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100-485: The organization was originally founded as the (Spanish: Unión Velocipédica Española or UVE ). At the beginning of 1898, journalist Narciso Masferrer used Los Deportes , which he had founded the year before, to became the main propagandist of the Catalan Cycling Union (Spanish: Unión Velocipédica Catalan or UVC ), chaired by the doctor Manuel Duran i Ventosa, who created this entity to compete with

200-431: A 10 m (33 ft) x 10 m (33 ft) floor, with a smaller 7 m (23 ft) x 7 m (23 ft) floor used for younger participants. Routines last 70–90 seconds depending on the age of the participants and the routine category. The World Championships have been held since 1995. The events consist of: On 28 January 2018, parkour, also known as freerunning, was given the go-ahead to begin development as

300-587: A 10.0. During a routine, deductions will be made by the judges for flaws in the form of the technique of a skill. For example, steps on landings or flexed feet can range from .05–.1 off, depending on the severity of the mistake. Male gymnasts also perform on a 12meter x 12meter spring floor. A series of tumbling passes are performed to demonstrate flexibility, strength, and balance. Strength skills include circles, scales, and press handstands. Men's floor routines usually have multiple passes that have to total between 60 and 70 seconds and are performed without music, unlike

400-507: A FIG sport. The FIG was planning to run World Cup competitions from 2018 onwards. The first Parkour World Championships were planned for 2020, but were delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic , and instead took place from 15 to 16 October 2022 in Tokyo, Japan. The events consist of: Para-gymnastics, gymnastics for disabled athletes with para-athletics classifications , was recognized as

500-428: A carpeted 12m × 12m square, usually consisting of hard foam over a layer of plywood , which is supported by springs generally called a spring floor. This provides a firm surface that provides extra bounce or spring when compressed, allowing gymnasts to achieve greater height and a softer landing after the composed skill. Gymnasts perform a choreographed routine for up to 90 seconds in the floor exercise event. Depending on

600-576: A different number of tumbling passes. In level 7 in the United States, a gymnast is required to do 2–3, and in levels 8–10, at least 3–4 tumbling passes are required. Scoring for both Junior Olympic and NCAA level gymnastics uses a 10.0 scale. Levels below Level 9 start from a 10.0 automatically if all requirements for an event are met. Levels 9 and 10, and NCAA gymnastics all start below a 10.0 and require gymnastics to acquire bonus points through connections and skills to increase their start value to

700-642: A final (combined) routine. Currently, acrobatic gymnastics scores are marked out of 30.00 for juniors, and they can be higher at the Senior FIG level based on difficulty: There are five competitive event categories: The World Championships have been held since 1974. Aerobic gymnastics (formally sport aerobics) involves the performance of routines by individuals, pairs, trios, groups with 5 people, and aerobic dance and aerobic step (8 people). Strength, flexibility, and aerobic fitness rather than acrobatic or balance skills are emphasized. Seniors perform routines on

800-406: A grip on the bar, and to prevent rips. While training for this event, straps are often used to ensure that the gymnast does not fall off the bar as they are learning new skills. As with women, male gymnasts are also judged on all of their events including their execution, degree of difficulty , and overall presentation skills. According to FIG rules, only women compete in rhythmic gymnastics. This

900-695: A journalist began in 1886, when he was still living in Madrid, with the newspaper El Imparcial , and a year later, on 2 March 1887, the 20-year-old Masferrer founded the Sociedad Gimnástica Español (SGE) together with Emilio Monjardín, Emilio Coll and Eduardo Charles. But it was not until the end of 1896, now living in Barcelona, and coinciding with the death of his wife, that his journalistic hyperactivity set off. Having narrowly survived tuberculosis, he now wanted to fully take advantage of

1000-420: A larger blocking surface. This apparatus is thus considered safer than the vaulting horse used in the past. With the addition of this new, safer vaulting table, gymnasts are attempting more difficult vaults. On the uneven bars, gymnasts perform a timed routine on two parallel horizontal bars set at different heights. These bars are made of fiberglass covered in wood laminate , to prevent them from breaking. In

1100-601: A meeting in Madrid on 7 June 1898 and the Spanish Gymnastic Federation (Spanish: Federación Gimnástica Española or FGE ) was born, and a first Executive Committee was provisionally appointed. When FGE was formed, its headquarters would be that of the Sociedad Gimnástica Español, also founded by him in Madrid in 1887, which meant that Masferrer, along with the other three founders (Monjardín, Coll and Charles), became members of

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1200-401: A modern age of gymnastics. Both men's and women's gymnastics now attract considerable international interest, and excellent gymnasts can be found on every continent. In 2006, a new points system for Artistic gymnastics was put into play. An A Score (or D score) is the difficulty score, which as of 2009 derives from the eight highest-scoring elements in a routine (excluding Vault), in addition to

1300-559: A modern format, and uniform grading structures (including a point system from 1 to 15) had been agreed upon. In 1930, the first UK mass movement organization of women in gymnastics, the Women's League of Health and Beauty, was founded by Mary Bagot Stack in London. At this time, Soviet gymnasts astounded the world with highly disciplined and difficult performances, setting a precedent that continues. Television has helped publicize and initiate

1400-534: A national nature . Narciso Masferrer in 1910. At the beginning of 1898, Masferrer used Los Deportes , which he had founded the year before, to became the main propagandist of the Catalan Cycling Union (Spanish: Unión Velocipédica Catalan or UVC ), chaired by the doctor Manuel Duran i Ventosa, who created this entity to compete with the Madrid-based Spanish Cycling Union (Spanish: Unión Velocipédica Española or UVE ), which

1500-498: A straight pass (including double and triple somersaults) and a twisting pass (including full twisting whips and combination skills such as a full twisting double straight ’full in back’). In the final of the individual event, the competitor must compete two different runs which can be either twisting or straight but each run normally uses both types (using transition skills). Acrobatic gymnastics (formerly sport acrobatics), often referred to as acro, acrobatic sports or simply sports acro,

1600-460: A triumphant entry into the unionist movement, profiling himself as the true savior of the UVE through his efforts and his journalistic campaigns. At first, he remained in the background, behind Rialp and Pollés, but he soon came to the front. In fact, some of the most important decisions of the UVE congress of December 1899 are the result of Masferrer's proposals, and his growing role within the federation

1700-410: A triumphant entry into the unionist movement, profiling himself as the true savior of the UVE through his efforts and his journalistic campaigns. At first, he remained in the background, behind Rialp and Pollés, but he soon came to the front. In fact, some of the most important decisions of the UVE congress of December 1899 are the result of Masferrer's proposals, and his growing role within the federation

1800-435: A whip or a flick. Competition is made up of a qualifying round and a finals round. There are two different types of competition in tumbling, individual and team. In the team event three gymnasts out of a team of four compete one run each, if one run fails the final member of the team is allowed to compete with the three highest scores being counted. In the individual event qualification, the competitor will compete two runs, one

1900-416: Is a combination of 8 skills, with an entry skill, normally a round-off, to whips and into an end skill. Usually the end skill is the hardest skill of the pass. At the highest level, gymnasts perform transitional skills. These are skills which are not whips, but are double or triple somersaults (usually competed at the end of the run), but now competed in the middle of the run connected before and after by either

2000-430: Is a commonly performed vault in the higher levels in gymnastics. When performing a Yurchenko, gymnasts round-off so their hands are on the runway while their feet land on the vault board. From the round-off position, the gymnast travels backward so that the hands land on the vaulting table. The gymnast then blocks off the vaulting platform into various twisting and/or somersaulting combinations. The post-flight segment brings

2100-657: Is a group gymnastic discipline for both men and women. Acrobats perform to music in groups of two, three and four. There are four international age categories: 11–16, 12–18, 13–19, and Senior (15+), which are used in the World Championships and many other events around the world, including the European Championships and the World Games . All levels require a balance and dynamic routine; 12–18, 13–19, and Seniors are also required to perform

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2200-451: Is a sport that combines elements of ballet , gymnastics, dance , and apparatus manipulation, with a much greater emphasis on the aesthetic rather than the acrobatic. Gymnasts compete either as individuals or in groups. Individuals perform four separate routines, each using one of the four apparatuses—ball, ribbon, hoop, clubs, and formerly, rope—on a floor area. Groups consist of five gymnasts who perform two routines together, one with five of

2300-411: Is allowed to choose where they start on the runway. The body position is maintained while punching (blocking using only a shoulder movement) the vaulting platform. The gymnast then rotates to a standing position. In advanced gymnastics, multiple twists and somersaults may be added before landing. Successful vaults depend on the speed of the run, the length of the hurdle, the power the gymnast generates from

2400-456: Is immediately made clear when he is appointed delegate, that is, the spokesman for the UVE congress held in Barcelona in December 1900, before being elected the president a year later, replacing Claudi de Rialp. On 1 March 1898, Masferrer used Los Deportes to publish an appeal to all Spanish athletes to create a "Confederation of Spanish Gymnastic Societies". A positive response resulted in

2500-492: Is immediately made clear when he is appointed delegate, that is, the spokesman for the UVE congress held in Barcelona in December 1900, before being elected the president a year later, replacing Claudi de Rialp. It covers the disciplines of road racing , track cycling , cyclo-cross , BMX , mountain biking and cycle speedway . The Federation is a member of the Union Cycliste Internationale and

2600-579: Is now the Spanish Cycling Federation . When this entity was officially constituted in May of 1898, Masferrer was elected its “publicist secretary”. Years later, in 1910, when Masferrer was already an established leader of Spanish cycling, he would make a public confession of his remorse for having supported a dissident entity. At the beginning of 1899, however, both the UVC and the UVE stood on

2700-462: Is optional. Some competitions restart the score from zero for the finals, other add the final score to the preliminary results. Synchronized trampoline is similar except that both competitors must perform the routine together and marks are awarded for synchronization as well as the form and difficulty of the moves. Double mini trampoline involves a smaller trampoline with a run-up, two scoring moves are performed per routine. Moves cannot be repeated in

2800-686: Is performed on a sprung floor, and the gymnasts perform acrobatic moves and flips. The other version was developed in Europe and uses generally the same rules as the women and the same set of apparatus. It is most prominent in Spain, which has held national men's competitions since 2009 and mixed-gender group competitions since 2021, and France. Trampolining and tumbling consists of four events, individual and synchronized trampoline, double mini trampoline, and tumbling (also known as power tumbling or rod floor). Since 2000, individual trampoline has been included in

2900-727: Is why in its beginnings the FGE acted as the Spanish Football Federation. Moreover, it also acted as the Spanish Olympic Committee long before the foundation of the Spanish Olympic Committee in 1912. As the former, FGE organized some of the first football tournaments in the history of Spanish football. Therefore, Masferrer's influence on the institutionalization process of Spanish sport was omnipresent in its yearly years. However,

3000-406: The 1936 coup , Republican militiamen showed up at his home located at 41 Rambla de Catalunya, to shoot him down, due to his right-wing and monarchist political affiliation, due to his leading role in Barcelona public life as a result of 40 almost uninterrupted years of sports journalism, and due to his social position, linked to the wealthy classes through his lifetime position as general secretary of

3100-576: The Deutsch Compañía de Petróleos y Derivados , his bosses decided to send him to the company's Seville branch in hopes that the change of scenery would benefit his precarious health. While there, he had two children: Ana (1892–1940) and Narciso, who died a few days after birth. He lived in Seville for four years until 1896, when professional reasons forced him to move to Barcelona, the city in which he would live most of his life. His work as

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3200-633: The Los Deportes newsroom, the headquarters of his numerous associations were also based in the Solé Gymnasium, which become one of the first gym members of FGE. Although gymnastics occupied a priority place in FGE's objectives (as the name of the entity suggests), the federation's actual ambitions included all sports, such as athletics, football, and practically all other sports, with only cycling, sailing, and shooting having federative or pseudo-federative structures of its own at this time. This

3300-434: The Spanish Cycling Federation , and the Spanish Gymnastic Federation . I know from my own experience—I accuse myself of this with bitter pain—what it is to be a dissident, and I know what it leads to, just as I know what remorse means. Since then, I condemn any manifestation of desertion, as betrayal of the goals that an entity pursues (...) since then, I have fought and will fight (...) to create and maintain entities of

3400-588: The Spanish football federation until 1909. He also left a big mark in cycling, holding the presidency of the Unión Velocipédica Espanyola in 1911, from which he promoted the creation of the Volta a Catalunya , the first cycling race per stage in Spain and one of the oldest in the world. He was also a prominent member of the Spanish Olympic Committee and the main inspirer and promoter of

3500-525: The Union Européenne de Cyclisme . It is based in Madrid . Narciso Masferrer Narciso Masferrer Sala (26 April 1867 – 9 April 1941) was a pioneer of Catalan sports, sports journalism , and Olympism throughout Spain. He was present at most Catalan sports initiatives of the first third of the 20th century, founding and becoming director of a number of sporting projects, including some of

3600-575: The 1920s, women organised and participated in gymnastics events. Elin Falk revolutionised how gymnastic were taught in Swedish schools beteeen 1910 and 1932. The first women's Olympic competition was limited, involving only synchronized calisthenics and track and field. These games were held in 1928 in Amsterdam. By 1954, Olympic Games apparatus and events for both men and women had been standardized in

3700-641: The 30-year-old Masferrer founded the Catalan Gymnastics Association and the fortnightly magazine Los Deportes , directing the latter from the Solé Gymnasium on Montjuïc del Carme street. This publication, which ceased to be published in 1910, would become, throughout its life, the official organ of several entities, such as the Royal Association of Hunters of Barcelona, the Catalan Federation of Football Clubs ,

3800-419: The 70–90 seconds exercise by mounting the beam by either a vault or a jump. The event requires balance, flexibility, grace, poise, and strength. The event in gymnastics performed on the floor is called floor exercise. The English abbreviation for the event in gymnastics scoring is FX. In the past, the floor exercise event was executed on the bare floor or mats such as wrestling mats. The floor event now occurs on

3900-572: The Automobile Show of Catalonia. However, those who were going to arrest him recognized Masferrer as the leader of the Spanish sports movement, and more specifically as the maximum promoter of cycling, and thus they ended up sparing his life in his capacity as "president of the bicycles". Other Catalan sports leaders of right-wing significance had much less luck, such as Jaime Alsina and his son, who were shot dead at their gym. In 1939, at

4000-587: The FGE Executive Committee, while Marcelo Sanz was named its general secretary. Although formed in 1898, the Spanish Gymnastics Federation was only officially founded on 26 September 1899, within the framework of its first General Assembly held in Madrid, therefore making the FGE the second oldest Spanish sports federation after the cycling one. As usual, Los Deportes would be its dissemination organ. In addition to

4100-612: The FGE eventually began to decline, and around 1904 this society seems to disappear. Two years later, in 1906, Masferrer, among other people, lamented the disappearance of the Spanish Gymnastic Federation in the pages of Mundo Deportivo . It was not until June 1932, at the initiative of the Spanish Gymnastics Society, that the current Spanish Federation of Gymnastics (Spanish: Federación Española de Gimnasia or FEG ), still known simply as

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4200-509: The Gymnastic Federation considered football as the sport that had the best chance of hatching among that generation of Barcelona gymnasts, reaching that conclusion after doing different tests and trials with other outdoor sports such as gouret (the current hockey ) or riscat (current children's rescue game). That is why the first Barcelona clubs were born in gyms and under the protection and encouragement of characters linked to

4300-506: The Madrid-based UVE. When the UVC was officially constituted in May 1898, Masferrer was elected its “publicist secretary”. Years later, in 1910, when Masferrer was already an established leader of Spanish cycling, he would make a public confession of his remorse for having supported a dissident entity. At the beginning of 1899, however, both the UVC and the UVE stood on the verge of collapse as a result of Spain's colonial disaster at

4400-464: The Olympic Games. The first World Championships were held in 1964. Individual routines in trampolining involve a build-up phase during which the gymnast jumps repeatedly to achieve height, followed by a sequence of ten bounces without pause during which the gymnast performs a sequence of aerial skills. Routines are marked out of a maximum score of 10 points. Additional points (with no maximum at

4500-625: The Olympics in 1984. There are two versions of rhythmic gymnastics for men, neither of which is currently recognized by the FIG. One was developed in Japan in the 1940s and was originally practiced by both boys and girls for fitness, with women still occasionally participating on the club level today. Gymnasts either perform in groups with no apparatus, or individually with apparatus (stick, clubs, rope, or double rings). Unlike women's rhythmic gymnastics, it

4600-701: The Order of Alfonso XII . In 1940 he was struck down by tuberculosis and was told by doctors his chances of living were slim. He died in Barcelona on 9 April 1941 at the age of 73. Masferrer had all the levers in the hands of Spanish sport for half a century. Ramón Torres in 1968. There have been many people who, on several occasions, have asked that a street or sports facility be named after Masferrer. The construction of Palau dels Esports de Barcelona in 1955 caused José Sabater Rosich to write in an article entitled "Moment opportune to repair an oblivion", published on 12 July, in which he advocated giving this street

4700-785: The Organizing Committee of the International Motor Show, an organization that Masferrer helped to found, established the 'Narcís Masferrer' journalistic award in his honor. In his memory, the Trofeo Masferrer was held annually in Catalonia from 1932 until 1994. Gymnastics Gymnastics is a type of sport that includes physical exercises requiring balance , strength , flexibility , agility , coordination , artistry and endurance . The movements involved in gymnastics contribute to

4800-466: The Spanish Gymnastic Federation such as Masferrer. On 29 November 1899, Masferrer attended the founding meeting of FC Barcelona , which was hosted by him at the Solé Gym, and he recounted in detail the development of the historic meeting in an article published in this newspaper on 29 November 1924, on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the creation of the club. Without the work of Masferrer laying

4900-405: The Spanish Gymnastics Federation, was established. In 1899 Joan Gamper and his friend Walter Wild arrived at the Solé Gym and they were well received by Masferrer, and on 22 October 1899, they published Gamper's famous advert in Los Deportes declaring his wish to form a football club. Masferrer helped Gamper and Wild to consolidate FC Barcelona because he and his closest collaborators from

5000-410: The apparatus. To make the exercise more challenging, gymnasts will often include variations on a typical circling skill by turning (moores and spindles) or by straddling their legs (flares). Routines end when the gymnast performs a dismount, either by swinging his body over the horse or landing after a handstand variation. The rings are suspended on wire cable from a point 5.75 metres (18.9 ft) from

5100-636: The common Greek adjective γυμνός ([[[wikt:γυμνός#Ancient|gymnos]]] Error: {{Lang}}: Non-latn text/Latn script subtag mismatch ( help ) ), by way of the related verb γυμνάζω ( gymnazo ), whose meaning is to "train naked", "train in gymnastic exercise", generally "to train, to exercise". The verb had this meaning because athletes in ancient times exercised and competed without clothing. Gymnastics can be traced to exercises performed in Ancient Greece, specifically in Sparta and Athens. Exercise of that time

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5200-459: The conduct that needed to be followed by the newspaper, which did not differ at all from his own: "We do not come to criticize anyone, we come to applaud and encourage everyone". 1911 was remarkably prolific for Masferrer: he founded the magazine "Stadium", of which he was director until 1922; promoted and presided over the Union of Sports Journalists, and presided over Unión Velocipédica Espanyola ,

5300-569: The construction of the La Foixarda stadium , inaugurated in 1921. He was the promoter of Barcelona's candidacy to host the 1924 Olympic Games , and was the head of the Spanish Delegation that attended the 1928 Olympic Games . He was a member of the Spanish Olympic Committee in 1926, and again in 1939, when the civil war ended. In 1929 he resigned from his job as sports editor of the newspaper La Vanguardia to dedicate himself to

5400-585: The development of the arms, legs, shoulders, back, chest, and abdominal muscle groups. Gymnastics evolved from exercises used by the ancient Greeks that included skills for mounting and dismounting a horse, and from circus performance skills. The most common form of competitive gymnastics is artistic gymnastics (AG); for women, the events include floor , vault , uneven bars , and balance beam ; for men, besides floor and vault, it includes rings , pommel horse , parallel bars , and horizontal bar . The governing body for competition in gymnastics throughout

5500-399: The difficulty of the skills they perform as well as their execution. There is no maximum score for difficulty, as it can keep increasing as the difficulty of the skills increase. In the vaulting events, gymnasts sprint down a 25 metres (82 ft) runway, to take off onto a vault board (or perform a roundoff or handspring entry onto a vault board), to land momentarily inverted on the hands on

5600-536: The end of the Spanish–American War , and when a debacle in the UVE was sensed, Masferrer immediately began to apply for union, promoting the merger between the two federations through the pages of Los Deportes and through negotiations between the leaders of both entities. This campaign reached its peak with a meeting at the restaurant Ca l'Anguilero in Llobregat , convened by Los Deportes on 9 April "to seal

5700-493: The end of the civil war, he was appointed councilor of the National Sports Council and member of the Spanish Olympic Committee. All the Spanish sports federations became run by the military, the only exceptions were cycling, run by Narciso Masferrer, and tennis, which was in the hands of José Garriga-Nogués. Throughout his life he received numerous honors and recognitions, and was awarded the title of Knight of

5800-711: The events in Men's Artistic Gymnastics at the 1932 Summer Olympics , and in 1955 and 1959 at the Pan American Games . From 1974 to 1998 it was included as an event for both genders at the Acrobatic Gymnastics World Championships . The event has also been contested since 1976 at the Trampoline and Tumbling World Championships . Tumbling is competed along a 25-metre sprung tack with a 10-metre run up. A tumbling pass or run

5900-689: The final score for each routine. International competitions are split between Juniors, under sixteen by their year of birth, and Seniors, for women sixteen and over. Gymnasts in Russia and Europe typically start training at a very young age and those at their peak are typically in their late teens (15–19) or early twenties. The largest events in the sport are the Olympic Games , World Championships , European Championships , World Cup and Grand Prix series . The first World Championships were held in 1963, and rhythmic gymnastics made its first appearance at

6000-709: The first public gymnasium in the US in 1826 at Harvard College and in Boston, Massachusetts, respectively. Neal was the first American to open a public gymnasium in the US, in Portland, Maine, in 1827. He also documented and promoted these early efforts in the American Journal of Education and The Yankee , helping to establish the American branch of the movement. The Federation of International Gymnastics (FIG)

6100-405: The floor. The gymnasts must perform a routine demonstrating balance, strength, power, and dynamic motion while preventing the rings themselves from swinging. At least one static strength move is required, but some gymnasts may include two or three. A routine ends with a dismount. Gymnasts sprint down a runway, which is a maximum of 25 meters in length, before hurdling onto a springboard. The gymnast

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6200-659: The foundations and helping consolidate Gamper's work, FC Barcelona might never have existed, leading some to regard him as the true founder of the club, or that at least, he should also be treated as one. Officially, however, the journalist from Madrid, not even when he was vice president of the club in the 1909–10 season. In 1902 he founded Vida Deportiva and became a correspondent for the French magazine L'Auto. Four years later, in 1906, he founded and directed El Mundo Deportivo , becoming its first director, and in its first editorial, published on 1 February, Masferrer pointed out

6300-484: The greatest sporting institutions in Catalonia , such as clubs, federations and sports press. As a pioneer of sports journalism, he was the founder of Los Deportes , El Mundo Deportivo and "Stadium" magazines, a correspondent for the French publication L'Auto and an editor of La Vanguardia for 17 years, from 1912 to 1929. He is thus widely regarded as the father of modern sports journalism in Spain. In

6400-469: The gymnast to her feet. Less difficult vaults include taking off from the vault board with both feet at the same time and either doing a front handspring or round-off onto the vaulting table. In 2001, the traditional vaulting horse was replaced with a new apparatus, sometimes known as a tongue, horse, or vaulting table. The new apparatus is more stable, wider, and longer than the older vaulting horse, approximately 1 m in length and 1 m in width, giving gymnasts

6500-419: The highest levels of competition) can be earned depending on the difficulty of the moves and the length of time taken to complete the ten skills which is an indication of the average height of the jumps. In high level competitions, there are two preliminary routines, one which has only two moves scored for difficulty and one where the athlete is free to perform any routine. This is followed by a final routine which

6600-530: The invention of the parallel bars , rings , the high bar , the pommel horse and the vault horse . Germans Charles Beck and Charles Follen and American John Neal brought the first wave of gymnastics to the United States in the 1820s. Beck opened the first gymnasium in the US in 1825 at the Round Hill School in Northampton, Massachusetts. Follen opened the first college gymnasium and

6700-435: The landing area is all the gymnast has to hold onto as he performs giant swings or giants (forward or backward revolutions around the bar in the handstand position), release skills, twists, and changes of direction. By using all of the momentum from giants and then releasing at the proper point, enough height can be achieved for spectacular dismounts, such as a triple-back salto. Leather grips are usually used to help maintain

6800-483: The legs and shoulder girdle, the kinesthetic awareness in the air, how well they stuck the landing, and the speed of rotation in the case of more difficult and complex vaults. Men perform on two bars executing a series of swings, balances, and releases that require great strength and coordination. The width between the bars is adjustable depending upon the actual needs of the gymnasts and usually 2 m high. A 2.8  cm thick steel or fiberglass bar raised 2.5 m above

6900-435: The level, the gymnast may choose their own routine; however some levels have compulsory routines, where default music must be played. Levels three to six the music is the same for each levels along with the skills within the routine. However, recently, the levels have switched. Now, levels 6–10 are optional levels and they get to have custom routines made. In the optional levels (levels six to ten) there are skill requirements for

7000-566: The name of a forgotten leader and sports journalist: Narciso Masferrer. In this way, it would be fulfilled "with a debt that Barcelona owes to those who propelled sports with enthusiasm and success". Sabater's proposal did not succeed. In recognition of its promoter, and although without success, Francisco Canto Arroyo led a campaign in the press in 1944, for the Montjuïc Stadium to be called the Masferrer Stadium. In 1969

7100-625: The organization of the 1929 Barcelona International Exposition , promoting and leading the initiative of building the Montjuïc Olympic Stadium . In 1919 he will also be appointed general secretary of the Automobile Show and will preside over all the Saló de Barcelona that were held in the now-defunct Pavilion of Fine Arts between 1919 and 1935, being stopped due to the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War. Shortly after

7200-578: The pages of Los Deportes to speak, and following an appeal on 11 June, Masferrer held a negotiation with the president of the UVE, Claudi de Rialp, and the president of the Catalan committee of the Spanish Union, the architect Bonaventura Pollés, which lead to the seizure of federative power by these men and the transfer from the headquarters of the UVE to Barcelona, which materialized at the beginning of July 1899. This entire situation gave Masferrer

7300-459: The pages of Los Deportes to speak, and following an appeal on 11 June, Masferrer held a negotiation with the president of the UVE, Claudi de Rialp, and the president of the Catalan committee of the Spanish Union, the architect Bonaventura Pollés, which lead to the seizure of federative power by these men and the transfer from the headquarters of the UVE to Barcelona, which materialized at the beginning of July 1899. This entire situation gave Masferrer

7400-553: The past, bars were made of wood, but the bars were prone to breaking, providing an incentive to switch to newer technologies. The height of the bars may be adjusted by 5 cm to the size needed by individual gymnasts, although the distance between bars cannot be changed for individual gymnasts in elite competition. In the past, the uneven parallel bars were closer together. The bars have been moved increasingly further apart, allowing gymnasts to perform swinging, circling, transitional, and release moves that may pass over, under, and between

7500-594: The points awarded for composition requirements; each vault has a difficulty score assigned by the FIG. The B Score (or E Score), is the score for execution and is given for how well the skills are performed. The following disciplines are governed by FIG. Artistic gymnastics is usually divided into men's and women's gymnastics. Men compete on six events: floor exercise , pommel horse , still rings , vault , parallel bars , and horizontal bar , while women compete on four: vault, uneven bars , balance beam , and floor exercise. In some countries, women at one time competed on

7600-459: The pre-Civil War Barcelona candidatures to host the Olympic Games . He is also known for his pivotal role in the founding of FC Barcelona , publishing Joan Gamper 's famous advert in the Los Deportes magazine to find players interested in forming a football team , and then hosting the famous meeting at the Gimnasio Solé on 29 November 1899 that saw the birth of the club, of which he

7700-659: The predecessor of the Catalan Cycling Federation , where together with Miguel Artemán and Jaime Grau , he promoted the creation of the Volta a Catalunya , the first cycling race per stage in Spain and one of the oldest in the world. He had already held several federative charges and assignments at Unión Velocipédica Espanyola before 1911, including the Vice Presidency (1900–1902), the presidency (1902–1904), General Secretary (1905–1909), and he held

7800-642: The presidency for a third time in 1939. It was from all of these positions that he promoted all the key initiatives in the history of Spanish cycling before the Spanish Civil War . He presided over the Catalan Football Federation in 1913, and in that same year, he intervened in the creation of the Catalan Olympic Committee (Comitè Olímpic Català), and in the reorganization of the Spanish one . He promoted

7900-466: The press, his activity was basically centered on the creation of innovative journalistic projects and the promotion of sporting activity among citizens, preferably outdoors. From the various journalistic forums that he founded or directed, he had a decisive influence on the dissemination and institutionalization process of multiple sports modalities, from gymnastics to football , passing through motor racing , swimming , athletics , and cycling . He

8000-460: The rings, high bar, and parallel bars (for example, in the 1950s in the USSR ). In 2006, FIG introduced a new point system for artistic gymnastics in which scores are no longer limited to 10 points. The system is used in the US for elite level competition. Unlike the old code of points, there are two separate scores, an execution score and a difficulty score. In the previous system, the execution score

8100-404: The routine but the athlete is able to pick her own music without any words. The routine should consist of tumbling passes, series of jumps, leaps, dance elements, acrobatic skills, and turns, or pivots, on one foot. A gymnast can perform up to four tumbling passes, each of which usually includes at least one flight element without hand support. Each level of gymnastics requires the athlete to perform

8200-453: The same apparatus and one with three of one apparatus and two of another; the FIG defines which apparatuses groups use each year. Routines are given three sub-scores: difficulty, execution, and artistry. Difficulty is open-ended and based on the value given to the elements performed in the routine, and execution and artistry start at ten points and are lowered for specific mistakes made by the gymnasts. The three sub-scores are added together for

8300-408: The same order on the double-mini during a competition. Skills can be repeated if a skill is competed as a mounter in one routine and a dismount in another. The scores are marked in a similar manner to individual trampoline. In tumbling , athletes perform an explosive series of flips and twists down a sprung tumbling track. Scoring is similar to trampolining. Tumbling was originally contested as one of

8400-418: The second chance that life gave him, and thus, after mourning his wife, he threw himself into a hectic informative and associative activity. It was most likely due to his own health problems, caused by tuberculosis, and the premature death of his wife, as well as his concern over the well-being of his children, that influenced his obsession with healthy living and the regeneration of the Spanish people. In 1897,

8500-403: The skills, or they do not connect a skill meant to be connected to another. Connection bonuses are where deviation happens most commonly between the intended and actual difficulty scores, as it can be difficult to connect multiple flight elements. It is very hard to connect skills if the first skill is not performed correctly. The new code of points allows the gymnasts to gain higher scores based on

8600-478: The skin of the hands); dowel grips help gymnasts grip the bar. The gymnast performs a choreographed routine of up to 90 seconds in length consisting of leaps, acrobatic skills, somersaults, turns and dance elements on a padded beam. The beam is 125 centimetres (4 ft 1 in) from the ground, 5 metres (16 ft 5 in) long, and 10.16 centimetres (4.00 in) wide. This stationary object can also be adjusted, to be raised higher or lower. The gymnast begins

8700-413: The two bars. At the elite level, movements must pass through the handstand. Gymnasts often mount the uneven bars using a springboard or a small mat. Gymnasts may use chalk (MgCO 3 ) and grips (a leather strip with holes for fingers to protect hands and improve performance) when performing this event. The chalk helps take the moisture out of gymnasts' hands to decrease friction and prevent rips (tears to

8800-410: The union that exists among all", which was attended by more than 240 cyclists. Despite his best efforts, however, Masferrer was unable to prevent the aforementioned debacle of the UVE (May 1899), which resulted in the annulment of their meeting and the resignation of the Madrid committee from the Spanish union. From this moment on, Masferrer became the leader of the movement to save the UVE, always using

8900-408: The union that exists among all", which was attended by more than 240 cyclists. Despite his best efforts, however, Masferrer was unable to prevent the aforementioned debacle of the UVE (May 1899), which resulted in the annulment of their meeting and the resignation of the Madrid committee from the Spanish union. From this moment on, Masferrer became the leader of the movement to save the UVE, always using

9000-403: The vaulting horse or vaulting table (pre-flight segment), then propel themselves forward or backward off that platform to a two-footed landing (post-flight segment). Every gymnast starts at a different point on the vault runway depending on their height and strength. The post-flight segment may include one or more multiple saltos, or twisting movements. A round-off entry vault, called a Yurchenko ,

9100-484: The verge of collapse as a result of Spain's colonial disaster at the end of the Spanish–American War , and when a debacle in the UVE was sensed, Masferrer immediately began to apply for union, promoting the merger between the two federations through the pages of Los Deportes and through negotiations between the leaders of both entities. This campaign reached its peak with a meeting at the restaurant Ca l'Anguilero in Llobregat , convened by Los Deportes on 9 April "to seal

9200-506: The women's event. Rules require that male gymnasts touch each corner of the floor at least once during their routine. A typical pommel horse exercise involves both single leg and double leg work. Single leg skills are generally found in the form of scissors, an element often done on the pommels. Double leg work, however, is the main staple of this event. The gymnast swings both legs in a circular motion (clockwise or counterclockwise depending on preference) and performs such skills on all parts of

9300-682: The world is the Fédération Internationale de Gymnastique (FIG). Eight sports are governed by the FIG, including gymnastics for all, men's and women's artistic gymnastics , rhythmic gymnastics , trampolining (including double mini-trampoline), tumbling , acrobatic , aerobic , and parkour . Disciplines not recognized by FIG include wheel gymnastics , aesthetic group gymnastics , TeamGym , and mallakhamba . Participants in gymnastics-related sports include young children, recreational-level athletes, and competitive athletes at all levels of skill. The word gymnastics derives from

9400-463: Was Spain's first sports promoter with a global and ambitious vision, and the first person who was clear about the need for national organizations for each sport, as well as federations for each national championship. Masferrer is widely regarded as one of the most important figures in the amateur beginnings of gymnastics and football in Spain , as he was the fundamental head behind the foundation of Spanish Gymnastic Federation in 1898, which acted as

9500-607: Was a vice-president from 1909 to 1910, and he even held the presidency of the Catalan Football Federation in 1913. Masferrer was born in Madrid in 1867 to Catalan parents and studied in France and Germany. Masferrer married Esperanza Navarro in Madrid in July 1891, at the age of 24, and both he and his very young wife suffered from tuberculosis , a disease that wreaked havoc at that time. As an employee of

9600-517: Was documented by Philostratus' work Gymnastics: The Ethics of an Athletic Aesthetic . The original term for the practice of gymnastics is from the related Greek verb γυμνάζω ( gumnázō ), which translates as "to train naked or nude," because young men exercised without clothing. In ancient Greece, physical fitness was highly valued among both men and women. It was not until after the Romans conquered Greece in 146BC that gymnastics became more formalized and

9700-526: Was founded in Liege in 1881. By the end of the nineteenth century, men's gymnastics competition was popular enough to be included in the first modern Olympic Games , in 1896. From then until the early 1950s, both national and international competitions involved a changing variety of exercises gathered under the rubric, gymnastics, which included, for example, synchronized team floor calisthenics , rope climbing, high jumping, running, and horizontal ladder. During

9800-661: Was more aesthetic and individual and that left behind the focus on strictness, discipline, the emphasis on defeating records, and a focus on strength. Don Francisco Amorós y Ondeano —a Spanish colonel born on 19 February 1770, in Valencia, who died on 8 August 1848, in Paris—was the first person to introduce educative gymnastics in France. The German Friedrich Ludwig Jahn began the German gymnastics movement 1811 in Berlin, which led to

9900-430: Was the only score. It was and still is out of 10.00, except for short exercises. During the gymnast's performance, the judges deduct this score only. A fall, on or off the apparatus, is a 1.00 deduction in elite level gymnastics. The introduction of the difficulty score is a significant change. The gymnast's difficulty score is based on what elements they perform and is subject to change if they do not perform or complete all

10000-479: Was used to train men in warfare. On the basis of Philostratus' claim that gymnastics is a form of wisdom, comparable to philosophy, poetry, music, geometry, and astronomy, the people of Athens combined this more physical training with the education of the mind. At the Palestra, a physical education training center, the discipline of educating the body and the mind were combined, allowing for a form of gymnastics that

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