C. A. Rotwang is a fictional character in Fritz Lang 's 1927 science fiction film Metropolis , as well as screenwriter Thea von Harbou 's original novel Metropolis . In the film, Rotwang was played by Rudolf Klein-Rogge .
104-494: Rotwang is a brilliant scientist and inventor, whose greatest achievement is the creation of a robot made in the form of a woman (the Maschinenmensch , or Machine-Person). Originally, he intended to make a replacement for his lost love, Hel, a beautiful woman who eventually chose Joh Fredersen, master of the city and Rotwang's rival, instead of him. She later died while giving birth to Fredersen's son, Freder. Rotwang uses
208-653: A robot's navigation and limbs regardless of the specific hardware involved. It also provides high-level commands for items like image recognition and even opening doors. When ROS boots up on a robot's computer, it would obtain data on attributes such as the length and movement of robots' limbs. It would relay this data to higher-level algorithms. Microsoft is also developing a "Windows for robots" system with its Robotics Developer Studio, which has been available since 2007. Japan hopes to have full-scale commercialization of service robots by 2025. Much technological research in Japan
312-547: A tricycle in 1904, considered the first case of an unmanned ground vehicle , and an electric boat with a crew in 1906, which was controlled at a distance over 2 km. Archibald Low , known as the "father of radio guidance systems" for his pioneering work on guided rockets and planes during the First World War . In 1917, he demonstrated a remote controlled aircraft to the Royal Flying Corps and in
416-552: A Small World " attraction at the Fair's Pepsi-Cola Pavilion. Frank obeys and sneaks onto the ride, where the pin is scanned by a laser, and he is transported to Tomorrowland, a futuristic cityscape, where advanced robots fix his jetpack, allowing him to fly and join the secretive world. In the present day, optimistic teenager Casey Newton repeatedly sabotages the planned demolition of a NASA launch site in Florida. Her father, Eddie,
520-451: A chemical substitute for protoplasm to manufacture living, simplified people called robots. The play does not focus in detail on the technology behind the creation of these living creatures, but in their appearance they prefigure modern ideas of androids , creatures who can be mistaken for humans. These mass-produced workers are depicted as efficient but emotionless, incapable of original thinking and indifferent to self-preservation. At issue
624-546: A flute player, a pipe player and a duck. The mechanical duck could flap its wings, crane its neck, and swallow food from the exhibitor's hand, and it gave the illusion of digesting its food by excreting matter stored in a hidden compartment. About 30 years later in Switzerland the clockmaker Pierre Jaquet-Droz made several complex mechanical figures that could write and play music. Several of these devices still exist and work. Remotely operated vehicles were demonstrated in
728-470: A half stars out of four, saying "For a while, it doesn't matter that the plot meanders. The story seems like a jigsaw puzzle inviting us to solve it. That's the fun part. However, when the resolution is presented, it underwhelms." A. O. Scott of The New York Times gave the film a negative review, saying "It's important to note that Tomorrowland is not disappointing in the usual way. It's not another glib, phoned-in piece of franchise mediocrity, but rather
832-414: A half stars out of four, saying "Rapturous on a scene-by-scene basis and nearly incoherent when taken as a whole, the movie is idealistic and deranged, inspirational and very, very conflicted." Stephen Whitty of The Star-Ledger (Newark) gave the film one and a half stars out of four, saying "Strip Tomorrowland down to its essentials, and you get an ending out of "I'd like to teach the world to sing" and
936-533: A household robot. Generally such predictions are overly optimistic in timescale. In 2008, Caterpillar Inc. developed a dump truck which can drive itself without any human operator. Many analysts believe that self-driving trucks may eventually revolutionize logistics. By 2014, Caterpillar had a self-driving dump truck which is expected to greatly change the process of mining. In 2015, these Caterpillar trucks were actively used in mining operations in Australia by
1040-452: A lifelike appearance or automating movements, a robot may convey a sense of intelligence or thought of its own. Autonomous things are expected to proliferate in the future, with home robotics and the autonomous car as some of the main drivers. The branch of technology that deals with the design, construction, operation, and application of robots, as well as computer systems for their control, sensory feedback, and information processing
1144-590: A mechanized puppet . Different variations of the karakuri existed: the Butai karakuri , which were used in theatre, the Zashiki karakuri , which were small and used in homes, and the Dashi karakuri which were used in religious festivals, where the puppets were used to perform reenactments of traditional myths and legends . In France, between 1738 and 1739, Jacques de Vaucanson exhibited several life-sized automatons:
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#17327728383991248-403: A mobile robot that is in common use today is the automated guided vehicle or automatic guided vehicle (AGV). An AGV is a mobile robot that follows markers or wires in the floor, or uses vision or lasers. AGVs are discussed later in this article. Tomorrowland (film) Tomorrowland (also known as Project T in some regions and subtitled A World Beyond in some other regions)
1352-519: A modern science-fiction Disney film, with Tomorrowland as a basis. The project was greenlit by Walt Disney Pictures ' president of production, Sean Bailey in June 2011 with Lindelof signed on to write and produce a film with the working title of 1952 . Lindelof asked Jeff Jensen , who had previously published material on Lindelof's Lost television series, if he would be interested in contributing to story elements. Jensen agreed and began to research
1456-478: A moral which boils down to: Just be positive, OK? So OK. I'm positive Tomorrowland was a disappointment." David Edelstein of Vulture gave the film a positive review, stating that " Tomorrowland is the most enchanting reactionary cultural diatribe ever made. It's so smart, so winsome, so utterly rejuvenating that you'll have to wait until your eyes have dried and your buzz has worn off before you can begin to argue with it." Inkoo Kang of TheWrap also wrote
1560-425: A number of scenes featuring actress Judy Greer as Jenny Newton, Casey's (Robertson) late mother were cut in order to improve the film's runtime. Greer's role was reduced to minor cameo, while actor Lochlyn Munro , who portrayed Casey's live-in uncle Anthony, had his scenes removed completely. The musical score for Tomorrowland was composed by Bird's recurrent collaborator Michael Giacchino . A soundtrack album
1664-405: A positive review, saying " Tomorrowland is a globe-trotting, time-traveling caper whose giddy visual whimsies and exuberant cartoon violence are undermined by a coy mystery that stretches as long as the line for ' Space Mountain ' on a hot summer day." Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film three out of four stars, saying "A spectacular ride for most of it, and while you're a little let down at
1768-565: A presentation at the D23 Expo in Anaheim, California , where they opened the "1952" box and revealed many of its contents. Later that day a pavilion was unveiled on the D23 Expo show floor which presented the items for close inspection by guests. There was also an accompanying iPhone app which took viewers through the exhibit much like one would experience at a museum. Michael Giacchino
1872-401: A probability counter marking the end of the world. Frank warns her that the future is doomed, but she disagrees, thus lowering the counter's probability. Animatronic assassins arrive to kill Casey, but she and Frank escape, meeting Athena in the woods outside Frank's house. Frank resents Athena for lying to him about her true nature, but reluctantly agrees to help them get to Tomorrowland. Using
1976-460: A production budget of $ 180–190 million. The Hollywood Reporter estimated that the film cost $ 280 million to produce and market, and noted that the financial losses by Disney finished anywhere between $ 120 and $ 150 million. According to them, Tomorrowland was the third original tent-pole film of 2015 to flop , following Jupiter Ascending and Seventh Son . Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures distribution chief, Dave Hollis, commented on
2080-957: A robot jazz band. Robot A robot is a machine —especially one programmable by a computer —capable of carrying out a complex series of actions automatically. A robot can be guided by an external control device, or the control may be embedded within. Robots may be constructed to evoke human form , but most robots are task-performing machines, designed with an emphasis on stark functionality, rather than expressive aesthetics. Robots can be autonomous or semi-autonomous and range from humanoids such as Honda 's Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility ( ASIMO ) and TOSY 's TOSY Ping Pong Playing Robot ( TOPIO ) to industrial robots , medical operating robots , patient assist robots, dog therapy robots, collectively programmed swarm robots , UAV drones such as General Atomics MQ-1 Predator , and even microscopic nano robots . By mimicking
2184-439: A science-fiction film, with Lindelof adding that the film would not center on extraterrestrials . Coincidentally, Bird had been tapped to direct Star Wars: Episode VII , but turned down the offer in order to work on Tomorrowland . Later that month, George Clooney entered negotiations to star in the film. In February 2013, Hugh Laurie joined the film. In July 2013, Britt Robertson was cast. On January 23, 2013, nearly
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#17327728383992288-410: A state of decay. David Nix, Tomorrowland's governor, greets them. They travel to a tachyon machine , invented by Frank, which accurately predicted the worldwide catastrophe. Casey refuses to accept the world will end, causing the future to temporarily alter. While Frank attempts to convince David to listen, he refuses and intends to have the group leave Tomorrowland. Casey realizes the tachyon machine
2392-405: A steel gear, cam and motor skeleton covered by an aluminum skin. In 1928, Japan's first robot, Gakutensoku , was designed and constructed by biologist Makoto Nishimura. The German V-1 flying bomb was equipped with systems for automatic guidance and range control, flying on a predetermined course (which could include a 90-degree turn) and entering a terminal dive after a predetermined distance. It
2496-494: A teenage science enthusiast embark to an intriguing alternate dimension known as "Tomorrowland", where their actions directly affect their own world. Walt Disney Pictures originally announced the film in June 2011 under the working title 1952 and later retitled it to Tomorrowland after the Disney Parks theme land. In drafting their story, Bird and Lindelof took inspiration from the progressive cultural movements of
2600-648: A teleportation device, the trio travel to the top of the Eiffel Tower . Frank explains that Gustave Eiffel , Jules Verne , Nikola Tesla , and Thomas Edison co-founded Plus Ultra , a secret society of futurists, creating Tomorrowland in another dimension, free to make scientific breakthroughs without obstruction. The trio use an antique rocket, called the Spectacle , hidden beneath the Eiffel Tower to travel to Tomorrowland. There, they find Tomorrowland in
2704-430: A time when his contemporaries such as Alan Turing and John von Neumann were all turning towards a view of mental processes in terms of digital computation . His work inspired subsequent generations of robotics researchers such as Rodney Brooks , Hans Moravec and Mark Tilden . Modern incarnations of Walter's turtles may be found in the form of BEAM robotics . The first digitally operated and programmable robot
2808-628: A week before the title change, Bird tweeted a picture related to the project. The image showed a frayed cardboard box labeled 1952 , supposedly uncovered from the Walt Disney Imagineering developmental unit, and containing items like archival photographs of Walt Disney, Technicolor film, envelopes, a vinyl record , space technology literature, a 1928 copy of an Amazing Stories magazine (which introduced Philip Francis Nowlan 's Buck Rogers character), and an unidentified metal object. On August 10, 2013, Bird and Lindelof gave
2912-412: A work of evident passion and conviction. What it isn't is in any way convincing or enchanting." Steven Rea of The Philadelphia Inquirer gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Unlikely to be remembered in decades to come — or even in months to come, once the next teenage dystopian fantasy inserts itself into movie houses." Ty Burr of The Boston Globe gave the film two and
3016-659: Is robotics . These technologies deal with automated machines that can take the place of humans in dangerous environments or manufacturing processes , or resemble humans in appearance, behavior, or cognition. Many of today's robots are inspired by nature contributing to the field of bio-inspired robotics . These robots have also created a newer branch of robotics: soft robotics . From the time of ancient civilization , there have been many accounts of user-configurable automated devices and even automata resembling humans and other animals, such as animatronics , designed primarily as entertainment. As mechanical techniques developed through
3120-485: Is a 2015 American science fiction film directed by Brad Bird with a screenplay by Bird and Damon Lindelof . The film is based on the themed land Tomorrowland from the Disney Parks and a story by Bird, Lindelof, and Jeff Jensen . It stars George Clooney , Hugh Laurie , Britt Robertson , Raffey Cassidy , Tim McGraw , Kathryn Hahn , and Keegan-Michael Key . In the film, a disillusioned genius inventor and
3224-433: Is a NASA engineer, but faces losing his job. Casey is eventually caught and arrested. At the police station, she finds a pin in her belongings. While touching it, the pin transports her to Tomorrowland. Her adventure is cut short when the pin's battery runs out, leaving Casey stranded in a lake. With help from her younger brother Nate, Casey finds a Houston memorabilia store related to the pin. The owners attack her when she
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3328-618: Is a new robot introduced in 2012 which learns by guidance. A worker could teach Baxter how to perform a task by moving its hands in the desired motion and having Baxter memorize them. Extra dials, buttons, and controls are available on Baxter's arm for more precision and features. Any regular worker could program Baxter and it only takes a matter of minutes, unlike usual industrial robots that take extensive programs and coding to be used. This means Baxter needs no programming to operate. No software engineers are needed. This also means Baxter can be taught to perform multiple, more complicated tasks. Sawyer
3432-620: Is just recently introduced which acts both as a smartphone and robot and is named RoboHon. As robots become more advanced, eventually there may be a standard computer operating system designed mainly for robots. Robot Operating System (ROS) is an open-source software set of programs being developed at Stanford University , the Massachusetts Institute of Technology , and the Technical University of Munich , Germany, among others. ROS provides ways to program
3536-799: Is led by Japanese government agencies, particularly the Trade Ministry. Many future applications of robotics seem obvious to people, even though they are well beyond the capabilities of robots available at the time of the prediction. As early as 1982 people were confident that someday robots would: 1. Clean parts by removing molding flash 2. Spray paint automobiles with absolutely no human presence 3. Pack things in boxes—for example, orient and nest chocolate candies in candy boxes 4. Make electrical cable harness 5. Load trucks with boxes—a packing problem 6. Handle soft goods, such as garments and shoes 7. Shear sheep 8. Be used as prostheses 9. Cook fast food and work in other service industries 10. Work as
3640-399: Is not known whether he attempted to build it. According to Encyclopædia Britannica , Leonardo da Vinci may have been influenced by the classic automata of al-Jazari. In Japan, complex animal and human automata were built between the 17th to 19th centuries, with many described in the 18th century Karakuri zui ( Illustrated Machinery , 1796). One such automaton was the karakuri ningyō ,
3744-527: Is replaced by a character named Laughton (though their names are pronounced similarly in Japanese ). In the Yugoslav comic book series Borba , Rotwang is a recurring villain, and is portrayed as a Nazi . In Before Tomorrowland , a prequel novel to Tomorrowland , there is a villain named Werner Rotwang. Presented as the namesake of Fritz Lang's character, he is an unethical roboticist who defects from
3848-429: Is telling humanity that the world will end, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy . They confront David, who admits he tried to prevent the future by projecting such images to humanity as a warning. Instead, they embraced the apocalypse , refusing to act to make a better future for their world. Believing that humanity simply gave up, David has also given up and intends to allow the apocalypse to happen so that he can rebuild
3952-661: Is unable to divulge where she got the pin, insisting that Casey knows about a "little girl". Athena bursts in and defeats the owners, actually Audio-Animatronics , who self-destruct, blowing apart the shop. After Casey and Athena steal a car, Athena reveals she is also an animatronic, purposed to find and recruit people who fit the ideals of Tomorrowland. Athena drops Casey off outside an adult Frank's house in Pittsfield, New York . The now reclusive, cynical Frank declines Casey's request to take her to Tomorrowland, having been banished from it years ago. Inside Frank's house, Casey finds
4056-504: Is whether the robots are being exploited and the consequences of human dependence upon commodified labor (especially after a number of specially-formulated robots achieve self-awareness and incite robots all around the world to rise up against the humans). Karel Čapek himself did not coin the word. He wrote a short letter in reference to an etymology in the Oxford English Dictionary in which he named his brother,
4160-651: The robota (Hungarian robot ) was the work period a serf (corvée) had to give for his lord, typically six months of the year. The origin of the word is the Old Church Slavonic rabota ' servitude ' ( ' work ' in contemporary Bulgarian, Macedonian and Russian), which in turn comes from the Proto-Indo-European root * orbh- . Robot is cognate with the German Arbeit ' work ' . English pronunciation of
4264-514: The Frankenstein series. Like Victor Frankenstein , he attempts to " play God " by creating life, only to be defeated and destroyed in the end. Many aspects of Rotwang's appearance and character, particularly the black-gloved "mechanical" hand, turn up in the title character of Dr. Strangelove . Rotwang, along with Maria, his robot, appears as a member of The Twilight Heroes, a German analogue to The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen , in
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4368-824: The D23 Expo . Tomorrowland held its world premiere at the Disneyland Resort in Anaheim, California on May 9, 2015. The film was released on May 22, 2015, in theaters and IMAX , and was the first film to be released in Dolby Vision format in Dolby Cinema . Despite owning the trademark to the word "Tomorrowland" in the United States since 1970, Disney released the film in the United Kingdom as Tomorrowland: A World Beyond , and as Project T in several European markets, including
4472-705: The Han Fei Zi and other texts, which attributes the 5th century BC Mohist philosopher Mozi and his contemporary Lu Ban with the invention of artificial wooden birds ( ma yuan ) that could successfully fly. In 1066, the Chinese inventor Su Song built a water clock in the form of a tower which featured mechanical figurines which chimed the hours. His mechanism had a programmable drum machine with pegs ( cams ) that bumped into little levers that operated percussion instruments. The drummer could be made to play different rhythms and different drum patterns by moving
4576-477: The Industrial age , there appeared more practical applications such as automated machines, remote-control and wireless remote-control . The term comes from a Slavic root, robot- , with meanings associated with labor. The word "robot" was first used to denote a fictional humanoid in a 1920 Czech-language play R.U.R. ( Rossumovi Univerzální Roboti – Rossum's Universal Robots ) by Karel Čapek , though it
4680-581: The Space Age , as well as Walt Disney 's optimistic philosophy of the future, notably his conceptual vision for the planned community known as EPCOT . Principal photography began in August 2013, with scenes shot at multiple locales in five countries. Tomorrowland was released by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures in conventional and IMAX formats on May 22, 2015. The film, which received mixed reviews from critics, grossed $ 209 million worldwide and
4784-658: The US Navy . In 1903, the Spanish engineer Leonardo Torres Quevedo demonstrated a radio control system called Telekino at the Paris Academy of Sciences , which he wanted to use to control an airship of his own design. He obtained several patents for the system in other countries. Unlike previous 'on/off' techniques, Torres established a method for controlling any mechanical or electrical device with different states of operation. The Telekino remotely controlled
4888-637: The graphic novel The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen: Black Dossier . Rotwang also appears as part of the German forces attempting to create the Red Baron , along with silent film characters Doctor Mabuse , Doctor Caligari and Count Orlok , in Kim Newman 's alternate history novel The Bloody Red Baron . Rotwang existed at some point in the DC Universe , where his robot creation became
4992-475: The torpedo . Differential speed on the wires connected to the shore station allowed the torpedo to be guided to its target, making it "the world's first practical guided missile ". In 1897 the British inventor Ernest Wilson was granted a patent for a torpedo remotely controlled by "Hertzian" (radio) waves and in 1898 Nikola Tesla publicly demonstrated a wireless-controlled torpedo that he hoped to sell to
5096-464: The 1950s, 1960s, and early 1970s , stating that, "When Damon and I were first talking about the project, we were wondering why people's once-bright notions about the future gradually seemed to disappear." While keeping information about the plot secret, when asked in November 2012 whether the project would be Star Wars: Episode VII , Bird denied the rumor, but confirmed that Tomorrowland would be
5200-559: The 4th century BC, the Greek mathematician Archytas of Tarentum postulated a mechanical steam-operated bird he called "The Pigeon". Hero of Alexandria (10–70 AD) , a Greek mathematician and inventor, created numerous user-configurable automated devices, and described machines powered by air pressure, steam and water. The 11th century Lokapannatti tells of how the Buddha's relics were protected by mechanical robots (bhuta vahana yanta), from
5304-889: The Fuji Yusoki Kogyo Company. In 1973, a robot with six electromechanically driven axes was patented by KUKA robotics in Germany, and the programmable universal manipulation arm was invented by Victor Scheinman in 1976, and the design was sold to Unimation . Commercial and industrial robots are now in widespread use performing jobs more cheaply or with greater accuracy and reliability than humans. They are also employed for jobs which are too dirty, dangerous or dull to be suitable for humans. Robots are widely used in manufacturing, assembly and packing, transport, earth and space exploration, surgery, weaponry, laboratory research, and mass production of consumer and industrial goods. Various techniques have emerged to develop
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#17327728383995408-558: The Greek designs, these Arab examples reveal an interest, not only in dramatic illusion, but in manipulating the environment for human comfort. Thus, the greatest contribution the Arabs made, besides preserving, disseminating and building on the work of the Greeks, was the concept of practical application. This was the key element that was missing in Greek robotic science. In the 14th century,
5512-633: The Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg , because ID&T had previously registered the trademark in 2005, for their electronic musical festival of the same name . In compliance to Disney's ownership of the trademark in the United States, ID&T renamed the American version of their music festival as TomorrowWorld . Tomorrowland was released by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on Blu-ray , DVD , and digital download on October 13, 2015. Upon its first week of release on home media in
5616-544: The Plus Ultra organization and joins the Nazis to further his research into achieving immortality through robotics. In the first series of Hergé 's Jo, Zette and Jocko adventures, "The Secret Ray", an unnamed scientist, unsuccessfully experiments with transferring a human soul into a robot's body. In Jeffrey Thomas 's story "Precious Metal", the character Maria Rotwang kills a gang that has previously killed members of
5720-508: The U.S. and Canada a box office failure. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , 50% of 302 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 5.9/10. The website's consensus reads: "Ambitious and visually stunning, Tomorrowland is unfortunately weighted down by uneven storytelling." Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned the film a score of 60 out of 100, based on 48 critics, indicating "mixed or average" reviews. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave
5824-568: The U.S., the film debuted at number 3 at the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert chart, which tracks overall disc sales, and number 4 at the Blu-ray Disc sales chart with 47% of unit sales coming from Blu-ray. The film is currently available to stream on Disney+ . Tomorrowland grossed $ 93.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $ 115.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $ 209 million, against
5928-509: The artificial doves of Archytas , the artificial birds of Mozi and Lu Ban , a "speaking" automaton by Hero of Alexandria , a washstand automaton by Philo of Byzantium , and a human automaton described in the Lie Zi . Many ancient mythologies, and most modern religions include artificial people, such as the mechanical servants built by the Greek god Hephaestus ( Vulcan to the Romans),
6032-413: The bottom of the sea. There are concerns about the increasing use of robots and their role in society. Robots are blamed for rising technological unemployment as they replace workers in increasing numbers of functions. The use of robots in military combat raises ethical concerns. The possibilities of robot autonomy and potential repercussions have been addressed in fiction and may be a realistic concern in
6136-478: The brain worked lay in how it was wired up. His first robots, named Elmer and Elsie , were constructed between 1948 and 1949 and were often described as tortoises due to their shape and slow rate of movement. The three-wheeled tortoise robots were capable of phototaxis , by which they could find their way to a recharging station when they ran low on battery power. Walter stressed the importance of using purely analogue electronics to simulate brain processes at
6240-429: The clay golems of Jewish legend and clay giants of Norse legend, and Galatea , the mythical statue of Pygmalion that came to life. Since circa 400 BC, myths of Crete include Talos , a man of bronze who guarded the island from pirates. In ancient Greece, the Greek engineer Ctesibius (c. 270 BC) "applied a knowledge of pneumatics and hydraulics to produce the first organ and water clocks with moving figures." In
6344-482: The concept of a robot is the field of synthetic biology , which studies entities whose nature is more comparable to living things than to machines. The idea of automata originates in the mythologies of many cultures around the world. Engineers and inventors from ancient civilizations, including Ancient China , Ancient Greece , and Ptolemaic Egypt , attempted to build self-operating machines, some resembling animals and humans. Early descriptions of automata include
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#17327728383996448-459: The coronation of Richard II of England featured an automata angel. In Renaissance Italy, Leonardo da Vinci (1452–1519) sketched plans for a humanoid robot around 1495. Da Vinci's notebooks, rediscovered in the 1950s, contained detailed drawings of a mechanical knight now known as Leonardo's robot , able to sit up, wave its arms and move its head and jaw. The design was probably based on anatomical research recorded in his Vitruvian Man . It
6552-534: The designs of Space Mountain and Spaceship Earth as architectural features of the Tomorrowland cityscape. Per a suggestion by Bird during production, the Walt Disney Pictures opening production logo features the Tomorrowland skyline instead of the studio's conventional fantasy castle. Industrial Light & Magic created the visual effects for Tomorrowland. During post-production,
6656-424: The drink. Al-Jazari invented a hand washing automaton incorporating a flush mechanism now used in modern flush toilets . It features a female humanoid automaton standing by a basin filled with water. When the user pulls the lever, the water drains and the female automaton refills the basin. Mark E. Rosheim summarizes the advances in robotics made by Muslim engineers, especially al-Jazari, as follows: Unlike
6760-428: The earliest known automatic gates, which were driven by hydropower, created automatic doors as part of one of his elaborate water clocks . One of al-Jazari's humanoid automata was a waitress that could serve water, tea or drinks. The drink was stored in a tank with a reservoir from where the drink drips into a bucket and, after seven minutes, into a cup, after which the waitress appears out of an automatic door serving
6864-533: The end, you kind of want to jump back on and do it all over again." Linda Barnard of the Toronto Star gave the film three out of four stars, saying "Brad Bird presents a gorgeously wrought, hopeful future vision in Tomorrowland , infusing the family film with enough entertaining action and retro-themed whiz bang to forgive an awkward opening and third-act weakness." A.A. Dowd of The A.V. Club gave
6968-487: The film a B−, saying "Bird stages the PG mayhem with his usual grasp of dimension and space, his gift for action that's timed like physical comedy. He keeps the whole thing moving, even when it begins to feel bogged down by preachiness and sci-fi exposition." Forrest Wickman, of Slate , said the film's "politics might be a little incoherent, or naïve. It is a kids' movie, after all." Anthony Perrotta of Entropy commented that
7072-412: The film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale. Peter Travers of Rolling Stone gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Brad Bird's Tomorrowland , a noble failure about trying to succeed, is written and directed with such open-hearted optimism that you cheer it on even as it stumbles." Stephanie Merry of The Washington Post gave the film two out of four stars, saying "Maybe
7176-416: The film his name is given on a printed invitation as "C. A. Rotwang" but his first and middle names are not given in full, or mentioned again. Rotwang was very influential in the iconography of the mad scientist archetype . His laboratory , with its profusion of Tesla coils and towering switch panels, baroque chemical equipment and pipework, became a stock feature of many later films, including many in
7280-537: The film was inspired by the beliefs of both Walt Disney and Ayn Rand , similarly to Andrew Ryan , the villain in BioShock who constructed Rapture , a city that resembles Tomorrowland in its secrecy and intention to encourage scientific development of idealists by isolating them from the rest of the world. Amy Nicholson of LA Weekly gave the film a B+, saying "Bird has made a film that every child should see. And if his $ 190 million dream flops , he'll be asking
7384-436: The film's debut performance, saying, " Tomorrowland is an original movie and that's more of a challenge in this marketplace. We feel it's incredibly important for us as a company and as an industry to keep telling original stories." In the United States and Canada, Tomorrowland was released on May 22, 2015, from 3,970 theaters in its opening weekend. During the four-day Memorial Day weekend, it grossed $ 42.7 million —
7488-652: The final cut of the film. Pixar Animation Studios created an animated short film, narrated by Maurice LaMarche , that explained the backstory of Plus Ultra , which was planned to be incorporated into an excised scene where a young Frank Walker is transported beneath the " It's a Small World " attraction, and through an informative series of displays, reminiscent of Disney dark rides . Principal photography commenced in Enderby , British Columbia on August 8, 2013, and also filmed in Vancouver . In October, Kathryn Hahn
7592-494: The first law and often the third law. "People think about Asimov's laws, but they were set up to point out how a simple ethical system doesn't work. If you read the short stories, every single one is about a failure, and they are totally impractical," said Dr. Joanna Bryson of the University of Bath. ) Mobile robots have the capability to move around in their environment and are not fixed to one physical location. An example of
7696-687: The future. The word robot can refer to both physical robots and virtual software agents , but the latter are usually referred to as bots . There is no consensus on which machines qualify as robots but there is general agreement among experts, and the public, that robots tend to possess some or all of the following abilities and functions: accept electronic programming, process data or physical perceptions electronically, operate autonomously to some degree, move around, operate physical parts of itself or physical processes, sense and manipulate their environment, and exhibit intelligent behavior, especially behavior which mimics humans or other animals. Related to
7800-492: The futuristic elegance of the city. In its basement is a trap door that leads down into a network of catacombs, where Rotwang and Fredersen eavesdrop on a secret meeting of the workers and Maria, their spiritual counselor. On Fredersen's orders, Rotwang abducts Maria, transfers her appearance to the robot, and releases the duplicate to incite a rebellion among the workers. However, the robot is programmed to obey only Rotwang, who secretly instructs it to cause destructive lust among
7904-508: The history of the Walt Disney Company , particularly Walt Disney 's fascination with futurism , scientific innovation and utopia , as well as his involvement with the 1964 New York World's Fair and Disney's unrealized concept for EPCOT . In May 2012, Brad Bird was hired as director, as well as write with Lindelof. Bird's story ideas and themes were influenced by the fading of cultural optimism that once defined society in
8008-563: The kingdom of Roma visaya (Rome); until they were disarmed by King Ashoka . In ancient China, the 3rd-century text of the Lie Zi describes an account of humanoid automata, involving a much earlier encounter between Chinese emperor King Mu of Zhou and a mechanical engineer known as Yan Shi, an 'artificer'. Yan Shi proudly presented the king with a life-size, human-shaped figure of his mechanical 'handiwork' made of leather, wood, and artificial organs. There are also accounts of flying automata in
8112-440: The late 19th century in the form of several types of remotely controlled torpedoes . The early 1870s saw remotely controlled torpedoes by John Ericsson ( pneumatic ), John Louis Lay (electric wire guided), and Victor von Scheliha (electric wire guided). The Brennan torpedo , invented by Louis Brennan in 1877, was powered by two contra-rotating propellers that were spun by rapidly pulling out wires from drums wound inside
8216-407: The lowest opening for a big-budget tentpole since Disney's Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time , which opened to $ 37.8 million in 2010 — coming in first place , after a close race with Pitch Perfect 2 which grossed $ 38.9 million in its second weekend. Considering the film's $ 190 million budget ($ 280–330 million, including marketing costs), many media outlets considered the film's opening in
8320-433: The machine, which falls on David, killing him. In the present, Casey and Frank lead Tomorrowland, recruit Eddie and Nate, and create a new group of recruitment animatronics like Athena, whom they were addressing at the beginning of the film. Given pins, the animatronic children set out to recruit new dreamers and thinkers for Tomorrowland. In 2010, Damon Lindelof began discussions with Walt Disney Studios about producing
8424-407: The mining company Rio Tinto Coal Australia . Some analysts believe that within the next few decades, most trucks will be self-driving. A literate or 'reading robot' named Marge has intelligence that comes from software. She can read newspapers, find and correct misspelled words, learn about banks like Barclays, and understand that some restaurants are better places to eat than others. Baxter
8528-890: The painter and writer Josef Čapek , as its actual originator. In an article in the Czech journal Lidové noviny in 1933, he explained that he had originally wanted to call the creatures laboři ( ' workers ' , from Latin labor ). However, he did not like the word, and sought advice from his brother Josef, who suggested roboti . The word robota means literally ' corvée , serf labor ' , and figuratively ' drudgery, hard work ' in Czech and also (more general) ' work, labor ' in many Slavic languages (e.g.: Bulgarian , Russian , Serbian , Croatian , Slovenian , Slovak , Polish , Macedonian , Ukrainian and archaic Czech) as well as robot in Hungarian . Traditionally
8632-563: The pegs to different locations. Samarangana Sutradhara , a Sanskrit treatise by Bhoja (11th century), includes a chapter about the construction of mechanical contrivances ( automata ), including mechanical bees and birds, fountains shaped like humans and animals, and male and female dolls that refilled oil lamps, danced, played instruments, and re-enacted scenes from Hindu mythology. 13th century Muslim scientist Ismail al-Jazari created several automated devices. He built automated moving peacocks driven by hydropower. He also invented
8736-486: The robot to get revenge against Fredersen and Freder, while pretending that he is using the robot for Fredersen's benefit, and under Fredersen's instructions. Rotwang, who lost a hand while developing the Machine-Person and now wears a fully functioning metal prosthesis in its place, covered by a black glove, lives in a strange old house in the middle of Metropolis; its rough exterior design contrasts sharply with
8840-660: The same year built the first wire-guided rocket. In 1928, one of the first humanoid robots, Eric , was exhibited at the annual exhibition of the Model Engineers Society in London, where it delivered a speech. Invented by W. H. Richards, the robot's frame consisted of an aluminium body of armour with eleven electromagnets and one motor powered by a twelve-volt power source. The robot could move its hands and head and could be controlled through remote control or voice control. Both Eric and his "brother" George toured
8944-410: The science of robotics and robots. One method is evolutionary robotics , in which a number of differing robots are submitted to tests. Those which perform best are used as a model to create a subsequent "generation" of robots. Another method is developmental robotics , which tracks changes and development within a single robot in the areas of problem-solving and other functions. Another new type of robot
9048-511: The sets and effects and whooshing editing that the story somehow slipped away." Colin Covert of the Star Tribune gave the film two out of four stars, saying "A well-oiled machine of visuals, and yet a wobbling rattletrap of storytelling, the sci-fi fantasy Tomorrowland is an unwieldy clunker driven into the ditch at full speed." James Berardinelli of Reelviews.net gave the film two and
9152-544: The time traveling villainess Mekanique . Mekanique claims to have traveled to the era of the All-Star Squadron to alter history for her master, and that she succeeded; whether this is true is unknown. Rotwang himself did not appear in the comic. In the novel Superman's Metropolis , Lex Luthor is cast in Rotwang's role. In Osamu Tezuka 's Metropolis manga and the later anime film based upon it, Rotwang
9256-487: The ultimate goal of Tomorrowland remains obscure because once you know where the story is headed, you realize it's a familiar tale. The movie can conjure up futuristic images, but the story is nothing we haven't seen before." Moira MacDonald of The Seattle Times gave the film two and a half stars out of four, saying "Though it's made with great energy and inventiveness, there's something ultimately muddy about Tomorrowland ; it's as if director Brad Bird got so caught up in
9360-568: The wealthy elite of Metropolis as well in a plot to ruin Fredersen. During the ensuing riots and power blackout, Rotwang falls under the delusion that the real Maria is Hel and chases her to the roof of the city's cathedral, with Freder in pursuit. The two men fight on the roof, and Rotwang falls to his death. The name "Rotwang" is derived from a series of German words. "Rot" is German for red, "Wang(e)" for cheek, "rotwangig" for rosy-cheeked. "Rotwang" therefore means "red-cheek" or "rosy-cheek". In
9464-452: The word has evolved relatively quickly since its introduction. In the U.S. during the late 1930s to early 1940s it was pronounced / ˈ r oʊ b oʊ t / . By the late 1950s to early 1960s, some were pronouncing it / ˈ r oʊ b ə t / , while others used / ˈ r oʊ b ɒ t / By the 1970s, its current pronunciation / ˈ r oʊ b ɒ t / had become predominant. The word robotics , used to describe this field of study,
9568-575: The world of Tomorrowland and to introduce the movie to the Disney theme park fan base. It occurred in a fictionalized version of Disney history and players interacted with multiple characters that led them on a hunt across a variety of places with clues and puzzles leading to more. It ran from July 3, 2013, to August 11, 2013, leading players around the Anaheim area and within Disneyland , culminating at
9672-472: The world to his liking. Casey, Frank, and Athena attempt to use a bomb to destroy the machine, leading to a fight with David. The bomb is accidentally thrown through a portal to an uninhabited island on Earth, the explosion pinning David's leg. Athena sees a vision of the future where Frank is shot by David, and she jumps in the way of his attack, mortally wounding herself beyond repair. Making peace with Frank, Athena activates her self-destruct sequence, destroying
9776-499: The world. Westinghouse Electric Corporation built Televox in 1926; it was a cardboard cutout connected to various devices which users could turn on and off. In 1939, the humanoid robot known as Elektro was debuted at the 1939 New York World's Fair . Seven feet tall (2.1 m) and weighing 265 pounds (120.2 kg), it could walk by voice command, speak about 700 words (using a 78-rpm record player ), smoke cigarettes, blow up balloons, and move its head and arms. The body consisted of
9880-482: Was Karel's brother Josef Čapek who was the word's true inventor. Electronics evolved into the driving force of development with the advent of the first electronic autonomous robots created by William Grey Walter in Bristol, England in 1948, as well as Computer Numerical Control (CNC) machine tools in the late 1940s by John T. Parsons and Frank L. Stulen . The first commercial, digital and programmable robot
9984-400: Was added in 2015 for smaller, more precise tasks. Prototype cooking robots have been developed and could be programmed for autonomous, dynamic and adjustable preparation of discrete meals. The word robot was introduced to the public by the Czech interwar writer Karel Čapek in his play R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) , published in 1920. The play begins in a factory that uses
10088-692: Was built by George Devol in 1954 and was named the Unimate . It was sold to General Motors in 1961 where it was used to lift pieces of hot metal from die casting machines at the Inland Fisher Guide Plant in the West Trenton section of Ewing Township, New Jersey . Robots have replaced humans in performing repetitive and dangerous tasks which humans prefer not to do, or are unable to do because of size limitations, or which take place in extreme environments such as outer space or
10192-843: Was cast as a character named Ursula. That same month, it was announced that part of the filming would take place in the City of Arts and Sciences in Valencia. In November, scenes depicting the Newtons' hometown were shot at New Smyrna Beach , and the Carousel of Progress attraction at Walt Disney World in Florida. On February 3, 2014, additional filming took place at the It's a Small World attraction at Disneyland in California, and wrapped on February 6. The film's production designers incorporated
10296-462: Was coined by the science fiction writer Isaac Asimov . Asimov created the Three Laws of Robotics which are a recurring theme in his books. These have since been used by many others to define laws used in fiction. (The three laws are pure fiction, and no technology yet created has the ability to understand or follow them, and in fact most robots serve military purposes, which run quite contrary to
10400-478: Was considered a commercial failure for losing Disney $ 120–150 million at the box office. In 1964, a young boy named Frank Walker attends the New York World's Fair to sell his prototype jet pack , but is rejected because it does not work. Frank is approached by a young girl, Athena, who hands him an orange lapel pin with a blue "T" embossed on it, telling him to follow her onto Walt Disney 's " It's
10504-430: Was hired to compose the film music. Originally, the film included overt references to Walt Disney's involvement with Plus Ultra , the fictional organization founded by Gustave Eiffel , Jules Verne , Nikola Tesla , and Thomas Edison — including the idea that Disneyland 's Tomorrowland was intended to be a cover-up for the real one developed by the group — however, the scenes and dialogue were omitted from
10608-459: Was invented by George Devol in 1954 and was ultimately called the Unimate . This ultimately laid the foundations of the modern robotics industry. Devol sold the first Unimate to General Motors in 1960, and it was installed in 1961 in a plant in Trenton, New Jersey to lift hot pieces of metal from a die casting machine and stack them. The first palletizing robot was introduced in 1963 by
10712-465: Was released digitally on May 19, 2015, followed by a physical release on June 2, 2015. Songs not included on the album, but featured in the film include " There's a Great Big Beautiful Tomorrow " and " It's a Small World (After All) ", both written by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman , and " I Got Mine " by The Black Keys . The Optimist , an alternate reality game , was created by Walt Disney Imagineering with Walt Disney Studios to create
10816-487: Was reported as being a 'robot' in contemporary descriptions The first electronic autonomous robots with complex behaviour were created by William Grey Walter of the Burden Neurological Institute at Bristol , England in 1948 and 1949. He wanted to prove that rich connections between a small number of brain cells could give rise to very complex behaviors – essentially that the secret of how
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