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15-450: The RD-214 ( GRAU Index 8D59 ) was a liquid rocket engine , burning AK-27I (a mixture of 73% nitric acid and 27% N 2 O 4 + iodine passivant and TM-185 (a kerosene and gasoline mix) in the gas generator cycle. As was the case with many V-2 influenced engines, the single turbine was driven by steam generated by catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide . It also had four combustion chambers and vector control

30-524: A Cyrillic character, indicates the subcategory. The third part, a number, indicates the specific model. The optional suffix can be used to differentiate variants of the same model. 2S19 Msta The 2S19 Msta-S is a 152.4 mm self-propelled howitzer designed and manufactured by Uraltransmash in the Soviet Union and later in Russia, which entered service in 1989 as the successor to

45-615: A 16 kW generator AP-18D. In 2008, the Russian Armed Forces ordered an improved model with an automated fire-control system . Russia offered its Msta-S 152 mm howitzer to foreign countries, particularly in the Middle East. A demonstration was organised in 2020 by Rosoboronexport , the country's nodal agency for arms export, for representatives from various Middle Eastern countries. Msta-S specifications provided by manufacturer Msta-S howitzers were used by

60-462: A service designation. For example, one of the surface-to-air missiles in the S-25 Berkut air defense system had at least four domestic designations: Some Soviet general-purpose bombs bore a designation that looked confusingly similar to GRAU. The first part of a GRAU index is a number indicating which of the several main categories of equipment a given item belongs to. The second part,

75-417: Is a towed gun. Development of the 2S19 started in 1980 under the project name Ferma . The prototype was known as Obiekt 316 . The 2S19's standard equipment consists of a semi-automatic laying system 1P22, an automatic loader, an NBC protection system, passive night-vision device for the driver, a vehicle snorkel , a dozer blade, a smoke generator and 81 mm smoke launchers, 1V116 intercom system and

90-403: The 2S19 Msta self-propelled howitzer, has the index 2S19 , without suffix; Msta-S is the codename. Several common misconceptions surround the scope and originating body of these indices. The GRAU designation is not an industrial designation, nor is it assigned by the design bureau. In addition to its GRAU designation, a given piece of equipment could have a design name, an industrial name and

105-605: The 2S3 Akatsiya . The vehicle has the running gear of the T-80 , but is powered by the T-72 's diesel engine. The Msta-S (also known by the GRAU index 2S19 ) bears the Msta ( Russian : Мста , after the river Msta ) howitzer, which was designed for deployment either on a self-propelled vehicle or as a towed gun. The 2S19 Msta-S is the armoured self-propelled howitzer, while the 2A65 Msta-B

120-740: The Russian Ground Forces to deliver artillery strikes against Chechen separatists during the Second Chechen War . Msta-S howitzers have been used in the Russo-Ukrainian War by the pro-Russian separatists who captured one machine during the conflict. Both Msta-B and Msta-S were used by the Ukrainian Ground Forces in the Battle of Bakhmut . As of 16 December 2023 , there

135-555: The 116th at Krasno-Oktyabrskiy were all in the Volga–Urals Military District . Since 2009, there have been a number of fires and explosions at GRAU ammunition storage depots. GRAU indices are of the form ⟨number⟩ ⟨letter⟩ ⟨number⟩ , sometimes with a further suffix ⟨letter⟩ ⟨number⟩ . They may be followed by a specially assigned codename. For example " 2 S 19   Msta-S ",

150-631: The 55th in the Sklad-40 microraion at Rzhev , the 60th at Kaluga , the 63rd at Lipetsk , the 75th at Serpukhov south of Moscow, and the 97th at Skolin (all five in the Moscow Military District ). An additional possibly disused arsenal in the Moscow Military District is the 107th at Toropets . The 5th at Alatyr, Chuvash Republic , the 80th Arsenal at Gagarskiy, the 103rd Arsenal at Saransk , Mordovia , and

165-543: The name Главное артиллерийское управление (ГАУ – GAU ). The "R" from "rockets" was added to the title from 19 November 1960. The GRAU is responsible for assigning GRAU indices to Russian army munitions and equipment . As of December 2021, the Chief of the GRAU was Major General Nikolay Romanovsky. Arsenals of the GRAU, according to Kommersant -Vlast in 2005, included the 53rd at Dzerzhinsk, Nizhniy Novogorod Oblast ,

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180-670: The requirement for the Buran cruise missile project, a version for that application was developed in the RD-212 . Both RD-211 and RD-212 proved too weak for the application and the project were abandoned for the RD-213 for Buran. When Yangel 's OKB-586 was tasked with developing the first storable propellant ballistic missile in the Soviet arsenal, the RD-211 proved too weak. Thus, the project

195-626: The silo launched R-12U was developed. For this development the RD-214U was developed. When Yangel used the R-12U as the basis for the Kosmos-2 63S1, the RD-214F was developed and fire tested, but in the end the stock R-12U was used as first stage. So it was for all subsequent 63S1M and 11K63. This engine many versions: GRAU The organization dates back to 1862 when it was established under

210-617: Was achieved by refractory vanes protruding into the nozzle's exhaust. For the requirements to have storable propellants and higher thrust, Glushko 's OKB-456 developed the RD-211 , which had four combustion chambers, each having twice the thrust of the RD-100, a Russian adaptation of the V-2 A-4 engine. The four chambers were fed from a single turbopump powered by steam generated from catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. When then came

225-503: Was definitely abandoned and the more powerful RD-214 was developed. While Korolev's refusal to use toxic propellants basically left him out of the ballistic missile development race, the basic design of the RD-211 also served as basis for the RD-107 / RD-108 engine, which went to be the most flown rocket engines in history. The initial R-12 was a pad launched missile. It had significant operative issues on readiness and vulnerability. Thus,

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