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38-517: RADIUS is a client/server protocol that runs in the application layer , and can use either TCP or UDP . Network access servers , which control access to a network, usually contain a RADIUS client component that communicates with the RADIUS server. RADIUS is often the back-end of choice for 802.1X authentication. A RADIUS server is usually a background process running on UNIX or Microsoft Windows . The Blast-RADIUS attack breaks RADIUS when it

76-476: A RADIUS Access Request message to the RADIUS server, requesting authorization to grant access via the RADIUS protocol. This request includes access credentials, typically in the form of username and password or security certificate provided by the user. Additionally, the request may contain other information which the NAS knows about the user, such as its network address or phone number, and information regarding

114-415: A RADIUS server. RADIUS proxy servers are used for centralized administration and can rewrite RADIUS packets on the fly for security reasons, or to convert between vendor dialects. The Diameter protocol was intended as the replacement for RADIUS. While both are Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA) protocols, the use-cases for the two protocols have since diverged. Diameter is largely used in

152-404: A Reply-Message attribute which may give a reason for the rejection, the prompt for the challenge, or a welcome message for the accept. The text in the attribute can be passed on to the user in a return web page. Authorization attributes are conveyed to the NAS stipulating terms of access to be granted. For example, the following authorization attributes may be included in an Access-Accept: When

190-428: A South Korean courtroom thriller "The Client" ( The Office ) , an episode of The Office See also [ edit ] Client (prostitution) Client state , which is economically, politically, or militarily subordinate to another more powerful state All pages with titles containing Client Topics referred to by the same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with

228-567: A client is configured to use RADIUS, any user of the client presents authentication information to the client. This might be with a customizable login prompt, where the user is expected to enter their username and password. Alternatively, the user might use a link framing protocol such as the Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP), which has authentication packets which carry this information. Once the client has obtained such information, it may choose to authenticate using RADIUS. To do so,

266-518: A patron Client (band) , a British synthpop band Client (album) , a 2003 album by Client Clients (album) , a 2005 album by The Red Chord The Client (novel) , a 1993 legal thriller by John Grisham The Client (1994 film) , a film adaptation The Client (TV series) , a 1995–1996 television series adaptation The Client ( Star Wars ) , a character in The Mandalorian The Client (2011 film) ,

304-454: A secure tunnel between the RADIUS servers to ensure that users' credentials cannot be intercepted while being proxied across the internet. This is a concern as the MD5 hash built into RADIUS is considered insecure. RADIUS is transported over UDP/IP on ports 1812 and 1813. The RADIUS packet data format is shown to the right. The fields are transmitted from left to right, starting with the code,

342-399: A users authorization, or to disconnect a user entirely. Now, several commercial and open-source RADIUS servers exist. Features can vary, but most can look up the users in text files, LDAP servers, various databases, etc. Accounting records can be written to text files, various databases, forwarded to external servers, etc. SNMP is often used for remote monitoring and keep-alive checking of

380-448: A valid username with two realms. Although realms often resemble domains, it is important to note that realms are in fact arbitrary text and need not contain real domain names. Realm formats are standardized in RFC 4282, which defines a Network Access Identifier (NAI) in the form of 'user@realm'. In that specification, the 'realm' portion is required to be a domain name. However, this practice

418-409: Is prefix notation, which involves prepending the realm to the username and using '\' as a delimiter. Modern RADIUS servers allow any character to be used as a realm delimiter, although in practice '@' and '\' are usually used. Realms can also be compounded using both prefix and postfix notation, to allow for complicated roaming scenarios; for example, somedomain.com\username@anotherdomain.com could be

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456-507: Is a group of components that provides remote users with a point of access to a network. A NAS concentrates dial-in and dial-out user communications. An access server may have a mixture of analog and digital interfaces and support hundreds of simultaneous users. A NAS consists of a communications processor that connects asynchronous devices to a LAN or WAN through network and terminal emulation software. It performs both synchronous and asynchronous routing of supported protocols. The NAS

494-454: Is commonly used to facilitate roaming between ISPs , including by: RADIUS facilitates this by the use of realms , which identify where the RADIUS server should forward the AAA requests for processing. A realm is commonly appended to a user's user name and delimited with an '@' sign, resembling an email address domain name. This is known as postfix notation for the realm. Another common usage

532-506: Is configuration-dependent on most servers. In addition, the proxying server can be configured to add, remove or rewrite AAA requests when they are proxied over time again. Proxy Chaining is possible in RADIUS and authentication/authorization and accounting packets are usually routed between a NAS Device and a Home server through a series of proxies. Some of advantages of using proxy chains include scalability improvements, policy implementations and capability adjustments. But in roaming scenarios,

570-406: Is described by RFC 2866. The user or machine sends a request to a Network Access Server (NAS) to gain access to a particular network resource using access credentials. The credentials are passed to the NAS device via the link-layer protocol—for example, Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) in the case of many dialup or DSL providers or posted in an HTTPS secure web form. In turn, the NAS sends

608-662: Is meant to act as a gateway to guard access to a protected resource. This can be anything from a telephone network , to printers , to the Internet . A client connects to the NAS. The NAS then connects to another resource asking whether the client's supplied credentials are valid. Based on that answer the NAS then allows or disallows access to the protected resource. The above translates into different implementations for different uses. Here are some examples. Although not required, NASs are almost exclusively used with authentication, authorization, and accounting (AAA) servers. Of

646-465: Is not always followed. RFC 7542 replaced RFC 4282 in May 2015. When a RADIUS server receives an AAA request for a user name containing a realm, the server will reference a table of configured realms. If the realm is known, the server will then proxy the request to the configured home server for that domain. The behavior of the proxying server regarding the removal of the realm from the request ("stripping")

684-420: Is run on an unencrypted transport protocol like UDP. RADIUS is an AAA (authentication, authorization, and accounting) protocol that manages network access. RADIUS uses two types of packets to manage the full AAA process: Access-Request, which manages authentication and authorization; and Accounting-Request, which manages accounting. Authentication and authorization are defined in RFC 2865 while accounting

722-659: Is used in encrypting passwords; its length is 16 bytes. The RADIUS Attribute Value Pairs (AVP) carry data in both the request and the response for the authentication, authorization, and accounting transactions. The length of the radius packet is used to determine the end of the AVPs. RADIUS is extensible; many vendors of RADIUS hardware and software implement their own variants using Vendor-Specific Attributes (VSAs). Microsoft has published some of their VSAs. VSA definitions from many other companies remain proprietary and/or ad hoc, nonetheless many VSA dictionaries can be found by downloading

760-409: The 3G space. RADIUS is used elsewhere. One of the largest barriers to having Diameter replace RADIUS is that switches and Access Points typically implement RADIUS, but not Diameter. Diameter uses SCTP or TCP while RADIUS typically uses UDP as the transport layer . As of 2012, RADIUS can also use TCP as the transport layer with TLS for security. The RADIUS protocol is currently defined in

798-555: The Blast-RADIUS attack. As more dial-up customers used the NSFNET a request for proposal was sent out by Merit Network in 1991 to consolidate their various proprietary authentication, authorization and accounting systems. Among the early respondents was Livingston Enterprises and an early version of the RADIUS was written after a meeting. The early RADIUS server was installed on a UNIX operating system . Livingston Enterprises

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836-429: The NAS to the RADIUS server, to update it on the status of an active session. "Interim" records typically convey the current session duration and information on current data usage. Finally, when the user's network access is closed, the NAS issues a final Accounting Stop record (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with the value "stop") to the RADIUS server, providing information on

874-591: The NAS, Proxies and Home Server could be typically managed by different administrative entities. Hence, the trust factor among the proxies gains more significance under such Inter-domain applications. Further, the absence of end to end security in RADIUS adds to the criticality of trust among the Proxies involved. Proxy Chains are explained in RFC 2607 . Roaming with RADIUS exposes the users to various security and privacy concerns. More generally, some roaming partners establish

912-562: The RADIUS protocol in TLS . However, the packets inside of the TLS transport still use MD5 for packet integrity checks and for obfuscating the contents of certain attributes. The Blast-RADIUS attack breaks RADIUS when it is transported by plain UDP by attacking MD5 within RADIUS. RadSec blocks this attack. Another recommended mitigation is to require Message-Authenticator attributes for all requests and responses. CVE - 2024-3596 has been assigned for

950-434: The RADIUS server. Additionally, the user's security credentials are the only part protected by RADIUS itself, yet other user-specific attributes such as tunnel-group IDs or VLAN memberships passed over RADIUS may be considered sensitive (helpful to an attacker) or private (sufficient to identify the individual client) information as well.. The RadSec protocol addresses the issue with legacy RADIUS/UDP security by "wrapping"

988-453: The RFC 2865 Section 5.26 format. The RADIUS protocol transmits obfuscated passwords using a shared secret and the MD5 hashing algorithm. As this particular implementation provides only weak protection of the user's credentials, additional protection, such as IPsec tunnels or physically secured data-center networks, should be used to further protect the RADIUS traffic between the NAS device and

1026-662: The client creates an "Access- Request" containing such Attributes as the user's name, the user's password, the ID of the client and the port ID which the user is accessing. When a password is present, it is hidden using a method based on the RSA Message Digest Algorithm MD5. Accounting is described in RFC 2866. When network access is granted to the user by the NAS , an Accounting Start (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with

1064-480: The final usage in terms of time, packets transferred, data transferred, reason for disconnect and other information related to the user's network access. Typically, the client sends Accounting-Request packets until it receives an Accounting-Response acknowledgement, using some retry interval. The primary purpose of this data is that the user can be billed accordingly; the data is also commonly used for statistical purposes and for general network monitoring. RADIUS

1102-578: The following IETF RFC documents. Client [REDACTED] Look up client in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Client ( s ) or The Client may refer to: Client (business) Client (computing) , hardware or software that accesses a remote service on another computer Customer or client, a recipient of goods or services in return for monetary or other valuable considerations Client (ancient Rome) , an individual protected and sponsored by

1140-494: The hop-by-hop security model, rather than end-to-end encryption , meant that if several proxy RADIUS servers are in use, every server must examine, perform logic on and pass on all data in a request. This exposes data such as passwords and certificates at every hop. RADIUS servers also did not have the ability to stop access to resources once an authorisation had been issued. Subsequent standards such as RFC 3576 and its successor RFC 5176 allowed for RADIUS servers to dynamically change

1178-470: The identifier, the length, the authenticator and the attributes. Assigned RADIUS Codes (decimal) include the following: The Identifier field aids in matching requests and replies. The Length field indicates the length of the entire RADIUS packet including the Code, Identifier, Length, Authenticator and optional Attribute fields. The Authenticator is used to authenticate the reply from the RADIUS server, and

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1216-403: The source code of open source RADIUS implementations, for example FreeRADIUS . RFC 2865 Section 5.26 provides a suggested encoding which most vendors follow: Some vendors use different formats. For example, some vendors drop the "Vendor Length" field, or they use 2 octets for the "Vendor Type" and/or the "Vendor Length" fields. RFC 8044 Section 3.14 defines the "vsa" data type which mandates

1254-484: The title Client . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Client&oldid=1226880093 " Category : Disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Network access server A network access server ( NAS )

1292-464: The user's information against a locally stored flat file database. Modern RADIUS servers can do this, or can refer to external sources—commonly SQL , Kerberos , LDAP , or Active Directory servers—to verify the user's credentials. The RADIUS server then returns one of three responses to the NAS: 1) Access Reject, 2) Access Challenge, or 3) Access Accept. Each of these three RADIUS responses may include

1330-438: The user's physical point of attachment to the NAS. The RADIUS server checks that the information is correct using authentication schemes such as PAP , CHAP or EAP . The user's proof of identification is verified, along with, optionally, other information related to the request, such as the user's network address or phone number, account status, and specific network service access privileges. Historically, RADIUS servers checked

1368-405: The value "start") is sent by the NAS to the RADIUS server to signal the start of the user's network access. "Start" records typically contain the user's identification, network address, point of attachment and a unique session identifier. Periodically, Interim Update records (a RADIUS Accounting Request packet containing an Acct-Status-Type attribute with the value "interim-update") may be sent by

1406-504: Was acquired by Lucent Technologies and together with Merit steps were taken to gain industry acceptance for RADIUS as a protocol. Both companies offered a RADIUS server at no charge. In 1997 RADIUS was published as RFC 2058 and RFC 2059, current versions are RFC 2865 and RFC 2866. The original RADIUS standard specified that RADIUS is stateless and should run over the User Datagram Protocol (UDP). For authentication it

1444-721: Was envisaged that RADIUS should support the Password Authentication Protocol (PAP) and the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) over the Point-to-Point Protocol . Passwords are hidden by taking the MD5 hash of the packet and a shared secret, and then XORing that hash with the password. The original RADIUS also provided more than 50 attribute-value pairs, with the possibility for vendors to configure their own pairs. The choice of

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