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72-669: Coordinates : 51°03′24″N 114°03′40″W / 51.05667°N 114.06111°W / 51.05667; -114.06111 Urban park in Calgary, Alberta, Canada Rotary Park [REDACTED] Downtown Calgary seen from Rotary Park [REDACTED] Type Urban park Location Calgary , Alberta Coordinates 51°03′24″N 114°03′40″W / 51.05667°N 114.06111°W / 51.05667; -114.06111 Area 5.9 hectares (15 acres) Operated by City of Calgary Rotary Park
144-505: A tan ϕ {\displaystyle \textstyle {\tan \beta ={\frac {b}{a}}\tan \phi }\,\!} ; for the GRS 80 and WGS 84 spheroids, b a = 0.99664719 {\textstyle {\tfrac {b}{a}}=0.99664719} . ( β {\displaystyle \textstyle {\beta }\,\!} is known as the reduced (or parametric) latitude ). Aside from rounding, this
216-460: A datum transformation such as a Helmert transformation , although in certain situations a simple translation may be sufficient. Datums may be global, meaning that they represent the whole Earth, or they may be local, meaning that they represent an ellipsoid best-fit to only a portion of the Earth. Examples of global datums include World Geodetic System (WGS 84, also known as EPSG:4326 ),
288-447: A humid continental climate accompanied by a subhumid low boreal transitional grassland ecoclimate. Summers are warm and short and winters can be long and cold. The mean annual temperatures range from 0.5 to 2.5 °C (32.9 to 36.5 °F), with summers ranging 13 to 16 °C (55 to 61 °F), and winters ranging −14.5 to −12.5 °C (5.9 to 9.5 °F). The Peace River Country in northwestern Alberta and northeastern areas of
360-468: A bird which prefers a mixed wood habitat is the yellow-rumped warbler . The mixedwood forest wetlands consist mainly of bogs , fens and marshes. Black spruce , tamarack , willow and bog and sphagnum mosses are the major vegetation types found in these lowlands. Dwarf birch and sedges cover large, wet areas with jack pine occurring on the sandy ridges. For boreal aspen stands less than 40 years old, Comeau (2002) found that basal area provided
432-399: A choice location for many plants and a preferred range or home site for a wide diversity of wildlife. The richer soil and increased precipitation favours the natural growth of fescue grass, but varying conditions such as moisture level and grazing pressures allow for the invasion of secondary plant species. There are numerous grasses and sedges in the fescue prairie. Gravelly and rocky terrain
504-868: A continuous decline in radial increment with increasing aspen basal area. When applied to Comeau's 2002 data, the Wright models suggest that spruce mortality will remain very low until aspen basal area exceeds 20 m /ha, above which mortality will increase rapidly. Wildlife in the parklands include moose (Alces alces) , white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) , black bear (Ursus americanus) , coyote (Canis latrans) , northern pocket gophers (Thomomys talpoides) , thirteen-lined ground squirrels , Richardson's ground squirrels , North American beaver (Castor canadensis) , snowshoe hare (Lepus americanus) , weasels , Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis) and gray wolf (canis lupus) . Bear, moose, foxes, coyotes, beaver, snowshoe hare and red squirrels are found most often in
576-468: A coordinate tuple like a cartesian coordinate system , the geographic coordinate system is not cartesian because the measurements are angles and are not on a planar surface. A full GCS specification, such as those listed in the EPSG and ISO 19111 standards, also includes a choice of geodetic datum (including an Earth ellipsoid ), as different datums will yield different latitude and longitude values for
648-413: A denser canopy, which reduces sunlight reaching the forest floor below. However, in areas where a mixture of aspen and spruce occur, a fairly dense understory can still thrive. The mixed wood understory, as it is called, supports the greatest diversity of forest wildlife in the aspen parkland. Large shrubs such as red-osier dogwood , beaked willow , saskatoon , chokecherry and pincherry , along with
720-624: A landmark / location outside of the City of Calgary; the character * indicates a landmark / location under construction. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotary_Park&oldid=1209882571 " Category : Parks in Calgary Hidden categories: Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas Articles with short description Short description matches Wikidata Infobox mapframe without OSM relation ID on Wikidata Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using
792-615: A new aspen groves. White-tailed deer finds shelter in the aspen and graze on the grasslands; coyotes and foxes hunt the resident rodents. Historically, bison grazed on the grassland and helped to prevent the spread of aspen groves. However, bison are now mostly absent due to over hunting during settlement in the 19th century and extensive loss of habitat due to agriculture. Bison, however, can still be seen in protected areas such as Elk Island National Park east of Edmonton and in farms, where they are raised for meat. Boreal woodland caribou (Rangifer tarandus caribou) also used to roam
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#1732773243567864-3354: A new perch in Rotary Park" . CBC . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . External links [ edit ] v t e City of Calgary Features Coat of arms Demographics Flag Notable Calgarians Sister cities History 2013 Calgary flood Hub Oil explosion Fairmont Palliser Mayors 1886 Fire 1988 Winter Olympics Timeline Geography Downtown Greater Calgary Neighbourhoods Rocky Mountain Foothills Aspen parkland Elbow River Bow River Prince's Island Park Economy WestJet The Bow (skyscraper) Skyscrapers Politics City Council Elections Mayor Public services Fire Hospitals Police Education Calgary Board of Education Calgary Catholic School District Southern Francophone Education Region No. 4 List of schools and libraries Calgary Public Library University of Calgary Culture Calgary Stampede Calgary White Hat Media Sport Transportation Bridges Calgary Transit CTrain Calgary International Airport [REDACTED] Category v t e Attractions and landmarks in Calgary Landmarks Plus 15 Baitun Nur Bridges Brookfield Place Burns Building Calgary Central Library Calgary City Hall Calgary Tower Centre Street Bridge Fairmont Palliser Hart House Mewata Armouries Stephen Avenue Tallest buildings Telus Sky The Bow Attractions Bow River pathway Calaway Park Canada's Sports Hall of Fame Contemporary Calgary Festivals Fort Calgary Glenbow Museum The Hangar Flight Museum Heritage Park Historical Village Lougheed House The Military Museums Orchestra Stampede TELUS Spark Science Centre Canada Olympic Park Zoo Venues Arts Commons Foothills Stadium McMahon Stadium Olympic Oval Scotiabank Saddledome Southern Alberta Jubilee Auditorium Spruce Meadows Studio Bell The Grand Parks Battalion Bowness Central Memorial Confederation Devonian Gardens Edworthy Fish Creek Millennium Nose Hill Olympic Plaza Peacekeeper Pearce Estate Prince's Island Malls Chinook Centre Market Mall CrossIron Mills Deerfoot City Marlborough Mall New Horizon Mall North Hill Centre Northland Village Mall Southcentre Mall Sunridge Mall The CORE Westbrook Mall Recreation MNP Community & Sport Centre Southland Leisure Centre Village Square Leisure Centre [REDACTED] Canada portal Italics indicate
936-608: A point on Earth's surface is the angle east or west of a reference meridian to another meridian that passes through that point. All meridians are halves of great ellipses (often called great circles ), which converge at the North and South Poles. The meridian of the British Royal Observatory in Greenwich , in southeast London, England, is the international prime meridian , although some organizations—such as
1008-618: A preferred habitat. Extensive cultivation has disturbed the habitats of some birds which nest and feed on the fescue grassland. However, the horned lark and meadowlark have managed to adapt to the new conditions. Song sparrow , vesper sparrow , and American goldfinch can often be seen in open areas. The woodlands meanwhile are abundant with a variety of bird species. Black-capped chickadee , hairy woodpeckers , ruffed grouse , magpies , and great horned owls can be observed in all seasons. Summer residents include: red-eyed vireo , least flycatcher and northern oriole. Birds which prefer
1080-473: A region of the surface of the Earth. Some newer datums are bound to the center of mass of the Earth. This combination of mathematical model and physical binding mean that anyone using the same datum will obtain the same location measurement for the same physical location. However, two different datums will usually yield different location measurements for the same physical location, which may appear to differ by as much as several hundred meters; this not because
1152-534: A useful general predictor of understorey light levels, but, on the basis of light measurements in one 80-year-old stand, cautioned that relationships between understorey light and basal area may not hold in older stands. The literature indicates that the height growth of understorey spruce should be maximized when light levels exceed 40% or when aspen basal area is less than 14 m /ha. Models developed by Wright and others in 1998 show radial growth of understorey white spruce increasing almost linearly with increasing light and
1224-749: A very large area of transitional biome between prairie and boreal forest in two sections, namely the Peace River Country of northwestern Alberta crossing the border into British Columbia , and a much larger area stretching from central Alberta , all across central Saskatchewan to south central Manitoba and continuing into small parts of the US states of Minnesota and North Dakota . Aspen parkland consists of groves of aspen , poplar and spruce , interspersed with areas of prairie grasslands, also intersected by large stream and river valleys lined with aspen-spruce forests and dense shrubbery. This
1296-411: Is 6,367,449 m . Since the Earth is an oblate spheroid , not spherical, that result can be off by several tenths of a percent; a better approximation of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is where Earth's equatorial radius a {\displaystyle a} equals 6,378,137 m and tan β = b
1368-480: Is 110.6 km. The circles of longitude, meridians, meet at the geographical poles, with the west–east width of a second naturally decreasing as latitude increases. On the Equator at sea level, one longitudinal second measures 30.92 m, a longitudinal minute is 1855 m and a longitudinal degree is 111.3 km. At 30° a longitudinal second is 26.76 m, at Greenwich (51°28′38″N) 19.22 m, and at 60° it
1440-522: Is 15.42 m. On the WGS 84 spheroid, the length in meters of a degree of latitude at latitude ϕ (that is, the number of meters you would have to travel along a north–south line to move 1 degree in latitude, when at latitude ϕ ), is about The returned measure of meters per degree latitude varies continuously with latitude. Similarly, the length in meters of a degree of longitude can be calculated as (Those coefficients can be improved, but as they stand
1512-730: Is a good location for parry oat grass. Dry areas favour June, porcupine and spear grass. Wet areas are often covered with slender wheat grass and timber oat grass. Prairie rose and snowberry are common shrubs found in these grasslands. Woody plant encroachment is widespread in the parklands. The forested, or woodlands area is dominated by trembling aspen ( Populus tremuloides ) , balsam poplar ( Populus balsamifera ) , other poplars and spruces , although other species of trees including paper birch ( Betula papyrifera ) do occur. Pines, mostly jack pine and lodgepole pine will often grow in areas that have sandy soil conditions. Other native species may include box elder , tamarack and willow , while
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#17327732435671584-871: Is an urban park in Calgary , Alberta . The park includes an off-leash dog park, a playground, and a splash park. In 2018, one of the original lion statues from the Centre Street Bridge was restored and moved to the southwest corner of the park, overlooking the bridge and downtown. Gallery [ edit ] [REDACTED] Restored lion statue overlooking Centre Street Bridge References [ edit ] ^ "Rotary Park" . City of Calgary . City of Calgary . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ "Original Centre Street Bridge Lion" . Public Art . City of Calgary . Retrieved 4 October 2023 . ^ Rogers, Sarah (2018-09-29). "One of Calgary's historic Centre Street lions has
1656-464: Is covered by a decaying cover of organic matter. Numerous consumers and decomposers create humus materials. Burrowing animals mix the new fertile materials with the soil to form a rich rooting compound. Factors which influence the understory vegetation of spruce stands in the boreal forest association include: 1. Year round reduced sun exposure below the canopy restricts the forest undergrowth to shade tolerant species. 2. A large percentage of
1728-456: Is known as a graticule . The origin/zero point of this system is located in the Gulf of Guinea about 625 km (390 mi) south of Tema , Ghana , a location often facetiously called Null Island . In order to use the theoretical definitions of latitude, longitude, and height to precisely measure actual locations on the physical earth, a geodetic datum must be used. A horizonal datum
1800-640: Is the exact distance along a parallel of latitude; getting the distance along the shortest route will be more work, but those two distances are always within 0.6 m of each other if the two points are one degree of longitude apart. Like any series of multiple-digit numbers, latitude-longitude pairs can be challenging to communicate and remember. Therefore, alternative schemes have been developed for encoding GCS coordinates into alphanumeric strings or words: These are not distinct coordinate systems, only alternative methods for expressing latitude and longitude measurements. Aspen parkland Aspen parkland refers to
1872-605: Is the largest boreal-grassland transition zone in the world and is a zone of constant competition and tension as prairie and woodlands struggle to overtake each other within the parkland. This article focuses on this biome in North America. Similar biomes also exist in Russia north of the steppes ( forest steppe ) and in northern Canada. According to the Ecological Framework of Canada , published in 1999,
1944-465: Is used to precisely measure latitude and longitude, while a vertical datum is used to measure elevation or altitude. Both types of datum bind a mathematical model of the shape of the earth (usually a reference ellipsoid for a horizontal datum, and a more precise geoid for a vertical datum) to the earth. Traditionally, this binding was created by a network of control points , surveyed locations at which monuments are installed, and were only accurate for
2016-575: The Aspen Parkland ecoregion (#156) is the largest and northernmost section of Prairies Ecozone . This definition is the arc-shaped region (i.e. including the WWF 's central and foothills parkland but excluding the Peace River region). Partly defined by climate, it had a mean annual temperature of approximately 1.5 °C circa 1999, and rainfall varied from 400 to 500 mm/annum. It includes
2088-481: The International Date Line , which diverges from it in several places for political and convenience reasons, including between far eastern Russia and the far western Aleutian Islands . The combination of these two components specifies the position of any location on the surface of Earth, without consideration of altitude or depth. The visual grid on a map formed by lines of latitude and longitude
2160-544: The North Interior in British Columbia has the coolest climate, but still supports extensive farmland. Southwest Manitoba sees the warmest. Annual precipitation is usually between 375 to 700 millimetres (14.8 to 27.6 in). Chinook winds off the foothills also occur in winter, mainly affecting Alberta . Four significantly different habitats are common in the aspen parklands: The fescue prairie,
2232-661: The Prairies Ecozone (Ecological Stratification Working Group 1995). The Boreal sections are Manitoba Lowlands , Aspen-Oak , Aspen Grove , Mixedwood , and Lower Foothills (15-17, 18a and 19a). The aspen parkland biome runs in a thin band no wider than 500 km through the Prairie Provinces , although it gets broader to the west, especially in Alberta . This is a hilly landscape with many small lakes and ponds. The cities of Edmonton and Saskatoon are
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2304-732: The World Wide Fund for Nature the Canadian Aspen forests and parklands (NA0802) encompass eight ecoregions as used in the Ecological Framework of Canada: the Peace Lowland , Western Boreal , Boreal Transition , Interlake Plain , Aspen Parkland , and Southwest Manitoba Uplands (TEC 138, 143, 149, 155, 156, 161, 163, and 164). These ecoregions lie in both the Boreal Plains Ecozone and
2376-526: The 1st or 2nd century, Marinus of Tyre compiled an extensive gazetteer and mathematically plotted world map using coordinates measured east from a prime meridian at the westernmost known land, designated the Fortunate Isles , off the coast of western Africa around the Canary or Cape Verde Islands , and measured north or south of the island of Rhodes off Asia Minor . Ptolemy credited him with
2448-506: The Earth's surface move relative to each other due to continental plate motion, subsidence, and diurnal Earth tidal movement caused by the Moon and the Sun. This daily movement can be as much as a meter. Continental movement can be up to 10 cm a year, or 10 m in a century. A weather system high-pressure area can cause a sinking of 5 mm . Scandinavia is rising by 1 cm a year as a result of
2520-729: The European ED50 , and the British OSGB36 . Given a location, the datum provides the latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } and longitude λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . In the United Kingdom there are three common latitude, longitude, and height systems in use. WGS 84 differs at Greenwich from the one used on published maps OSGB36 by approximately 112 m. The military system ED50 , used by NATO , differs from about 120 m to 180 m. Points on
2592-536: The French Institut national de l'information géographique et forestière —continue to use other meridians for internal purposes. The prime meridian determines the proper Eastern and Western Hemispheres , although maps often divide these hemispheres further west in order to keep the Old World on a single side. The antipodal meridian of Greenwich is both 180°W and 180°E. This is not to be conflated with
2664-507: The Kartographer extension Geographic coordinate system A geographic coordinate system ( GCS ) is a spherical or geodetic coordinate system for measuring and communicating positions directly on Earth as latitude and longitude . It is the simplest, oldest and most widely used of the various spatial reference systems that are in use, and forms the basis for most others. Although latitude and longitude form
2736-627: The Parkland, especially the Peace region, but were hunted out of the area. Wildlife in the woodlands is varied and abundant. The varying hare, weasel, fox, coyote, and white-tailed deer make their homes in this region, while water dependent mammals who make the ravines and wetland areas of the ecoregion their home are beaver, muskrats , otters and mink. Birds of the aspen parkland include kingfishers , ruffed grouse , magpies and northern orioles . and in particular several species of warblers find this
2808-503: The base of trees and on the ground. Wetlands are very common in this biome, including lakes, shallow open water, marshes, and grassy wetlands. Glacial erosion has contributed to such features by creating depressions in which standing water can collect. In the larger depressions, permanent lakes or ponds of water remain. Many of the lakes have a saline character, thus most shore vegetation has a high tolerance of salty soils . These lakes are known as alkali lakes . Wet meadows are flooded in
2880-595: The canopy. This provides a protective snow cover in winter and in warm seasons precipitation percolates through the leaf cover to nourish plants which require surface soil moisture. The result of the above factors is an extensive understory of vegetation in the aspen forest. Common shrubs and herbs are: saskatoon , red-osier dogwood , raspberry , wild rose , currants and bracted honeysuckle , wild sarsaparilla , hairy lungwort , asters , and peavine . Twinflower , strawberries , bunchberries, horsetails and wintergreen form an attractive grown cover. The mineral soil
2952-577: The center of the Earth. Lines joining points of the same latitude trace circles on the surface of Earth called parallels , as they are parallel to the Equator and to each other. The North Pole is 90° N; the South Pole is 90° S. The 0° parallel of latitude is designated the Equator , the fundamental plane of all geographic coordinate systems. The Equator divides the globe into Northern and Southern Hemispheres . The longitude λ of
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3024-608: The communities of Red Deer and Edmonton in Alberta; Lloydminster on the Alberta–Saskatchewan border; North Battleford , Saskatoon , Humboldt , and Yorkton in Saskatchewan; and Brandon, Manitoba as its major population centres and have a total population of 1.689 million. By this definition, there are approximately 5,500,000 hectares (14,000,000 acres) of this ecoregion in the province of Alberta. According to
3096-649: The default datum used for the Global Positioning System , and the International Terrestrial Reference System and Frame (ITRF), used for estimating continental drift and crustal deformation . The distance to Earth's center can be used both for very deep positions and for positions in space. Local datums chosen by a national cartographical organization include the North American Datum ,
3168-490: The distance they give is correct within a centimeter.) The formulae both return units of meters per degree. An alternative method to estimate the length of a longitudinal degree at latitude ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is to assume a spherical Earth (to get the width per minute and second, divide by 60 and 3600, respectively): where Earth's average meridional radius M r {\displaystyle \textstyle {M_{r}}\,\!}
3240-408: The foothills area in the southeast of the region, such as Turtle Mountain or Spruce Woods Provincial Park , have woodland of white spruce and balsam fir but quaking aspen will dominate where the woodland has been cleared by fire. The proportion of forests to grasslands has increased somewhat over the prairie in areas not affected by agriculture in the last 100 years. This increase is partly due to
3312-474: The full adoption of longitude and latitude, rather than measuring latitude in terms of the length of the midsummer day. Ptolemy's 2nd-century Geography used the same prime meridian but measured latitude from the Equator instead. After their work was translated into Arabic in the 9th century, Al-Khwārizmī 's Book of the Description of the Earth corrected Marinus' and Ptolemy's errors regarding
3384-575: The largest cities completely in this biome while Winnipeg is bordered by tallgrass prairie to the west and south and the aspen parkland to the northeast, and Calgary is bordered by prairie to the east and the Foothills Parkland to the west. There are three main sections of aspen parkland: Peace River, Central, and Foothills. The Central Parkland is the largest section and is part of main band of aspen parkland extending across Alberta , Saskatchewan and Manitoba , bordered by prairie to
3456-509: The last 100 years since settlement first began in the late 19th century. While the climate is generally cooler than in the prairies , the climate is still mild and dry enough to support large-scale farming of crops such as canola (Brassica napsus), alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and wheat (Triticum aestivum), and livestock grazing. The soils in the aspen parkland biome are also quite fertile, especially around Edmonton and Saskatoon . Oil and natural gas exploration and drilling have also disturbed
3528-781: The length of the Mediterranean Sea , causing medieval Arabic cartography to use a prime meridian around 10° east of Ptolemy's line. Mathematical cartography resumed in Europe following Maximus Planudes ' recovery of Ptolemy's text a little before 1300; the text was translated into Latin at Florence by Jacopo d'Angelo around 1407. In 1884, the United States hosted the International Meridian Conference , attended by representatives from twenty-five nations. Twenty-two of them agreed to adopt
3600-461: The location has moved, but because the reference system used to measure it has shifted. Because any spatial reference system or map projection is ultimately calculated from latitude and longitude, it is crucial that they clearly state the datum on which they are based. For example, a UTM coordinate based on WGS84 will be different than a UTM coordinate based on NAD27 for the same location. Converting coordinates from one datum to another requires
3672-595: The longitude of the Royal Observatory in Greenwich , England as the zero-reference line. The Dominican Republic voted against the motion, while France and Brazil abstained. France adopted Greenwich Mean Time in place of local determinations by the Paris Observatory in 1911. The latitude ϕ of a point on Earth's surface is the angle between the equatorial plane and the straight line that passes through that point and through (or close to)
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#17327732435673744-463: The melting of the ice sheets of the last ice age , but neighboring Scotland is rising by only 0.2 cm . These changes are insignificant if a local datum is used, but are statistically significant if a global datum is used. On the GRS 80 or WGS 84 spheroid at sea level at the Equator, one latitudinal second measures 30.715 m , one latitudinal minute is 1843 m and one latitudinal degree
3816-429: The mixedwood stands compared to the aspen forests and spruce forests. Burrowing rodents such as Richardson's ground squirrels, thirteen-lined ground squirrels, and pocket gophers play a major role in the balance between the aspen groves and the grassland. These excavators make mounds of fresh soil which are ideal locations for the germination of poplar seeds. Once established, these trees spread by suckering, thus creating
3888-427: The moss carries the acid from the spruce needles into the mineral soil and leaches out soil nutrients – leaving a highly acidic, low nutrient soil base which is unsuitable for most boreal vegetation. As a result of the above factors the forest floor ranges from nearly devoid of vegetation to a dense carpet of feather moss. A sparse community of shade tolerant shrubs exists in this environment. Some species of plants in
3960-920: The natural habitat, especially in Alberta and northeastern British Columbia. As a result, less than 10% of the original habitat remains. The largest blocks of intact parkland can be found in Moose Mountain Provincial Park north of Carlyle, Saskatchewan and Bronson Forest in Saskatchewan, and Elk Island National Park and Canadian Forces Base Wainwright in Alberta. The rest of the parkland area does contain fragments of original habitat, some in protected areas such as Spruce Woods Provincial Park and Turtle Mountain Provincial Park in Manitoba, and Porcupine Provincial Forest in Saskatchewan. The First Nations of this region were not solely buffalo-hunting nomads , as were tribes to
4032-470: The prairie south. The Métis people were formed around these posts from the intermarriage of white fur traders and native trappers. Once European settlement began, this region was desired by the peasant farmers of Eastern Europe and the smallholders of Quebec for its wooded land, so that they could build and heat their own homes. This is as opposed to the primarily British and American settlers, who desired grasslands that were easier to break and plough. At
4104-408: The precipitation is trapped in the upper tree boughs of the spruce forest and is released through evaporation. The ground cover of feather moss quickly absorbs most of the moisture which does penetrate the canopy. These factors combine to cause drier conditions in the underlying mineral soils. 3. The fallen acidic spruce needles are not fully decomposed and combine with the moss base. Water held in
4176-427: The reduction of prairie fires which used to destroy the new saplings on the fringes of the aspen groves. Also, it was a common practice for farmers to plant stands of trees as windbreaks. Aspen woodlands support an extensive understory consisting of mid-sized and small shrubs, some herbs and ground cover. Spruce-dominated woodlands usually do not support a dense understory due to more acidic and nutrient-poor soils and
4248-512: The same location. The invention of a geographic coordinate system is generally credited to Eratosthenes of Cyrene , who composed his now-lost Geography at the Library of Alexandria in the 3rd century BC. A century later, Hipparchus of Nicaea improved on this system by determining latitude from stellar measurements rather than solar altitude and determining longitude by timings of lunar eclipses , rather than dead reckoning . In
4320-546: The shaded north and east exposures retain more moisture and tend to have greater forest cover. Some forms of vegetation unique to the ravines include: poplar , spruce , birch , willow , and river alder . Wildflowers are an important component of the grassland association of the parkland. Look for common yarrow , cut-leaf anemone , rock cress , creeping white prairie aster , milk vetch , late yellow loco weed , goldenrod , wild prairie rose , prairie crocus , and tiger lily . There are three main factors which influence
4392-431: The smaller shrubs including prickly rose , snowberry , beaked hazelnut and high bush cranberry , form a dense entangled understory. Dense shrubbery is a typical feature in aspen-dominated forests. Common herbs found in the woodlands include: Lindley's aster (Aster ciliolatus) , northern bedstraw (Galium boreale) , pea vine , Western Canada violet (Viola canadensis) , dewberry and bunchberry . Mosses appear at
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#17327732435674464-727: The south and the boreal forest to the north. The Peace River Country is located along the Peace River region of the province, extending across the border into northeastern British Columbia , and is completely surrounded by boreal forest, cutting it off from the Central Parkland, it extends as far north as Fort Vermilion at 58°N 116°W. The Foothills parkland covers the Foothills of the Rocky Mountains as far south as Waterton Lakes National Park. The region has
4536-560: The south. They also relied to a great extent on trapping (rabbits, etc.) fishing , and deer and moose hunting, as well as gathering parkland berries, such as the Saskatoon berry or the high bush cranberry . This area was one of the most important regions of the fur trade in North America . Both the Assiniboine and North Saskatchewan rivers were major fur trade routes, with a number of fur trade posts, much more so than rivers to
4608-400: The spring and dry by fall. They contain rushes , sedges and grasses and provide excellent opportunities to study the similarities and differences of these forms of vegetation. Rivers and streams erode valleys throughout the parkland ecoregion. Steep hills and ravines result in a unique topography. Southwest slopes with increased exposure to the sun are dry and often more grass covered, while
4680-400: The spruce and aspen forest types are mixed, the result can be quite different from the aspen or spruce stands. Animal and vegetation associations from each type combine to create considerable diversity of habitat which is typical of either spruce or aspen stands. The mixture of the transition soils provides an attractive environment with either pure spruce or pure aspen woodlands. An example of
4752-521: The time, people of similar backgrounds were allowed to concentrate into block settlements by the federal government: for example the Edna-Star colony in Alberta, the largest concentration of Ukrainians on the prairies. As a result of these different styles of indigenous hunting agricultural settlement, the ethnic makeup of the Prairie Provinces is somewhat divided north and south. Cree , Métis , French , and Ukrainian Canadians are concentrated in
4824-442: The understory are Green Alder , low bush cranberry , prickly rose, bunchberry, twinflower , wild lily-of-the-valley , northern Comandra and wintergreens. There are several factors which influence the mixedwood stands in the boreal forest. Where there are stands of aspen and spruce forests in close association with each other, a mixed wood forest occurs. Each group forms its own microassociation as described previously. When
4896-419: The understory vegetation in the aspen stands of the mixed wood forest. 1. Good sun exposure encourages a dense vegetation growth below the canopy. This is of particular importance in the early spring before the trees are in leaf. 2. Warm soil and air temperature at the base level result in rapid melting process in spring which favours the growth of shrubs. 3. A large percentage of precipitation passes through
4968-589: The west of what would become Canada and the United States. This was maintained by light to moderate fires with a frequency of 3 to 15 years. Fire also swept the Rocky Mountains aspen as frequently as every ten years, creating large areas of parkland. Settlement increased fire frequency in the late 19th century until fire suppression became popular. Most of the aspen parkland, like the prairie biome, has been extensively altered by agriculture over
5040-577: The wetland habitat include kingfishers and bank swallows . Finally there is an abundance of bird life around the wetland marshes. Many species of ducks make their summer homes in these waters and Canada geese nest in the more remote marshes. Blackbirds, marsh wrens and black terns nest in the reeds. Franklin's gulls nest in the marsh vegetation, but range over agricultural fields for grasshoppers, crickets, and mice. Shore birds include: avocet , piping plover , spotted sandpiper , willet , Wilson's snipe and killdeer . The invertebrate population in
5112-424: The woodland is enormous. Some of the most common invertebrates are roundworms, snails, segmented worms, centipedes, mites, spiders and mosquitoes. Paranthrene dollii and forest tent caterpillars are destructive to the tree cover . Insects of the wetlands in this region include caddis flies , mayflies and black flies . Before European colonization, there were large areas of western aspen and aspen parkland in
5184-443: The woodlands, the ravines and the wetlands and lakes. A rarer habitat type, tallgrass aspen parkland , occurs only in the extreme southeastern corner of the aspen parklands biome (southeastern Manitoba/northwestern Minnesota). The fescue prairie is a meadowland rich in vegetation variety which forms the cover for the development of the richer soils that underlie the parklands. The close association with woodlands and wetlands makes this
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