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54-543: RANAP signalling protocol resides in the control plane of Radio network layer of Iu interface in the UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System) protocol stack. Iu interface is the interface between RNC (Radio Network Controller) and CN (Core Network). nb. For Iu-ps transport RANAP is carried on SCTP if IP interface used on this. RANAP handles signaling for the Iu-PS - RNC and 3G SGSN and Iu-CS - RNC and 3G MSC . It also provides

108-470: A "ready-to-use" IP connectivity and an "always-on" experience by linking between mobility management and session management procedures during the UE attach procedure. Complete NAS transactions consist of specific sequences of elementary procedures with EPS Mobility Management (EMM) and EPS Session Management (ESM) protocols. The EPS (Evolved Packet System) Mobility Management (EMM) protocol provides procedures for

162-464: A Belgian company, has also worked to build small cells for LTE-TDD networks. Trials of LTE-TDD technology began as early as 2010, with Reliance Industries and Ericsson India conducting field tests of LTE-TDD in India , achieving 80 megabit-per second download speeds and 20 megabit-per-second upload speeds. By 2011, China Mobile began trials of the technology in six cities. Although initially seen as

216-411: A coalition of international companies that worked to develop and test the technology. China Mobile was an early proponent of LTE-TDD, along with other companies like Datang Telecom and Huawei , which worked to deploy LTE-TDD networks, and later developed technology allowing LTE-TDD equipment to operate in white spaces —frequency spectra between broadcast TV stations. Intel also participated in

270-618: A combined LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD network in Poland, and by April 2012, ZTE Corporation had worked to deploy trial or commercial LTE-TDD networks for 33 operators in 19 countries. In late 2012, Qualcomm worked extensively to deploy a commercial LTE-TDD network in India, and partnered with Bharti Airtel and Huawei to develop the first multi-mode LTE-TDD smartphone for India. In Japan , SoftBank Mobile launched LTE-TDD services in February 2012 under

324-468: A default EPS bearer context. The EPS session management messages for the default EPS bearer context activation are transmitted in an information element in the EPS mobility management messages. The UE and network complete the combined default EPS bearer context activation procedure and the attach procedure before the dedicated EPS bearer context activation procedure is completed. The success of the attach procedure

378-661: A flat, all-IP architecture with separation of control plane and user plane traffic. The main component of the SAE architecture is the Evolved Packet Core ( EPC ), also known as SAE Core . The EPC will serve as the equivalent of GPRS networks (via the Mobility Management Entity , Serving Gateway and PDN Gateway subcomponents). The subcomponents of the EPC are: The MME is the key control-node for

432-485: A number of carriers promoting VoLGA (Voice over LTE Generic Access) as an interim solution. The idea was to use the same principles as GAN (Generic Access Network, also known as UMA or Unlicensed Mobile Access), which defines the protocols through which a mobile handset can perform voice calls over a customer's private Internet connection, usually over wireless LAN. VoLGA however never gained much support, because VoLTE ( IMS ) promises much more flexible services, albeit at

486-545: A registered trademark owned by ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) for the wireless data communications technology and a development of the GSM/UMTS standards. However, other nations and companies do play an active role in the LTE project. The goal of LTE was to increase the capacity and speed of wireless data networks using new DSP (digital signal processing) techniques and modulations that were developed around

540-460: A series of tests of voice over LTE ( VoLTE) calls on China Mobile's TD-LTE network. The next month, Nokia Solutions and Networks and Sprint announced that they had demonstrated throughput speeds of 2.6 gigabits per second using a LTE-TDD network, surpassing the previous record of 1.6 gigabits per second. Much of the LTE standard addresses the upgrading of 3G UMTS to what will eventually be 4G mobile communications technology. A large amount of

594-693: A technology utilized by only a few countries, including China and India, by 2011 international interest in LTE-TDD had expanded, especially in Asia, in part due to LTE-TDD's lower cost of deployment compared to LTE-FDD. By the middle of that year, 26 networks around the world were conducting trials of the technology. The Global LTve (GTI) was also started in 2011, with founding partners China Mobile, Bharti Airtel , SoftBank Mobile , Vodafone , Clearwire , Aero2 and E-Plus . In September 2011, Huawei announced it would partner with Polish mobile provider Aero2 to develop

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648-438: A transfer latency of less than 5  ms in the radio access network . LTE has the ability to manage fast-moving mobiles and supports multi-cast and broadcast streams. LTE supports scalable carrier bandwidths , from 1.4  MHz to 20 MHz and supports both frequency division duplexing (FDD) and time-division duplexing (TDD). The IP-based network architecture, called the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) designed to replace

702-481: A voice call on a non-VoLTE-enabled network or device, LTE handsets will fall back to old 2G or 3G networks for the duration of the call. To ensure compatibility, 3GPP demands at least AMR-NB codec (narrow band), but the recommended speech codec for VoLTE is Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband , also known as HD Voice . This codec is mandated in 3GPP networks that support 16 kHz sampling. Fraunhofer IIS has proposed and demonstrated "Full-HD Voice", an implementation of

756-622: Is a list of top 10 countries/territories by 4G LTE coverage as measured by OpenSignal.com in February/March 2019. For the complete list of all the countries/territories, see list of countries by 4G LTE penetration . Long-Term Evolution Time-Division Duplex ( LTE-TDD ), also referred to as TDD LTE , is a 4G telecommunications technology and standard co-developed by an international coalition of companies, including China Mobile , Datang Telecom , Huawei , ZTE , Nokia Solutions and Networks , Qualcomm , Samsung , and ST-Ericsson . It

810-465: Is activated when the UE requests a connection to a PDN. The first default EPS bearer context, is activated during the EPS attach procedure. Additionally, the network can activate one or several dedicated EPS bearer contexts in parallel. Generally, ESM procedures can be performed only if an EMM context has been established between the UE and the MME, and the secure exchange of NAS messages has been initiated by

864-578: Is also called 3.95G and has been marketed as 4G LTE and Advanced 4G ; but the original version did not meet the technical criteria of a 4G wireless service, as specified in the 3GPP Release 8 and 9 document series for LTE Advanced . The requirements were set forth by the ITU-R organisation in the IMT Advanced specification; but, because of market pressure and the significant advances that WiMAX , Evolved High Speed Packet Access , and LTE bring to

918-463: Is based on pre-Rel-4 Home Location Register (HLR) and Authentication Center (AuC). The ANDSF provides information to the UE about connectivity to 3GPP and non-3GPP access networks (such as Wi-Fi). The purpose of the ANDSF is to assist the UE to discover the access networks in their vicinity and to provide rules (policies) to prioritize and manage connections to these networks. The main function of

972-533: Is dependent on the success of the default EPS bearer context activation procedure. If the attach procedure fails, then the ESM session management procedures also fails. The EPS Session Management (ESM) protocol provides procedures for the handling of EPS bearer contexts. Together with the bearer control provided by the Access Stratum , it provides the control of user plane bearers. The transmission of ESM messages

1026-708: Is generally cheaper to access, and has less traffic. Further, the bands for LTE-TDD overlap with those used for WiMAX , which can easily be upgraded to support LTE-TDD. Despite the differences in how the two types of LTE handle data transmission, LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD share 90 percent of their core technology, making it possible for the same chipsets and networks to use both versions of LTE. A number of companies produce dual-mode chips or mobile devices, including Samsung and Qualcomm , while operators CMHK and Hi3G Access have developed dual-mode networks in Hong Kong and Sweden, respectively. The creation of LTE-TDD involved

1080-495: Is one of the two mobile data transmission technologies of the Long-Term Evolution (LTE) technology standard, the other being Long-Term Evolution Frequency-Division Duplex ( LTE-FDD ). While some companies refer to LTE-TDD as "TD-LTE" for familiarity with TD-SCDMA , there is no reference to that abbreviation anywhere in the 3GPP specifications. There are two major differences between LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD: how data

1134-441: Is suspended during EMM procedures except for the attach procedure. EPS Bearer: Each EPS bearer context represents an EPS bearer between the UE and a PDN. EPS bearer contexts can remain activated even if the radio and S1 bearers constituting the corresponding EPS bearers between UE and MME are temporarily released. An EPS bearer context can be either a default bearer context or a dedicated bearer context. A default EPS bearer context

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1188-714: Is the core network architecture of mobile communications protocol group 3GPP 's LTE wireless communication standard. SAE is the evolution of the GPRS Core Network , but with a simplified architecture; an all-IP Network (AIPN); support for higher throughput and lower latency radio access networks (RANs); and support for, and mobility between, multiple heterogeneous access networks, including E-UTRA ( LTE and LTE Advanced air interface), and 3GPP legacy systems (for example GERAN or UTRAN , air interfaces of GPRS and UMTS respectively), but also non-3GPP systems (for example Wi-Fi , WiMAX or CDMA2000 ). The SAE has

1242-465: Is the upgrade path for carriers with both GSM/UMTS networks and CDMA2000 networks. Because LTE frequencies and bands differ from country to country, only multi-band phones can use LTE in all countries where it is supported. The standard is developed by the 3GPP (3rd Generation Partnership Project) and is specified in its Release 8 document series, with minor enhancements described in Release 9. LTE

1296-703: Is uploaded and downloaded, and what frequency spectra the networks are deployed in. While LTE-FDD uses paired frequencies to upload and download data, LTE-TDD uses a single frequency, alternating between uploading and downloading data through time. The ratio between uploads and downloads on a LTE-TDD network can be changed dynamically, depending on whether more data needs to be sent or received. LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD also operate on different frequency bands, with LTE-TDD working better at higher frequencies, and LTE-FDD working better at lower frequencies. Frequencies used for LTE-TDD range from 1850 MHz to 3800 MHz, with several different bands being used. The LTE-TDD spectrum

1350-459: The AAC-ELD (Advanced Audio Coding – Enhanced Low Delay) codec for LTE handsets. Where previous cell phone voice codecs only supported frequencies up to 3.5 kHz and upcoming wideband audio services branded as HD Voice up to 7 kHz, Full-HD Voice supports the entire bandwidth range from 20 Hz to 20 kHz. For end-to-end Full-HD Voice calls to succeed, however, both

1404-598: The COFDM radio access technique to replace the CDMA and studying its Terrestrial use in the L band at 1428 MHz (TE) In 2004 by Japan's NTT Docomo , with studies on the standard officially commenced in 2005. In May 2007, the LTE/ SAE Trial Initiative (LSTI) alliance was founded as a global collaboration between vendors and operators with the goal of verifying and promoting the new standard in order to ensure

1458-519: The GPRS Core Network , supports seamless handovers for both voice and data to cell towers with older network technology such as GSM , UMTS and CDMA2000 . The simpler architecture results in lower operating costs (for example, each E-UTRA cell will support up to four times the data and voice capacity supported by HSPA ). Most carriers supporting GSM or HSUPA networks can be expected to upgrade their networks to LTE at some stage. A complete list of commercial contracts can be found at: The following

1512-515: The Home Subscriber Server ). The Non Access Stratum (NAS) signaling terminates at the MME and it is also responsible for generation and allocation of temporary identities to UEs. It checks the authorization of the UE to camp on the service provider's Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN) and enforces UE roaming restrictions. The MME is the termination point in the network for ciphering/integrity protection for NAS signaling and handles

1566-633: The ECM-IDLE, ECM CONNECTED and EMM-DEREGISTERED states. The MME protocol stack consists of: MME supports the S1 interface with eNodeB. The integrated S1 MME interface stack consists of IP , SCTP , S1AP. MME supports S11 interface with Serving Gateway. The integrated S11 interface stack consists of IP , UDP , eGTP-C . The SGW consists of SGW supports S11 interface with MME and S5/S8 interface with PGW. The integrated control plane stack for these interfaces consists of IP , UDP , eGTP-C . SGW supports

1620-764: The IP bearer service, network internal routing information. It also performs replication of the user traffic in case of lawful interception. The Packet Data Network Gateway (PDN Gateway, also PGW) provides connectivity from the User Equipment (UE) to external packet data networks (PDNs) by being its point of exit and entry of traffic. A piece of User Equipment may have simultaneous connectivity with more than one Packet Data Network Gateway for accessing multiple packet data networks. The PDN Gateway performs policy enforcement, packet filtering for each user, charging support, lawful interception and packet screening. Another key role of

1674-493: The LTE access-network. It is responsible for idle mode User Equipment (UE) paging and tagging procedure including retransmissions. It is involved in the bearer activation/deactivation process and is also responsible for choosing the Serving Gateway for a UE at the initial attach and at time of intra-LTE handover involving Core Network (CN) node relocation. It is responsible for authenticating the user (by interacting with

RANAP - Misplaced Pages Continue

1728-547: The LTE standard. The ETSI has made no investigation on the correctness of the declarations however, so that "any analysis of essential LTE patents should take into account more than ETSI declarations." Independent studies have found that about 3.3 to 5 percent of all revenues from handset manufacturers are spent on standard-essential patents. This is less than the combined published rates, due to reduced-rate licensing agreements, such as cross-licensing. System Architecture Evolution System Architecture Evolution ( SAE )

1782-590: The MME by use of the EMM procedures. Once the UE is successfully attached, the UE can request the MME to set up connections to additional PDNs. For each additional connection, the MME activates a separate default EPS bearer context. A default EPS bearer context remains activated throughout the lifetime of the connection to the PDN. Types of ESM procedures: ESM involves different types of procedures such as: The MME maintains EMM context and EPS bearer context information for UEs in

1836-551: The Packet Data Network Gateway is to act as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP technologies such as WiMAX and 3GPP2 (CDMA 1X and EvDO ). The Home Subscriber Server is a central database that contains user-related and subscription-related information. The functions of the HSS include mobility management, call and session establishment support, user authentication and access authorization. The HSS

1890-587: The S1-U interface with eNodeB and S5/S8 data plane interface with PGW. The integrated data plane stack for these interfaces consists of IP , UDP , eGTP-U . Main interfaces supported by the P-GW are: The EPC is a packet-only core network. It does not have a circuit-switched domain, which is traditionally used for phone calls and SMS . 3GPP specified two solutions for voice: 3GPP specified three solutions for SMS: CSFB and SMS over SGs are seen as interim solutions,

1944-558: The Serving Radio Network Subsystem (SRNS) relocation LTE (telecommunication) In telecommunications , long-term evolution ( LTE ) is a standard for wireless broadband communication for mobile devices and data terminals, based on the GSM / EDGE and UMTS / HSPA standards. It improves on those standards' capacity and speed by using a different radio interface and core network improvements. LTE

1998-451: The UE and the session management procedures to establish and maintain IP connectivity between the UE and a PDN GW. They define the rules for a mapping between parameters during inter-system mobility with 3G networks or non-3GPP access networks. They also provide the NAS security by integrity protection and ciphering of NAS signaling messages. EPS (Evolved Packet System) provides the subscriber with

2052-865: The United States, Bell and Telus in Canada, au by KDDI in Japan, SK Telecom in South Korea and China Telecom / China Unicom in China) have announced instead they intend to migrate to LTE. The next version of LTE is LTE Advanced , which was standardized in March 2011. Services commenced in 2013. Additional evolution known as LTE Advanced Pro have been approved in year 2015. The LTE specification provides downlink peak rates of 300 Mbit/s, uplink peak rates of 75 Mbit/s and QoS provisions permitting

2106-494: The adoption of LTE, carriers will have to re-engineer their voice call network. Four different approaches sprang up: One additional approach which is not initiated by operators is the usage of over-the-top content (OTT) services, using applications like Skype and Google Talk to provide LTE voice service. Most major backers of LTE preferred and promoted VoLTE from the beginning. The lack of software support in initial LTE devices, as well as core network devices, however led to

2160-678: The caller and recipient's handsets, as well as networks, have to support the feature. The LTE standard covers a range of many different bands, each of which is designated by both a frequency and a band number: As a result, phones from one country may not work in other countries. Users will need a multi-band capable phone for roaming internationally. According to the European Telecommunications Standards Institute 's (ETSI) intellectual property rights (IPR) database, about 50 companies have declared, as of March 2012, holding essential patents covering

2214-715: The carrier began using these frequencies for LTE service on networks built by Samsung , Alcatel-Lucent , and Nokia . As of March 2013, 156 commercial 4G LTE networks existed, including 142 LTE-FDD networks and 14 LTE-TDD networks. As of November 2013, the South Korean government planned to allow a fourth wireless carrier in 2014, which would provide LTE-TDD services, and in December 2013, LTE-TDD licenses were granted to China's three mobile operators, allowing commercial deployment of 4G LTE services. In January 2014, Nokia Solutions and Networks indicated that it had completed

RANAP - Misplaced Pages Continue

2268-511: The control of mobility when the User Equipment (UE) uses the Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN). It also provides control of security for the NAS protocols. EMM involves different types of procedures such as: The UE and the network execute the attach procedure, the default EPS bearer context activation procedure in parallel. During the EPS attach procedure the network activates

2322-413: The cost of having to upgrade the entire voice call infrastructure. VoLTE may require Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) in order to be able to smoothly perform a handover to a 2G or 3G network in case of poor LTE signal quality. While the industry has standardized on VoLTE, early LTE deployments required carriers to introduce circuit-switched fallback as a stopgap measure. When placing or receiving

2376-482: The development, setting up a LTE-TDD interoperability lab with Huawei in China, as well as ST-Ericsson , Nokia, and Nokia Siemens (now Nokia Solutions and Networks ), which developed LTE-TDD base stations that increased capacity by 80 percent and coverage by 40 percent. Qualcomm also participated, developing the world's first multi-mode chip, combining both LTE-TDD and LTE-FDD, along with HSPA and EV-DO. Accelleran,

2430-404: The ePDG is to secure the data transmission with a UE connected to the EPC over untrusted non-3GPP access, e.g. Wi-Fi calling ( VoWiFi ). For this purpose, the ePDG acts as a termination node of IPsec tunnels established with the UE. The Non-Access Stratum (NAS) protocols form the highest stratum of the control plane between the user equipment (UE) and MME. NAS protocols support the mobility of

2484-605: The global introduction of the technology as quickly as possible. The LTE standard was finalized in December 2008, and the first publicly available LTE service was launched by TeliaSonera in Oslo and Stockholm on December 14, 2009, as a data connection with a USB modem. The LTE services were launched by major North American carriers as well, with the Samsung SCH-r900 being the world's first LTE Mobile phone starting on September 21, 2010, and Samsung Galaxy Indulge being

2538-458: The mobility anchor for the user plane during inter- eNodeB handovers and as the anchor for mobility between LTE and other 3GPP technologies (terminating S4 interface and relaying the traffic between 2G/3G systems and Packet Data Network Gateway). For idle state User Equipment, the Serving Gateway terminates the downlink data path and triggers paging when downlink data arrives for the User Equipment. It manages and stores UE contexts, e.g. parameters of

2592-497: The name Advanced eXtended Global Platform (AXGP), and marketed as SoftBank 4G ( ja ). The AXGP band was previously used for Willcom 's PHS service, and after PHS was discontinued in 2010 the PHS band was re-purposed for AXGP service. In the U.S., Clearwire planned to implement LTE-TDD, with chip-maker Qualcomm agreeing to support Clearwire's frequencies on its multi-mode LTE chipsets. With Sprint's acquisition of Clearwire in 2013,

2646-452: The original 3G technologies, ITU-R later decided that LTE and the aforementioned technologies can be called 4G technologies. The LTE Advanced standard formally satisfies the ITU-R requirements for being considered IMT-Advanced. To differentiate LTE Advanced and WiMAX-Advanced from current 4G technologies, ITU has defined the latter as "True 4G". LTE stands for Long-Term Evolution and is

2700-557: The security key management. Lawful interception of signaling is also supported by the MME. The MME also provides the control plane function for mobility between LTE and 2G/3G access networks with the S3 interface terminating at the MME from the SGSN . The MME also terminates the S6a interface towards the HSS for roaming UEs. The Serving Gateway routes and forwards user data packets, while also acting as

2754-654: The signaling channel to transparently pass messages between the User Equipment (UE) and the CN. In LTE , RANAP has been replaced by S1AP. In SA (standalone) installations of 5G , S1AP will be replaced by NGAP. Over the Iu interface, RANAP is used to: - Facilitate general UTRAN procedures from the core network such as paging - Separate each User Equipment (UE) on protocol level for mobile-specific signaling management - Transfer transparently non-access signaling - Request and manage various types of UTRAN radio access bearers - Perform

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2808-407: The turn of the millennium. A further goal was the redesign and simplification of the network architecture to an IP -based system with significantly reduced transfer latency compared with the 3G architecture. The LTE wireless interface is incompatible with 2G and 3G networks, so that it must be operated on a separate radio spectrum . The idea of LTE was first proposed in 1998, with the use of

2862-450: The work is aimed at simplifying the architecture of the system, as it transitions from the existing UMTS circuit + packet switching combined network, to an all-IP flat architecture system. E-UTRA is the air interface of LTE. Its main features are: The LTE standard supports only packet switching with its all-IP network. Voice calls in GSM, UMTS and CDMA2000 are circuit switched , so with

2916-772: The world's first LTE smartphone starting on February 10, 2011, both offered by MetroPCS , and the HTC ThunderBolt offered by Verizon starting on March 17 being the second LTE smartphone to be sold commercially. In Canada, Rogers Wireless was the first to launch LTE network on July 7, 2011, offering the Sierra Wireless AirCard 313U USB mobile broadband modem, known as the "LTE Rocket stick" then followed closely by mobile devices from both HTC and Samsung. Initially, CDMA operators planned to upgrade to rival standards called UMB and WiMAX , but major CDMA operators (such as Verizon , Sprint and MetroPCS in

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