Jefferson and Charles-Louis Clérisseau in the Greek Revival style , was completed. To bypass Richmond's rapids on
12810-576: The winegrower Research Memo, a type of Congressional Research Service Report Romansh language , spoken in Switzerland (ISO 639-1 code: rm ) Rosmah Mansor , wife of Malaysia Prime Minister Dato' Seri Najib Razak See also [ edit ] [REDACTED] Search for "rm" or "r-m" on Misplaced Pages. Regional municipality All pages with titles beginning with RM All pages with titles containing RM MR (disambiguation) Topics referred to by
12932-463: The year, most frequently in March and least in July. Hurricanes and tropical storms have been responsible for most flooding during the summer and early fall months. Hurricanes passing near Richmond have produced record rainfalls. In 1955, three hurricanes, including Hurricane Connie and Hurricane Diane , which brought heavy rains five days apart, produced record rainfall in a six-week period. In 2004,
13054-519: Was also confirmed that Jason Hall and Zach Baylin would write the screenplay. Asad Qizilbash, Carter Swan, Doug Belgrad and Dana Brunetti will serve as producers. David Harbour is set to star in the film as Jack Salter, who teaches Mardenborough how to drive a real car. Archie Madekwe will play Jann Mardenborough , with Orlando Bloom as Danny Moore. Filming began in November 2022 in Hungary , and wrapped in December. Darren Barnet will play
13176-544: Was also criticised. Its primary objective was as the first stage of the 2010 GT Academy and not as a demonstration of the upcoming Gran Turismo 5 . Polyphony Digital has collaborated with peripherals manufacturer Logitech and auto parts maker Sparco to design official driving simulator kits for the Gran Turismo franchise. The most recent product designation is Driving Force GT . Two other racing wheels are compatible with Gran Turismo . In 2009, radio-control model car company HPI Racing released an official RC car tie-in:
13298-710: Was also the first TV station south of Washington, D.C. Between 1963 and 1965, there was a "downtown boom" that led to the construction of more than 700 buildings. In 1968, Virginia Commonwealth University was created by the merger of the Medical College of Virginia and the Richmond Professional Institute . On January 1, 1970, Richmond's borders expanded south by 27 sq mi (70 km ) and its population increased by 47,000 after several years of court cases in which Chesterfield County unsuccessfully fought annexation. In 1995,
13420-597: Was an online time trial competition, in which entry is open to all players of Gran Turismo Sport's Sport Mode. In 2023, it was announced that Gran Turismo would be a part of the Olympics Esports Series 2023 as the motorsport event. Gran Turismo 7 was used for the inaugural Olympic Esports Week motorsport event in Singapore , held from 22 June to 25 June, and the final was won by France 's Kylian Drumont. The Gran Turismo sim series has been one of
13542-478: Was captured on May 10 near Irwinville, Georgia and taken back to Virginia, where he was imprisoned two years at Fort Monroe until freed on bail. A decade after the Civil War, Richmond resumed its position as a major urban center of economic productivity with iron front buildings and massive brick factories. Canal traffic peaked in the 1860s, with railroads becoming the dominant shipping method. Richmond became
13664-404: Was developed for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation 5 , and was released in 2022. The sim brought back the series' usual career mode. During Christmas 1998, a special promotional demo of Gran Turismo was included with the PlayStation console. The demo was limited to an Arcade Mode race at Clubman Stage Route 5 with three cars ( Subaru Impreza WRX , Honda NSX , and Chevrolet Corvette ), with
13786-478: Was founded shortly after the sims's release. Gran Turismo 2 was released for the PlayStation in Japan and North America in 1999, and PAL regions in 2000. Players could now compete in rally events, and had a larger roster of cars, at 650. Seven tracks are available for racing, two of them available in reversed layouts. The size of the sim meant it had to be put onto two discs. The next four sims were released on PlayStation 2 (PS2). Gran Turismo 3: A-Spec
13908-490: Was located. However, as time progressed relations between the Arrohattocs and English colonists declined, and by 1609 the tribe was unwilling to trade with the settlers. As the population began to dwindle, the tribe declined and was last mentioned in a 1610 report by the visiting William Strachey. By 1611 the tribe's Henrico town was found to be deserted when Sir Thomas Dale went to use the land to found Henricus. In 1611,
14030-539: Was quoted as saying, "we're hoping to make Gran Turismo for Boys a feature within GT5 ." In a 2013 interview with GTPlanet, Kazunori Yamauchi said that the 2009 game Gran Turismo was a rendition of the Gran Turismo for Boys idea, and there was no need for a separate sim. Sony demonstrated an updated version of Gran Turismo 4 , Vision Gran Turismo , at E3 2005 , and it would be the basis for Gran Turismo 5 when it released years later. Yamauchi said that developing for
14152-544: Was released for the PlayStation Portable in 2009. It has 800 cars and 35 tracks, each track having a reversed layout version. It also does not have the series' traditional career mode; instead, IGN wrote, it was "just racing". Gran Turismo 5 was shown off at E3 2009 , and released for the PS3 in 2010. It was the first game in the series to have the GT Academy , a former initiative in which players of
14274-556: Was released in 2001, originally titled Gran Turismo 2000 . The player can maintain their car by changing its oil and washing it in the new "GT Auto" area. Endurance events are racing marathons where the player drives around the same track for a long time, performing pit stops , with the winning prize being a new car. Three versions of a spin-off sim, Gran Turismo Concept , were released in 2002: Gran Turismo Concept: 2001 Tokyo, Gran Turismo Concept: 2002 Tokyo-Seoul , and Gran Turismo Concept: 2002 Tokyo-Geneva . Gran Turismo 4 Prologue
14396-401: Was released in 2003. The series' subtitle has been "The Real Driving Simulator" since the first Gran Turismo , according to Polyphony Digital. The sim's list was significantly larger than A-Spec 's, at 700. The hub world was expanded to be much larger. New modes included a photography mode, and a mode where the player acts as a "mogul" of an AI racer the player employs. The AI racer, known as
14518-588: Was released on 17 December 2009. It featured the Indianapolis GP Circuit for the first time in the franchise's history and also included a tuned and stock Nissan 370Z . The object of the Time Trial was as the first stage of the 2010 GT Academy to find two of the best Gran Turismo drivers to end up competing in a real racing car in a real racing series. The demo showed off a new physics model and some graphical improvements to GT5 Prologue but
14640-423: Was the available course. Tourist Trophy is a motorcycle racing sim released on 26 January 2006. It was designed by Polyphony Digital. It was largely created off of the Gran Turismo 4 sim engine. Tourist Trophy is one of only four titles for the PlayStation 2 that is capable of 1080i output, the others being Gran Turismo 4 , Valkyrie Profile 2: Silmeria , and Jackass: The Game . Polyphony Digital reused
14762-507: Was the first black female bank president in the United States. Charles Thaddeus Russell was Richmond's first black architect, and he designed the bank's office. Today, the bank is called the Consolidated Bank and Trust Company and is the country's oldest surviving African-American bank. Another prominent African-American from this time was John Mitchell Jr. , a newspaper editor, civil rights activist, and politician. In 1910,
14884-560: Was used by some to escape slavery in the mid-19th century. In 1849, Henry "Box" Brown had himself nailed into a small box and shipped from Richmond to abolitionists in Philadelphia through Baltimore 's President Street Station on the Philadelphia, Wilmington and Baltimore Railroad , often used by the Underground Railroad to assist escaping disguised slaves reach the free state of Pennsylvania . Five days after
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