63-439: Roto , f. rota , (literally "torn" or "broken") is a term used to refer to Chilean people and in particular to the common Chilean. In Chile , from the start of the 20th century, it was applied with a negative classist connotation to poor city-dwellers. It is also used contemptuously in other Spanish-speaking countries, especially Bolivia and Peru , to refer to Chileans in a derogatory manner. Otherwise, despite its defects,
126-449: A "slum of hope" from the 1920s and 1930s, members of this class are given hardly any chances of attaining membership of the formal economic structures. Diane Reay stresses the challenges that working-class students can face during the transition to and within higher education, and research intensive universities in particular. One factor can be the university community being perceived as a predominately middle-class social space, creating
189-480: A Christian cultural background. However, many Chileans do not equate their nationality with ethnicity, but with citizenship and allegiance to Chile. This has resulted due to immigration to Chile throughout its history, and thus the term "Chilean" can now also include people identifying with the country whose connection may not be ethnic, but cultural, historical, legal, or residential. For most modern Chileans, several or all of these connections exist and are collectively
252-421: A change in the physiognomy of certain boroughs ("communes") in the country where its number is concentrated. In boroughs such as Santiago Centro and Independencia , a third of all residents (28% and 31% respectively) were born abroad. Other communes of Greater Santiago with high numbers of immigrants are Estación Central (17%) and Recoleta (16%). In the northern regions such as Antofagasta Region , 17.3% of
315-423: A height of only 2,500 — or 0.1% of the total population — during the colonial period. The birth rates of black people were low. According to Sergio Villalobos this could have been indebted to the fact that black women and men were often apart as result of their slave labor and an hesitancy of other racial groups to engage with them. In the 18th century, many Spanish civilians (mainly of Basque origin) entered
378-470: A key change in these Soviet-style societies has been a new type of proletarianization , often effected by the administratively achieved forced displacement of peasants and rural workers. Since then, four major industrial states have turned towards semi-market-based governance ( China , Laos , Vietnam , Cuba ), and one state has turned inwards into an increasing cycle of poverty and brutalization ( North Korea ). Other states of this sort have collapsed (such as
441-596: A lack of food and supplies. Some Spanish came to dress with hides from dogs, cats, sea lions and foxes . This term became more used after the Chilean campaigns against the Peru-Bolivian Confederation in 183, when Chilean troops defeated the confederation at the Battle of Yungay on 20 January 1839. In Chile, tributes were paid to the victors of Yungay and, in a gesture of recognition, 20 January
504-862: A large number of Selknam or Onas disappeared by the extermination carried out by settlers in Tierra del Fuego in the early 20th century. Other factors that contributed to their extinction were diseases brought by Europeans, such as smallpox . According to the 2017 census, 12.8% of the Chilean population, 1 842 607 people of 14 years or more, declares themselves indigenous. Of the total indigenous population, 79.8% declared themselves Mapuche; 7.2%, Aymara ; 4.1%, Diaguita ; 1.6%, Quechua ; 1.4%, Atacameño ; 0.9%, Colla ; 0.4%, Rapa Nui ; 0.1%, Kawésqar and 0.1%, Yaghan . 1.3% identified with another and 3.1% identified as indigenous but it has not been said which. The folk culture of Chile has mostly Spanish origins, especially
567-558: A majority of Chileans acknowledging that they had at least some Amerindian ancestry, if asked, many Chileans would simply self-identify as white. Thus, in a 2011 Latinobarómetro survey which asked respondents in Chile what race they considered themselves to belong to, a majority of 67% answered "white", while 25% said "mestizo", and 8% self-classified as "indigenous". For at least 12,000 years, numerous indigenous peoples settled in central and southern Chile. The predominant Mapuche made up
630-534: A national census held in 2002, which classified the population as indigenous and non-indigenous, rather than as White or Mestizo. Despite this, a Chilean researcher in 2015 stated that "there are no Chileans without Amerindian or European ancestry". Cities with a historically higher proportion of European immigration, such as Concepción , in south central Chile, exhibited an average middle class genepool of 75% European and 25% Indigenous DNA, while in Valparaíso
693-462: A population census in Chiloe that totaled 26,703 inhabitants, of which about 64.4% was classified as españoles ("Spaniards", Caucasian and mixed Mestizo people) and 33.5% considered indios ("Indians"). First generation mestizos sprang largely from the intercourse of Spanish men and indigenous women. The opposite, the union of indigenous men and Spanish women was rare but not unheard of. In 1812,
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#1732782720251756-468: A predominant 52.7% of the Chilean population can be classified as European , with an estimated 44% as Mestizo . Other social studies put the total amount of Whites at over 60 percent. Some publications, such as the CIA World Factbook , state that the entire population consist of a combined 95.4% of "Whites and White-Amerindians", and 4.6% of indigenous peoples. These figures are based on
819-401: A self-identification with the working class group. This subjective approach allows individuals, rather than researchers, to define their own "subjective" and "perceived" social class. Karl Marx defined the working class or proletariat as those individuals who sell their labour power for wages and who do not own the means of production . He argued that they were responsible for creating
882-607: A separate people or nation. Although indigenous peoples like Mapuche and Aymaras are in some situations contrasted against Chilean people the two demonyms are not mutually exclusive and are rather often used in combination. For example, "a Chilean Aymara" can be used to contrast with Aymaras living in Bolivia or Peru. The 1907 census reported 101,118 Indians, or 3.1% of the total country population. Only those that practiced their native culture or spoke their native language were considered, irrespective of their "racial purity." At
945-416: Is most pronounced in rural areas and in aspects of culture such as Chilean cuisine and Chilean Spanish . Although post-independence immigrants never made up more than 2% of the population, there are now hundreds of thousands of Chileans with German , British, French, Croatian, Italian or Palestinian ancestry, though these have also been mostly miscegenated with other groups within the country. Though
1008-535: Is of Indigenous origin, while the Y chromosome (inherited only from father to son) is about 70% of European origin, and between 6% and 15% Indigenous, depending on the area of the city. The results indicate a gender asymmetrical pattern of sexual relations leading to childbirth in Chile's history. On a genotypic (genetic) level, however, persons in all groups, despite their classification by phenotype (appearance) would nonetheless contain admixture, not just those with stereotypically mestizo appearance. Thus, in Chile,
1071-555: The Atlantic Coast of the Southern Cone (i.e., Argentina and southern Brazil ). These European ethnic groups have intermarried thereby diluting the distinct cultures, descent and identities of the home countries and fusing them among each other. These intermixed cultures form the society and culture of the Chilean middle and upper classes. The European have still preserved elements of themselves, therefore they enjoy
1134-784: The Chilean British population is in its tens of thousands, and represents a significant proportion of the UK's Latin American community . By far, the largest concentration of Chileans can be found in London with significant other communities being Birmingham , Sheffield and the Manchester – Liverpool Metropolitan area. Historic emigration took place in the early 19th century when Chilean ranchers went to Mexico after their independence. Thousands of miners from Chile went to California ,
1197-584: The Chilean population has some French ancestry . 600,000 to 800,000 are Italians . Other European groups are found in smaller numbers. The European immigrants have transformed the country culturally , economically and politically . European emigration in Chile and to a lesser extent, the arrival from the Middle East during the second half of the 19th and 20th centuries, was the most important in Latin America second to that which occurred in
1260-554: The Mapuche resistance to the conquest . The indigenous Picunche population of Central Chile disappeared by a process of mestizaje by gradually abandoning their villages ( pueblo de indios ) to settle in nearby Spanish haciendas. There Picunches mingled with disparate indigenous peoples brought in from: Araucanía ( Mapuche ), Chiloé ( Huilliche , Cunco , Chono , Poyas ) and Argentina ( Huarpe ). Few in numbers, disconnected from their ancestral lands and diluted by mestizaje
1323-532: The Soviet Union ). Since 1960, large-scale proletarianization and enclosure of commons has occurred in the third world , generating new working classes. Additionally, countries such as India have been slowly undergoing social change, expanding the size of the urban working class. The informal working class is a sociological term coined by Mike Davis for a class of over a billion predominantly young urban people who are in no way formally connected to
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#17327827202511386-408: The global economy and who try to survive primarily in slums . According to Davis, this class no longer corresponds to the socio-theoretical concepts of a class, from Marx, Max Weber or the theory of modernization . Thereafter, this class developed worldwide from the 1960s, especially in the southern hemisphere. In contrast to previous notions of a class of the lumpen proletariat or the notions of
1449-473: The huaso culture of the central part of the country, as it arose in the colonial period due to cattle ranching. It could therefore be considered an offshoot of Spanish popular culture of the 17th an 18th centuries as are the folk cultures of the rest of Latin America and also, its direct descendants, Andalusian and Castilian folk cultures. The Andalusian forms in the huaso dress is apparent to Europeans and
1512-508: The huaso . As well as the huaso culture of the central part of the country can be seen the German , Chilote , Croatian and Magallanic culture in the south, and the Andean culture in the north. Chile's Nueva Canción movement in modern Chilean folk culture is adapted from the folk music of the north, not of the brass bands but of the panpipes and quenas. The traditional Chilean folk music of
1575-454: The wealth of a society, asserting that the working class physically build bridges, craft furniture, grow food, and nurse children, but do not own land or factories . A sub-section of the proletariat, the lumpenproletariat ( rag-proletariat ), are the extremely poor and unemployed, such as day labourers and homeless people. Marx considered them to be devoid of class consciousness. In Marxist terms wage labourers and those dependent on
1638-403: The welfare state are working class, and those who live on accumulated capital are not, and this broad dichotomy defines the class struggle . In The Communist Manifesto , Marx and Friedrich Engels argue that it is the destiny of the working class to displace the capitalist system, with the dictatorship of the proletariat (as opposed to the " dictatorship of the bourgeoisie ") abolishing
1701-633: The 1970s and 1980s settled in the US, a small number compared to other Latino groups. The highest number settled in Miami, Florida , but smaller enclaves are in Washington, D.C. ; New York City; and California (the Los Angeles area – Beverly Hills and Long Beach ; and San Francisco – San Mateo County ). Approximately 2,500 Chilean exiles fled to the UK in the early 1970s and by most recent estimates,
1764-612: The 1970s fled to East Germany , including president Michelle Bachelet , who also lived in Australia. Anti-Pinochet refugees formed a large expatriate community in Europe and a smaller community in North America (the US and Canada). The Chilean-Swedish population is estimated at 56,000 people, a result of migration that began with the political refugees from the 1973 coup d'état. Over 100,000 Chileans fleeing from both regimes in
1827-414: The 2002 census, people that declared themselves as indigenous amounted to 4.6% of the population (692,192 people); of these, 87.3% declared themselves Mapuche. as with Chileans of other backgrounds most Mapuche show varying degrees of mixed ancestry. Some native peoples of Chile disappeared product from acculturation and miscegenation, as is the case of peoples Picunches , Diaguitas and Chonos , whereas
1890-461: The Chilean population has some Croatian ancestry . Over 700,000 Chileans, 4.5% of Chile's population, has British ( English , Scottish and Welsh ) origin. Between 90,000 and 120,000 Chileans are of Greek origin. Most live either in the Santiago or Antofagasta areas. Chile is one of the 5 countries with the most Greeks in the world. The number of Swiss is about 90,000. About 5% of
1953-517: The Diocese of Concepción conducted a census to the south of the Maule river ; however, this did not include the indigenous population — at that time estimated at 8,000 people — nor the inhabitants of the province of Chiloé. It put the total population at 210,567, of which 86.1% was native Spaniards and 10% were Indian, with a remaining 3.7% of African, mulattos , and mestizo descent. Other estimates in
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2016-548: The English Working Class , E. P. Thompson argues that the English working class was present at its own creation, and seeks to describe the transformation of pre-modern labouring classes into a modern, politically self-conscious, working class. Starting around 1917, a number of countries became ruled ostensibly in the interests of the working class (see Soviet working class ). Some historians have noted that
2079-476: The Picunche and their descendants lost their indigenous identity. The government of Agustín de Jáuregui , which ruled around 1777–1778, ordered the first general population census. The census confirmed a total of 259,646 inhabitants at the time, with 73.5% classified as Caucasian, 9.8% as African , 8.6% as Indian , and 7.8% as Mestizo. In 1784, Francisco Hurtado, governor of the province of Chiloé , conducted
2142-535: The U.S. during the 1850s California Gold Rush , as well in other gold rushes in Colorado (1870s) and the Yukon (1890s). Small numbers of Chilean miners also migrated to South Africa and Australia for the same reason. Working class The working class is a subset of employees who are compensated with wage or salary -based contracts, whose exact membership varies from definition to definition. Members of
2205-579: The average middle class genepool was 77% European and 23% Indigenous DNA. By contrast, in southern and northern regions of the country, the Indigenous component surpassed the European component. Related genetic studies conducted on Santiago's mtDNA and Y-DNA found a sex bias in the ethnic origin of those sex-specific chromosomes. Thus, across all social classes, an overwhelming 84% of Santiago's mitochondrial DNA (inherited only from mother to child)
2268-550: The country of Chile and its neighboring insular territories . Most Chileans share a common culture , history , ancestry and language . The overwhelming majority of Chileans are the product of varying degrees of admixture between European ethnic groups (predominantly Basques and Spaniards ) with peoples indigenous to Chile's modern territory (predominantly Mapuche ). Chile is a multilingual and multicultural society, but an overwhelming majority of Chileans have Spanish as their first language and either are Christians or have
2331-587: The country, in particular attracted by trade liberalization at the time enacted by the Spanish Crown. In the late 18th century, Basque descendants were estimated to comprise 27% of the total population. Most of the Basque immigrants initially partook in small businesses, though others attained higher levels of prosperity. Of those, many mixed with the Criollo aristocracy of Castilian origin, who owned much of
2394-521: The country. A substantial German immigration took place in 1848, laying the foundation for the German-Chilean community. Under a government sponsored program aimed at colonizing the southern region, the Germans (including German-speaking Swiss , Silesians , Alsatians , Austrians , and Sudeten Germans ), colonized the south and have since influenced the cultural and racial composition of
2457-597: The end of Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship and the return to democracy, and the subsequent socioeconomic development of the country, a significant number of immigrants from various Latin American countries started to arrive to Chile. These represented nearly 1,200,000 people (2017) corresponding to 7% of the population residing in the country. They were composed of 288,233 Venezuelans, 223,923 Peruvians, 179,338 Haitians, 146,582 Colombians, 107,346 Bolivians, 74,713 Argentines, 36,994 Ecuadorians, 18,185 Brazilians, 17,959 Dominicans, 15,837 Cubans and 8,975 Mexicans. This has prompted
2520-612: The era. These very factors, indeed, lend to the significantly varying ethnic structure figures from one source to the next. Additionally, those various figures refer to different, even if often overlapping, concepts: including racial vs ethnic categories, self-identity vs genetic findings, as well as culturally assigned categories. These concepts should not be confused, and the figures represented in one source might not be corresponding to figures of concepts from another source. Thus, for instance, UNAM professor of Latin American studies, Francisco Lizcano, in his social research estimates that
2583-453: The huasos were also popularized, particularly the tonadas, folk songs sung with a guitar, mainly on the topics of love. Several folk groups who dress in huaso costume became famous nationwide. The folk culture that is mainly associated with the Chilean national identity is that of the huasos as that is where the Chilean state was formed and it spread northwards and southwards in the late 19th century. Emigration of Chileans has decreased during
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2646-743: The labour of others. The term, which is primarily used to evoke images of laborers suffering "class disadvantage in spite of their individual effort", can also have racial connotations, applying diverse themes of poverty and implications about whether one is deserving of aid. In other contexts the term working class refers to a section of society dependent on physical labour , especially when compensated with an hourly wage (for certain types of science, as well as journalistic or political analysis). Working-class occupations can be categorized into four groups: unskilled labourers, artisans, outworkers , and factory workers. Common alternative definitions of Working Class include definition by income level, whereby
2709-656: The land. This resulted in the Castilian-Basque aristocracy , which later came to form the basis of the Chilean ruling class; other Basques also integrated with mestizo population of Castilian origin, that resulted in modern Chilean middle classes. The number of descendants from Basques in Chile are estimated at 10% of the population (1.7 million). After Chile's independence successive waves of Spanish , Italians , Irish , French , Greeks , Germans , British , Dutch , Croats , Russians , Poles , Hungarians , Portuguese and Middle Eastern people immigrated to
2772-746: The last decade: It is estimated that 857,781 Chileans live abroad, 50.1% of those being in Argentina (the highest number), 13.3% in the United States, 8.8% in Brazil , 4.9% in Sweden, and around 2% in Australia, with the rest being scattered in smaller numbers across the globe. Other Chilean refugees settled (not ranked by order of size) in Spain, Mexico, Costa Rica , United Kingdom, Canada, France, Germany, New Zealand, and Italy. Many pro-Allende refugees in
2835-474: The late 17th century indicate that the population reached a maximum total of 152,000, consisting of 72% whites and mestizos, 18% Indians, and 10% blacks and mulattos. For many years, Spanish-descent settlers and religious orders imported African slaves to the country, which in the early 19th century constituted 1.5% of the national population. Despite this, the Afro-Chilean population was small, reaching
2898-514: The late 18th century, under the influence of the Enlightenment , European society was in a state of change, and this change could not be reconciled with the idea of a changeless God-created social order. Wealthy members of these societies created ideologies which blamed many of the problems of working-class people on their morals and ethics (i.e. excessive consumption of alcohol, perceived laziness and inability to save money). In The Making of
2961-663: The majority of Chileans reside in Chile, significant communities have been established in multiple countries, most noticeably Argentina , United States , Australia and Canada and countries of the European Union . Although small in number, Chilean people also make up a substantial part of the permanent population of Antarctica and the Falkland Islands (see: Chileans in the Falkland Islands ). As in other Latin American countries, in Chile, from
3024-624: The most crucial battles in the war against Bolivia and Peru. In this context, the webpage of the Chilean Army states: The patriotism, bravery and heroism was embodied in the Chilean roto, who represents the ordinary man that left all to fight for its country. This was the one who fought in Yungay and characterised himself by his fierceness and determination. Chilean people Chileans ( Spanish : Chilenos , pronounced [tʃiˈlenos] ) are an ethnic group and nation native to
3087-410: The music and dances show Spanish origins, even though both have been adapted and are distinct from dress, music and dance in Spain today. The ranches called fundos, where the huasos lived and worked show strong similarity with Spanish vernacular architecture , especially in the canal roofs and the interior courtyards. The fundo is now thought of as traditional Chilean architecture and is associated with
3150-480: The onset of Spanish colonization and settlement , miscegenation or mestizaje was the norm rather than the exception. Today, ethnic and racial self-identities are highly fluid and can differ between persons of the same family, including siblings of the same parentage. It is dictated not only by strict physical appearance, nor more loosely by ancestry (actual or presumed), but by cultural patterns , social class , wealth and access, language, and prevailing biases of
3213-539: The original European cultural practices such as the British afternoon tea and biscuits, French casseroles and coffee, German cakes and sausage, and Italian pasta and mineral waters. The cultural influences can also be seen in the architecture of the cities. The Chilean folk culture is not embraced as it is an offshoot of the culture of the Spaniards who settled the country in the colonial period. Since 1990, with
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#17327827202513276-641: The overwhelming majority the population up until the Spanish conquest . During the colonial period , troops were sent out to the Americas by the Spanish Crown in order to protect distant colonies. Spanish folk immigrated from all regions of Spain, particularly Andalusia , Extremadura , Basque Country , Asturias , Navarra and Castile . Of the Spanish, many immigrants ultimately settled in Chile after
3339-399: The population is a Latin American foreigner, with communes such as Ollagüe (31%), Mejillones (16%), Sierra Gorda (16%) and Antofagasta (11%), with high percentages of Latin American immigrants, mainly Bolivians, Colombians and Peruvians. With the independence of Chile in the 1810s, Mapuche began to be seen as Chileans by other Chileans, contrasting with previous perceptions of them as
3402-642: The roto is also considered a figure of national identity and pride in Chile. The term roto has been used in Peru since the times of the Spanish conquest , when Diego de Almagro 's disappointed troops returned to Cuzco (after a failed gold-seeking expedition in Chile) with their torn clothes, due to the extensive and laborious passage on foot through the Atacama Desert . In the early days of Santiago its inhabitants were notoriously poorly dressed as result of
3465-478: The same social unit , a third estate of people who were neither aristocrats nor church officials. Similar hierarchies existed outside Europe in other pre-industrial societies . The social position of these labouring classes was viewed as ordained by natural law and common religious belief. This social position was contested, particularly by peasants, for example during the German Peasants' War . In
3528-461: The social relationships underpinning the class system before then developing into a communist society in which "the free development of each is the condition for the free development of all." In feudal Europe, the working class as such did not exist in large numbers. Instead, most people were part of the labouring class, a group made up of different professions, trades and occupations. A lawyer, craftsman and peasant were all considered to be part of
3591-423: The source of their Chilean identity. There is a strong correlation between the ratio of a Chilean's European and indigenous genetic components and their socioeconomic situation. There is a marked continuum existing between the lower classes of a high component of indigenous ancestry and the upper classes of a predominant component of European ancestry. Indigenous inheritance, whether cultural or genetic,
3654-407: The southern provinces of Chile. It is estimated that 150,000 to 200,000 Chileans could have German ancestors. About 700,000 Chileans, or 5% of Chile's population, have Arab ancestry. Of these 500,000 are Palestinian descendants . Other historically significant immigrant groups include: Croatians , whose numbers today are estimated at 380,000 persons, about 2.4% of the population. 4.6% of
3717-715: The three groups, the phenotypically "white," "mestizo," and "indigenous," would represent a genetic continuum rather than isolated groups, including the presence of some Indigenous DNA in Chileans who appear more European and some European DNA in Chileans who appear more Indigenous. A 2002 national poll revealed that a slim majority of 51.7% of Chileans stated that they believed that they possessed "indigenous blood". Some 43.4% of respondents said that they believed they had "some" Amerindian ancestry and another 8.3% believed they had "much" Amerindian ancestry, but 40.3% responded that they believed that they had no Amerindian ancestry. Despite
3780-467: The working class is contrasted with a middle class on the basis of access to economic resources, education , cultural interests, and other goods and services, and the "white working class" has been "loosely defined" by the New York Times as comprising white people without college degrees. Researchers in Australia have suggested that working class status should be defined subjectively as
3843-444: The working class rely primarily upon earnings from wage labour . Most common definitions of "working class" in use in the United States limit its membership to workers who hold blue-collar and pink-collar jobs, or whose income is insufficiently high to place them in the middle class , or both. However, socialists define "working class" to include all workers who fall into this category; thus, this definition can include almost all of
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#17327827202513906-528: The working population of industrialized economies . As with many terms describing social class , working class is defined and used in different ways. One definition used by many socialists is that the working class includes all those who have nothing to sell but their labour, a group otherwise referred to as the proletariat . In this sense, the working class includes white and blue-collar workers, manual and menial workers of all types, excluding individuals who derive their livelihood from business ownership or
3969-853: Was declared the Día del Roto Chileno (Day of the Chilean Roto), and the War of the Pacific (1879–84). The figure of the Chilean Roto is commemorated by very diverse organisations and actors such as the Chilean Army , ultra-nationalist activists, the Communist Party and local organisations of ordinary citizens. The Army has a particular appreciation to the figure which was regarded as the main hero –a collective and anonymous hero- of some of
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