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54-591: The game won Boardgamegeek 's Golden Geek Award for best card game, Fairplay Magazine's À la carte award for best card game of 2008, and was described by the magazine Tric Trac as " Le jeu de cartes de cette année 2008 " (The card game of the year 2008). Race for the Galaxy by Thomas Lehmann began as a card game version of Puerto Rico , with Thomas Lehmann working on his own and in cooperation with Andreas Seyfarth, and while Lehmann's version did not make it into publication as San Juan in 2004, he continued work on

108-597: A casus belli . Prior to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine , Russia recognized the separatist republics in Donetsk and Luhansk , and the alliance between them was ratified in their parliaments, thus creating a usable casus belli . Russia also claimed a genocide was being committed against Russian speakers in Ukraine by neo-Nazi groups and that the Ukrainian government were neo-Nazis. A false-flag operation

162-483: A "robot" player). The second expansion is intended for use with the first expansion. It adds components for a sixth player, more cards and goals, and direct player interaction in takeovers of other players' military worlds; players who refrain from playing certain cards are immune to conquest. Takeovers are optional and the rules for this expansion encourage trying the game both with and without them. This set also introduces many new Rebel and Imperium Cards and introduces

216-442: A card. Each prestige is worth one victory point at the end of the game, and many of the new cards allow prestige to be spent (for victory points, cards, or other effects). Additionally, a new "once-per-game" action is introduced that allows the user to search the deck for a card meeting a specific stated requirement, or to enhance the bonus the user earns in a round (at the cost of one prestige). The set further extends takeover options:

270-577: A casus belli to initiate the Second World War. In his autobiography Mein Kampf , Adolf Hitler had in the 1920s advocated a policy of Lebensraum ("living space") for the German people , which in practical terms meant German territorial expansion into Eastern Europe. In August 1939, to implement the first phase of this policy, Germany 's Nazi government under Hitler's leadership staged

324-512: A certain phase get a special bonus during that phase, such as the ability to look at more cards during the Explore phase. Every card in play has powers which are active during various phases. For instance, the development "Investment Credits" has a Develop power which makes placing developments one card cheaper. Within a round, phases (those selected by players) happen in the following order: After all phases are complete, players discard down to

378-416: A cost in cards from their hand. Keeping a steady income of new cards throughout the game is important to victory. At the start of each round, all players simultaneously and secretly choose one of five phases : Explore, Develop, Settle, Consume, or Produce. Selections are revealed simultaneously. The only phases which actually occur in a round are those selected by players. Additionally, the players who picked

432-412: A distant world. All the expansions provide new game cards, starting worlds, and support for at least five players. Many new mechanics also interact with base set keywords, such as "Rebel" or "Uplift". The first expansion adds components for a fifth player, additional cards, goals (opportunities to gain extra victory points chosen at random at game start), and rules and components for solo play (against

486-447: A hand limit of 10 cards. Unusually among card games, cards discarded due to the hand limit or when paying a cost are placed face-down (in a "messy" pile to distinguish them from the draw deck), concealing information that could be used to deduce upcoming draws. Play continues until, at the end of a round, either at least one player has 12 or more cards in their tableau, or the entire starting pool of victory point tokens has been claimed by

540-457: A means of defending themselves—or an ally where treaty obligations require it—against aggression; 2) unless the UN as a body has given prior approval to the operation. The UN also reserves the right to ask member nations to intervene against non-signatory countries that embark on wars of aggression . Braumoeller (2019) stated: "However idiosyncratic the casus belli may seem, however, there generally

594-531: A nation may claim for entering into a conflict. It is used to describe the case for war given before the term came into wide use, and to describe the rationale for military action even without a formal declaration of war (as in: the lead up to the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution ). In formally articulating a casus belli , a government typically lays out its reasons for going to war, its intended means of prosecuting

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648-591: A peaceful solution. The Spanish investigation found that the explosion had been caused by spontaneous combustion of the coal bunkers, but the US Sampson Board's Court of Inquiry ruled that the explosion had been caused by an external explosion from a torpedo. The McKinley administration did not cite the explosion as a casus belli , but others were already inclined to go to war with Spain over perceived atrocities and loss of control in Cuba. Advocates of war used

702-509: A player's workers, with rolls determining what phases workers are placed in. During playtesting, plans were made for two expansions to add more variety to gameplay, shore up certain strategies, and to accommodate more players. The game's success prompted the publisher to request a third expansion, as well as new expansions not requiring the original trio. Currently there are five expansions for Race . The first three expansions, Gathering Storm, Rebel vs Imperium , and The Brink of War , comprise

756-538: A plenary session of the United Nations Security Council on February 5, 2003, citing these reasons as justification for military action. Since-declassified National Intelligence Estimates (NIE's) indicate that any certainty may have been overstated in justification of armed intervention; the extent, origin and intent of these overstatements cannot be conclusively determined from the NIE. After

810-646: A prominent role during the Six-Day War of 1967. The Israeli government had a short list of casūs belli , acts that it would consider provocations justifying armed retaliation. The most important was a blockade of the Straits of Tiran leading into Eilat , Israel's only port to the Red Sea , through which Israel received much of its oil. After several border incidents between Israel and Egypt 's allies Syria and Jordan , Egypt expelled UNEF peacekeepers from

864-427: A special two-player scenario where one player takes the role of The Imperium while the other starts with a Rebel homeworld. In this variant the starting hands consist partly of Imperium/Rebel cards and takeovers are allowed. The third expansion adds still more cards, and goals, as well as a new mechanic called galactic prestige. Each round the player(s) with the most prestige earn an additional victory point and possibly

918-424: Is an act or an event that either provokes or is used to justify a war . A casus belli involves direct offenses or threats against the nation declaring the war, whereas a casus foederis involves offenses or threats against its ally—usually one bound by a mutual defense pact. Either may be considered an act of war . A declaration of war usually contains a description of the casus belli that has led

972-600: Is known as a pretext . This section outlines a number of the more famous and/or controversial cases of casus belli which have occurred in modern times. Europeans had access to Chinese ports as outlined in the Treaty of Nanking from the First Opium War . France used the execution of Auguste Chapdelaine as a casus belli for the Second Opium War . On February 29, 1856, Chapdelaine, a French missionary,

1026-883: Is one ... The issues that prompt most wars fit fairly well into one of a fairly manageable number of categories." He broadly summarised classical issues as territory, the creation or dissolution of countries, the defence of the integrity of countries, dynastic succession, and the defence of co-religionists or co-nationals. He pointed out that in the modern field of peace and conflict studies , scholars also frequently list causes such as "struggle for power, arms races and conflict spirals, ethnicity and nationalism, domestic political regime type and leadership change, economic interdependence and trade, territory, climate change-induced scarcity, and so on". In The Causes of War (1972), Australian historian Geoffrey Blainey mentioned general causes such as miscalculation, as well as specific causes such as "Death Watch and Scapegoat Wars", and emphasised

1080-472: Is provided to teach rules. There is also an annual Spring BGG.CON which is family friendly, and an annual BGG@Sea which is held on a cruise. In 2010, BoardGameGeek received the Diana Jones Award , which recognized it as "a resource without peer for board and card gamers, the recognized authority of this online community." The New York Times has called BoardGameGeek "the hub of board gaming on

1134-730: The Gleiwitz incident , which was used as a casus belli for the invasion of Poland the following September. Nazi forces used concentration camp prisoners posing as Poles on 31 August 1939, to attack the German radio station Sender Gleiwitz in Gleiwitz, Upper Silesia , Germany (since 1945: Gliwice , Poland) on the eve of World War II. Poland 's allies, the UK and France , subsequently declared war on Germany in accordance with their alliance. The United States would declare war on Japan after

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1188-721: The Sinai Peninsula , established a military presence at Sharm el-Sheikh , and announced a blockade of the straits, prompting Israel to cite its casus belli in opening hostilities against Egypt. During the 1979 Sino-Vietnamese War , China's leader Deng Xiaoping told the United States that its plan to fight the Vietnamese was revenge for Vietnam's toppling of the Khmer Rouge regime of Cambodia , an ally of China. However Chinese nationalists have argued that

1242-456: The Union . Historian David Herbert Donald (1996) concluded that President Abraham Lincoln 's "repeated efforts to avoid collision in the months between inauguration and the firing on Ft. Sumter showed he adhered to his vow not to be the first to shed fraternal blood. But he also vowed not to surrender the forts. The only resolution of these contradictory positions was for the confederates to fire

1296-543: The annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation in 2014, Russian President Vladimir Putin argued that Crimea and other regions "were not part of Ukraine" after it was taken in the 18th century. The ethnic Russian population in Crimea and eastern Ukraine has been seen as a casus belli for Russia's annexation. The Foreign Ministry claimed that Ukraine tried to seize Crimean government buildings, citing this as

1350-594: The no-fly zones as its stated casus belli . Cited by the George W. Bush administration was Saddam Hussein 's weapons of mass destruction (WMD) program. The administration claimed that Iraq had not conformed with its obligation to disarm under past UN Resolutions, and that Saddam Hussein was actively attempting to acquire a nuclear weapons capability as well as enhance an existing arsenal of chemical and biological weapons. Secretary of State Colin Powell addressed

1404-678: The Internet." In 2020, BoardGameGeek was inducted into the Origins Award Hall of Fame. The site has branched out into other fields by using the same system for RPGs and video games (rpggeek.com and videogamegeek.com). Since 2006, the site annually awards the best new board games of the year with the Golden Geek Award. Winners are selected based on a vote by registered users. RPG and Video game awards were introduced in 2014 and awarded through 2017. Only 1 category

1458-572: The Interstellar Casus Belli development can allow attacks against anyone, and the Imperium Planet Buster can destroy enemy worlds outright. The fourth expansion is used with only the base game and was released during 2013. It includes new explore powers and an optional "orb game" in which players explore for victory points and new powers. Some players have criticized the gameplay of the orb game while praising

1512-574: The United Nations. Proschema (plural proschemata ) is the equivalent Greek term, first popularized by Thucydides in his History of the Peloponnesian War . The proschemata are the stated reasons for waging war, which may or may not be the same as the real reasons, which Thucydides called prophasis ( πρóφασις ). Thucydides argued that the three primary real reasons for waging war are reasonable fear, honor, and interest, while

1566-672: The attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. In 1941, acting once again in accordance with the policy of Lebensraum, Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union , using the casus belli of preemptive war to justify the act of aggression. Many historians have suggested that the Second Gulf of Tonkin Incident was a manufactured pretext for the Vietnam War . North Vietnamese Naval officials have publicly stated that during

1620-536: The best card game around." Matthew Monagle for /Film said in 2021 that "it is a testament to Thomas Lehmann's design that a game released in 2007, an eternity ago in board game years, can still compete with the big boys a decade-plus later." Boardgamegeek BoardGameGeek ( BGG ) is an online forum for board gaming hobbyists and a game database that holds reviews, images and videos for over 125,600 different tabletop games , including European-style board games , wargames , and card games . In addition to

1674-571: The direct cause of entering the war was the German invasion and occupation of Belgium , violating Belgian neutrality which Britain was bound by treaty to uphold. In 1917, the German Empire sent the Zimmermann Telegram to Mexico, in which they tried to persuade Mexico to join the war and fight against the United States, for which they would be rewarded Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, all former Mexican territories. This telegram

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1728-501: The first expansion arc. These expansions thematically focus on a struggle for galactic control between the militarily powerful Imperium and a Rebel uprising. The second arc, which is designed to be played separately from the first, includes only the expansion Alien Artifacts , about the revival of long-dead Alien overseer technology. In the third arc the Xeno Invasion set chronicles a catastrophic invasion by monstrous "Xenos" from

1782-403: The first shot; they did just that." Confederate veteran William Watson opined in 1887 that up until that point, U.S. Secretary of State William H. Seward had not been able to find 'a just cause to declare war against the seceded States', but Sumter gave him 'the casus belli he had sought'. Watson lamented how Jefferson Davis and other Confederate leaders were 'vainglorious[ly]' celebrating

1836-478: The game and added a space-themed customizable card game and this was ultimately released as Race for the Galaxy by Rio Grande Games. Like many other Euro-style games , players win Race by having the most victory points at game end. VPs come from three sources: worlds and developments placed on a player's tableau, and VP chips earned by consuming goods from worlds. To place a world or development, players pay

1890-538: The game cards in the set, saying that the orb makes the overall game play non-simultaneously and last too long. The fifth expansion, published 2015, is for use with the base game only. According to Lehmann, " XI is aimed at intermediate players" and has the most new base cards of any expansion so far. It allows for up to 5 players, and in addition to new world and development cards it includes an optional "Invasion Game", in which players must defeat three waves of Xeno alien invaders. Players can earn bonuses by contributing to

1944-585: The game database, the site allows users to rate games on a 1–10 scale and publishes a ranked list of board games. BoardGameGeek was founded in January 2000 by Scott Alden and Derk Solko, and marked its 20th anniversary on 20 January 2020. Since 2005, BoardGameGeek hosts an annual board game convention, BGG.CON, that has a focus on playing games, and where winners of the Golden Geek Awards are announced. New games are showcased and convention staff

1998-510: The importance of mundane factors such as weather. Theodore K. Rabb and Robert I. Rotberg explored the roots of major conflicts as a mixture of factors on the international, domestic and individual level in The Origin and Prevention of Major Wars (1989). Kalevi Holsti catalogued and categorised wars from 1648 to 1989 according to 24 categories of "issues that generated wars". A casus belli intentionally based on inaccurate facts

2052-410: The order of activities is based on player order and the phases each player picks in succession; in Race , multiple players may choose the same phase, and the order of activity execution is fixed. Wei-Hwa Huang , who is credited as a development assistant for Race , went on to become the primary designer of Roll for the Galaxy (assisted by Tom Lehmann). In this adaptation six-sided dice represent

2106-503: The party in question to declare war on another party. The term casus belli came into widespread use in Europe in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries through the writings of Hugo Grotius (1653), Cornelius van Bynkershoek (1707), and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui (1732), among others, and due to the rise of the political doctrine of jus ad bellum or " just war theory". The term is also used informally to refer to any "just cause"

2160-401: The players. At that point, the player with the highest total of victory points from tokens and from cards in their tableau is the winner. The play style of the game is similar to that of another Rio Grande game, San Juan , which is the card game version of the board game Puerto Rico . Lehmann, Race 's designer, developed his own card game version of Puerto Rico at the request of

2214-467: The publisher. Some of its ideas were incorporated in San Juan . Later, Lehmann used those ideas to create a different game, one of space exploration, settlement, and conquest rather than development in the colonial Caribbean. The principal difference in the playing sequence between Race and Puerto Rico/San Juan is that in the latter games, a given phase can only be chosen by one player each round, and

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2268-612: The rallying cry, "Remember the Maine! To hell with Spain!" Austria-Hungary 's casus belli against Serbia in July 1914 was based upon Serbia 's refusal to investigate the involvement of Serbian government officials in the equipping, training and paying the assassins who murdered Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo . The Serbian government refused the Austrian Démarche, and Austria-Hungary declared war. For Britain,

2322-462: The real casus belli was Vietnam's poor treatment of its ethnic Chinese population , as well as suspicion of Vietnam trying to consolidate Cambodia with Soviet backing. When the United States invaded Iraq in 2003 , it cited Iraq's non-compliance with the terms of cease-fire agreement for the 1990–1991 Gulf War , as well as planning in the 1993 attempted assassination of former President George H. W. Bush and firing on coalition aircraft enforcing

2376-715: The second Gulf of Tonkin Incident (4 August). The North Vietnamese claimed that on August 2, US destroyer USS Maddox was hit by one torpedo and that one of the American aircraft had been shot down in North Vietnamese territorial waters. The PAVN Museum in Hanoi displays "Part of a torpedo boat ... which successfully chased away the USS Maddox August 2nd, 1964". The casus belli for the Vietnam War

2430-457: The second incident the USS ; Maddox was never fired on by North Vietnamese naval forces. In the documentary film The Fog of War , then-US Defense Secretary Robert McNamara concedes the attack during the second incident did not happen, though he says that he and President Johnson believed it did so at the time. The first Gulf of Tonkin Incident (2 August) should not be confused with

2484-476: The stated reasons involve appeals to nationalism or fearmongering (as opposed to descriptions of reasonable, empirical causes for fear). Countries need a public justification for attacking another country, both to galvanize internal support for the war and to gain the support of potential allies. In the post–World War II era , the UN Charter prohibits signatory countries from engaging in war except: 1) as

2538-658: The victory at Sumter, while forgetting that making the first move had given the Confederacy the immediate internationally negative reputation of being the aggressor, and had granted Seward 'the undivided sympathy of the North'. The Maine was a United States Navy ship that sank in Havana Harbor , Spanish Cuba on February 15, 1898. While the destruction of the Maine did not result in an immediate declaration of war with Spain, it did create an atmosphere that precluded

2592-529: The war effort, but the game can also end in two new ways: repulsing the Xeno threat or losing to the invaders. Race for the Galaxy was a finalist for the best "Traditional Card Game" at the Origins Awards . Arjun Sukumaran said that "Thomas Lehmann has received abundant acclaim over the course of his game design career, most notably for his excellent Race for the Galaxy - a game many would consider to be

2646-399: The war, and the steps that others might take to dissuade it from going to war. It attempts to demonstrate that it is going to war only as a last resort or plan ( ultima ratio ) and that it has "just cause" for doing so. Modern international law recognizes at least three lawful justifications for waging war : self-defense, defense of an ally required by the terms of a treaty, and approval by

2700-575: Was also considered by Russia, according to US, UK, and Ukrainian intelligence. On October 7, 2023, Palestinian militant groups , led by Hamas , launched a major attack into Israeli territory from the Gaza Strip . This operation was called 'Operation Al-Aqsa Flood' by Hamas. In response, the Israel Defense Forces launched a counteroffensive, officially named 'Operation Iron Swords'. Following reports that Egypt had given Israel

2754-464: Was awarded in 2018, and none in following years. Player's Handbook (D&D 5e) Dungeons & Dragons (5th Edition) 2020 saw many awards replaced with new categories, such as "Board Game of the Year" replaced with "Game of the Year, Light", "Medium" and "Heavy". Casus Belli A casus belli (from Latin casus belli  'occasion for war'; pl.   casus belli )

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2808-682: Was intercepted by the British, then relayed to the U.S., which led to President Woodrow Wilson then using it to convince Congress to join World War I alongside the Allies. The Mexican president at the time, Venustiano Carranza, had a military commission assess the feasibility, which concluded that this would not be feasible for a number of reasons. In Japanese Manchuria , Japan staged the Marco Polo Bridge Incident in 1937 as

2862-638: Was killed in the province of Guangxi , which was not open to foreigners. In response, British and French forces quickly took control of Guangzhou (Canton). While long-term conflict between the Northern and Southern States (mainly due to moral questions caused by slavery , as well as socio-economic disparities) was the cause of the American Civil War , the Confederate attack on Fort Sumter (April 12–14, 1861) served as casus belli for

2916-456: Was the second incident. On August 4, USS Maddox was launched to the North Vietnamese coast to "show the flag" after the first incident. The US authorities claimed that two Vietnamese boats tried to attack USS Maddox and were sunk. The government of North Vietnam denied the second incident completely. Deniability played favorably into the propaganda efforts of North Vietnam throughout the war, and for some years to follow. A casus belli played

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