65-653: The Round Earth Company , founded by the late Richard Davey , performs in Strahan , West Coast, Tasmania . Each night the company performs Australia 's longest-running play, The Ship That Never Was . During the day the actors work as tour guides on Sarah Island , explaining the history and unique story of this Tasmanian penal settlement. The Round Earth Company was established in Western Australia in 1972 as an on-the-road performing company taking stories to networks of communities and collecting new stories from
130-550: A New Zealand Army unit known as N Force at a large army camp that had the capacity to house a 1,500-strong force. N Force relieved a company of the Second Australian Imperial Force . The island proved too remote to come under attack during the war, and N Force left the island in February 1944. In 1979, Norfolk Island was granted limited self-government by Australia, under which the island elected
195-519: A convict penal settlement from 6 March 1788 until 5 May 1855, except for an 11-year hiatus between 15 February 1814 and 6 June 1825, when it lay abandoned. On 8 June 1856, permanent civilian residence on the island began when descendants of the Bounty mutineers were relocated from Pitcairn Island . In 1914, the UK handed Norfolk Island over to Australia to administer as an external territory . Native to
260-592: A few hundred years before Europeans arrived in the late 18th century. Ultimately, the relative isolation of the island, and its poor horticultural environment, were not favourable to long-term settlement. The first European known to have sighted and landed on the island was Captain James Cook , on 10 October 1774, on his second voyage to the South Pacific on HMS Resolution . He named it after Mary Howard, Duchess of Norfolk . Sir John Call argued
325-481: A government that ran most of the island's affairs. In 2006, a formal review process took place in which the Australian government considered revising the island's model of government. The review was completed on 20 December 2006, when it was decided that there would be no changes in the governance of Norfolk Island. Financial problems and a reduction in tourism led to Norfolk Island's administration appealing to
390-630: A guide, Davey's work has had significance in helping tourists understand the penal station and its context, where previously there had been scattered and not very accessible research. The Ship That Never Was , written by Davey, is Australia's longest-running play, with over 5,000 performances and continuing to be performed nightly at Strahan; it is about the Frederick escape , the successful escape of 10 convicts from Sarah Island to Chile. His book The Sarah Island Conspiracies: Being an account of twelve voyages to Macquarie Harbour and Sarah Island , which
455-705: A list of such laws. Among those laws was the Administration Law 1913 (NSW), which provided for appointment of an Administrator of Norfolk Island and of magistrates, and contained a code of criminal law. British agreement was expressed on 30 March 1914, in a UK Order in Council made pursuant to the Australian Waste Lands Act 1855 (Imp). A proclamation by the Governor-General of Australia on 17 June 1914 gave effect to
520-538: A long battle with illness. Norfolk Island Norfolk Island ( / ˈ n ɔːr f ə k / NOR -fək , locally / ˈ n ɔːr f oʊ k / NOR -fohk ; Norfuk : Norf'k Ailen ) is an external territory of Australia located in the Pacific Ocean between New Zealand and New Caledonia , approximately 1,412 kilometres (877 mi) east of Australia's Evans Head and about 900 kilometres (560 mi) from Lord Howe Island . Together with
585-416: A maritime-influenced humid subtropical climate ( Köppen : Cfa ) with warm, humid summers and very mild, rainy winters. The highest recorded temperature is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) on 23 January 2024, whilst the lowest is 6.2 °C (43.2 °F) on 29 July 1953. The island has moderate rainfall 1,109.9 millimetres (43.70 in), with a maximum in winter, and 52.8 clear days annually. Norfolk Island
650-476: A party of 15 convicts and seven free men to take control of Norfolk Island, and prepare for its commercial development. They arrived on 6 March. During the first year of the settlement, which was also called "Sydney" like its parent, more convicts and soldiers were sent to the island from New South Wales. Robert Watson, harbourmaster, arrived with the First Fleet as quartermaster of HMS Sirius , and
715-429: A place to send "the worst description of convicts". Its remoteness, previously seen as a disadvantage, was now viewed as an asset for the detention of recalcitrant male prisoners. The convicts detained have long been assumed to be hardcore recidivists, or 'doubly-convicted capital respites' – that is, men transported to Australia who committed fresh crimes in the colony for which they were sentenced to death, but were spared
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#1732793219954780-617: A professional company in Tasmania after the demise of The Island Theatre Company , to provide the state with an ensemble company. However, Zootango, as the new company was known, lost the public funding on which it was dependent. "In 1997 a change of Federal policy towards regional theatre resulted in the withdrawal of Arts Tasmania and the Australia Council's combined yearly funding for the Company of $ 220,000. The company reduced
845-746: A request by Alan Coates, a Tasmanian Parks Ranger, The Round Earth Company, facing bankruptcy, took a two-person play to Strahan on the West Coast of Tasmania, performing The Ship That Never Was . Originally written and produced at the Peacock Theatre in Hobart in 1982 for Breadline Theatre Company , it is the story of the Frederick escape , in which ten convicts hijacked the brig Frederick from Sarah Island and escaped to Chile for two years. It performed in Strahan in 1993 for eight weeks, in
910-565: A small settlement until the remnants were removed in 1813. A small party remained to slaughter stock and destroy all buildings, so that there would be no inducement for anyone, especially from other European powers, to visit and lay claim to the place. From February 1814 until June 1825, the island was uninhabited. In 1824, the British government instructed the Governor of New South Wales, Thomas Brisbane , to reoccupy Norfolk Island as
975-770: A woodchop arena, aboard yachts, on Sarah Island , outside the Strahan Pub, and even at the Mount Lyell picnic on the beach. During the play, a mock ship is built on the stage with the actors enlisting audience members, including children, as characters in the play. The Ship That Never Was performs every day and has exceeded 5000 performances. In 1998, the Company undertook to operate the Strahan Visitor Centre, curating an exhibition created by Robert Morris-Nunn and Richard Flanagan , and providing printed information to tourists. As an added income stream,
1040-516: Is located in the South Pacific Ocean, east of the Australian mainland. Norfolk Island itself is the main island of the island group that the territory encompasses and is located at 29°02′S 167°57′E / 29.033°S 167.950°E / -29.033; 167.950 . It has an area of 34.6 square kilometres (13.4 sq mi), with no large-scale internal bodies of water and 32 km (20 mi) of coastline. Norfolk
1105-562: Is now extinct, but the taxonomic relationships of this are unclear and have not been scientifically described yet. The Norfolk Island Group Nepean Island is also home to breeding seabirds. The providence petrel was hunted to local extinction by the beginning of the 19th century but has shown signs of returning to breed on Phillip Island . Other seabirds breeding there include the white-necked petrel , Kermadec petrel , wedge-tailed shearwater , Australasian gannet , red-tailed tropicbird and grey ternlet . The sooty tern (known locally as
1170-612: Is part of the Interim Biogeographic Regionalisation for Australia region "Pacific Subtropical Islands" (PSI), and forms subregion PSI02, with an area of 3,908 hectares (9,660 acres). The country is home to the Norfolk Island subtropical forests terrestrial ecoregion. Norfolk Island has 174 native plants; 51 of them are endemic . At least 18 of the endemic species are rare or threatened. The Norfolk Island palm ( Rhopalostylis baueri ) and
1235-533: Is treated as a separate IBA. Norfolk Island also has a botanical garden, which is home to a sizeable variety of plant species. However, the island has only one native mammal, Gould's wattled bat ( Chalinolobus gouldii ). It is very rare, and may already be extinct on the island. The Norfolk swallowtail ( Papilio amynthor ) is a species of butterfly that is found on Norfolk Island and the Loyalty Islands . Cetaceans were historically abundant around
1300-655: The Colony of New South Wales . The decision to settle Norfolk Island was taken after Empress Catherine II of Russia restricted the sale of hemp . At the time, practically all the hemp and flax required by the Royal Navy for cordage and sailcloth was imported from Russia. When the First Fleet arrived at Port Jackson in January ;1788, Governor Arthur Phillip ordered Lieutenant Philip Gidley King to lead
1365-512: The Morayshire . On 8 June 194 people arrived, a baby having been born in transit. The Pitcairners occupied many of the buildings remaining from the penal settlements, and gradually established traditional farming and whaling industries on the island. Although some families decided to return to Pitcairn in 1858 and 1863, the island's population continued to grow. They accepted additional settlers, who often arrived on whaling vessels. The island
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#17327932199541430-538: The 13th or 14th century the island was settled by East Polynesian seafarers, either from the Kermadec Islands north of mainland New Zealand, or from the North Island of New Zealand. However, both Polynesian and Melanesian artefacts have been found, so it is possible that people from New Caledonia , relatively close to the north, also reached Norfolk Island. Human occupation must have ceased at least
1495-630: The Act and the Order as from 1 July 1914. During World War II , the island became a key airbase and refuelling depot between Australia and New Zealand and between New Zealand and the Solomon Islands . The airstrip was constructed by Australian, New Zealand and United States servicemen during 1942. Since Norfolk Island fell within New Zealand's area of responsibility, it was garrisoned by
1560-469: The Australian federal government for assistance in 2010. In return, the islanders were to pay income tax for the first time but would be eligible for greater welfare benefits. However, by May 2013, agreement had not been reached and islanders were having to leave to find work and welfare. An agreement was finally signed in Canberra on 12 March 2015 to replace self-government with a local council but against
1625-520: The Norfolk Island Legislative Assembly was abolished, with the territory becoming run by an Administrator and an advisory council. Elections for a new Regional Council were held on 28 May 2016, with the new council taking office on 1 July 2016. From that date, most Australian Commonwealth laws were extended to Norfolk Island. This means that taxation, social security, immigration, customs and health arrangements apply on
1690-401: The Pacific Ocean by a small coral reef, is the only safe area for recreational swimming, although surfing waves can be found at Anson and Ball Bays. The climate is subtropical and mild, with little seasonal differentiation. The island is the eroded remnant of a basaltic volcano active around 2.3 to 3 million years ago, with inland areas now consisting mainly of rolling plains. It forms
1755-610: The United Kingdom to Van Diemen's Land (Tasmania) had ceased in 1853, to be replaced by penal servitude in the UK. The next settlement began on 8 June 1856, as the descendants of Tahitians and the HMS Bounty mutineers, including those of Fletcher Christian , were resettled from the Pitcairn Islands , which had become too small for their growing number. On 3 May 1856, 193 people left Pitcairn Islands aboard
1820-723: The United Nations to include the island on its list of " non-self-governing territories ". There has also been movement to join New Zealand since the autonomy reforms. In October 2019, the Norfolk Island People For Democracy advocacy group conducted a survey of 457 island residents (about one quarter of the entire population) and found that 37% preferred free association with New Zealand, 35% preferred free association with Australia, 25% preferred full independence , and 3% preferred full integration with Australia. The Territory of Norfolk Island
1885-749: The advantages of Norfolk Island in that it was uninhabited and that New Zealand flax grew there. After the outbreak of the American Revolutionary War in 1775 halted penal transportation to the Thirteen Colonies , British prisons started to overcrowd . Several stopgap measures proved ineffective, and the government announced in December 1785 that it would send convicts to parts of what is now known as Australia. In 1786, it included Norfolk Island as an auxiliary settlement, as proposed by John Call, in its plan for colonisation of
1950-464: The average length of detention there was three years. Nonetheless, Norfolk Island went through periods of unrest with convicts staging a number of uprisings and mutinies between 1826 and 1846, all of which failed. The British government began to wind down the second penal settlement after 1847, and the last convicts were removed to Tasmania in May 1855. The island was abandoned because transportation from
2015-424: The carcasses to tiger sharks well off the coast. This is done to help prevent tiger sharks from coming further toward shore in search of food. Norfolk Island holds one of the largest populations of tiger sharks in the world. Australia has banned the culling policy as cruelty to animals. Norfolk Islanders fear this will lead to increased shark attacks and damage an already waning tourist industry. On 4 October 2015,
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2080-550: The communities. In 1973–1974, funded by the Australia Council , three journeys into the North and Central deserts were undertaken, with storytellers, musicians, artists and craft workers visiting mining towns and Aboriginal communities. In 1975, the family company travelled to North and Central America, Britain, Europe, Egypt, and India for four years. They linked up with various communities and performance companies along
2145-552: The company provides up to four daily guided tours on Sarah Island, incorporating dramatic performances. Published information booklets included The Sarah Island Conspiracies by Richard Davey and The Travails of Jimmy Porter (2003), the memoir written on Norfolk Island in 1842 by James Porter, one of the leaders of the escape on the Frederick . 42°09′14″S 145°19′41″E / 42.154°S 145.328°E / -42.154; 145.328 Richard Davey Richard Innes Davey (4 November 1938 – 13 March 2013)
2210-430: The endemic bird species and subspecies have become extinct as a result of massive clearance of the island's native vegetation of subtropical rainforest for agriculture, hunting and persecution as agricultural pests. The birds have also suffered from the introduction of mammals such as rats , cats, foxes, pigs and goats, as well as from introduced competitors such as common blackbirds and crimson rosellas . Although
2275-454: The gallows on condition of life on Norfolk Island. However, a 2011 study, using a database of 6,458 Norfolk Island convicts, has demonstrated that the reality was somewhat different: More than half were detained on Norfolk Island without ever receiving a colonial conviction, and only 15% had been reprieved from a death sentence. Furthermore, the overwhelming majority of convicts sent to Norfolk Island had committed non-violent property offences, and
2340-642: The highest point on the Norfolk Ridge , part of the submerged continent Zealandia . The area surrounding Mount Bates is preserved as the Norfolk Island National Park . The park, covering around 10% of the land of the island, contains remnants of the forests which originally covered the island, including stands of subtropical rainforest . The park also includes the two smaller islands to the south of Norfolk Island, Nepean Island and Phillip Island . The vegetation of Phillip Island
2405-514: The hope of shedding some light on the overall Australian story, then took this story on the road. By 1988, a repertoire of performances, including Broken Dreams in Adelaide and Melbourne in 1984, and Hallelujah Lady Jane , Pieces of Iron and Guarding the Perimeter from 1986 to 1988, was forming and had begun to find its way interstate. From 1987 to 1993 The Round Earth Company established
2470-627: The island as commercial hunts on the island were operating until 1956. Today, numbers of larger whales have disappeared, but even today many species such humpback whale , minke whale , sei whale , and dolphins can be observed close to shore, and scientific surveys have been conducted regularly. Southern right whales were once regular migrants to Norfolk, but were severely depleted by historical hunts, and further by recent illegal Soviet and Japanese whaling, resulting in none or very few, if remnants still live, right whales in these regions along with Lord Howe Island . Whale sharks can be encountered off
2535-431: The island has been cleared for pasture and housing. Grazing and introduced weeds currently threaten the native flora, displacing it in some areas. In fact, there are more weed species than native species on Norfolk Island. As a relatively small and isolated oceanic island, Norfolk has few land birds but a high degree of endemicity among them. Norfolk Island is home to a radiation of about 40 endemic snail species. Many of
2600-466: The island is politically part of Australia, many of Norfolk Island's native birds show affinities to those of neighbouring New Zealand, such as the Norfolk kākā , Norfolk pigeon , and Norfolk boobook . Extinctions include that of the endemic Norfolk kākā, Norfolk ground dove and Norfolk pigeon, while of the endemic subspecies the starling , triller , thrush and boobook owl are extinct, although
2665-511: The island, consisting largely of widely separated homesteads. Government House , the official residence of the Administrator, is located on Quality Row in what was the penal settlement of Kingston. Other government buildings, including the court, Legislative Assembly and Administration, are also located there. Kingston's role is largely a ceremonial one, however, with most of the economic impetus coming from Burnt Pine. Norfolk Island has
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2730-465: The island, the evergreen Norfolk Island pine is a symbol of the island and is pictured on its flag . The pine is a key export for Norfolk Island, being a popular ornamental tree in Australia (where two related species grow), and also worldwide. Norfolk Island was uninhabited when first settled by Europeans, but evidence of earlier habitation was obvious. Archaeological investigation suggests that in
2795-432: The island, too. The population of Norfolk Island was 2,188 in the 2021 census, which had declined from a high of 2,601 in 2001. In 2011, residents were 78% of the census count, with the remaining 22% being visitors. 16% of the population were 14 years and under, 54% were 15 to 64 years, and 24% were 65 years and over. The figures showed an ageing population, with many people aged 20–34 having moved away from
2860-424: The island. Most islanders are of either European -only (mostly British) or combined European- Tahitian ancestry, being descendants of the Bounty mutineers as well as more recent arrivals from Australia and New Zealand. About half of the islanders can trace their roots back to Pitcairn Island . This common heritage has led to a limited number of surnames among the islanders – a limit constraining enough that
2925-562: The island. In 1920, the Mission was relocated from Norfolk Island to the Solomon Islands to be closer to the focus of population. Norfolk Island was the subject of several experiments in administration during the century. It began the 19th century as part of the Colony of New South Wales. On 29 September 1844, Norfolk Island was transferred from the Colony of New South Wales to the Colony of Van Diemen's Land. On 1 November 1856 Norfolk Island
2990-459: The latter's genes persist in a hybrid population descended from the last female. Other endemic birds are the white-chested white-eye , which may be extinct, the Norfolk parakeet , the Norfolk gerygone , the slender-billed white-eye and endemic subspecies of the Pacific robin and golden whistler . Subfossil bones indicate that a species of Coenocorypha snipe was also found on the island and
3055-442: The main island. The coastline of Norfolk Island consists, to varying degrees, of cliff faces. A downward slope exists towards Slaughter Bay and Emily Bay, the site of the original colonial settlement of Kingston. There are no safe harbour facilities on Norfolk Island, with loading jetties existing at Kingston and Cascade Bay. All goods not domestically produced are brought in by ship, usually to Cascade Bay. Emily Bay, protected from
3120-604: The neighbouring Phillip Island and Nepean Island , the three islands collectively form the Territory of Norfolk Island . At the 2021 census , it had 2,188 inhabitants living on a total land area of about 35 km (14 sq mi). Its capital and administrative seat is Kingston , while its main town and largest settlement is Burnt Pine . East Polynesians were the first to settle Norfolk Island, but they had already departed when Great Britain settled it as part of its 1788 colonisation of Australia. The island served as
3185-464: The number of its productions but was forced to cease operations in late 1997." In 1992, Round Earth went solo again, attempting a return to the road with A Bright and Crimson Flower , a large-scale epic about Australian Prisoners of War under the Japanese. Between 1992 and 1995 A Bright and Crimson Flower performed in Tasmania, Victoria, South Australia and New South Wales. In 1994, in response to
3250-512: The same basis as in mainland Australia. Travel between Norfolk Island and mainland Australia became domestic travel on 1 July 2016. For the 2016 Australian federal election , 328 people on Norfolk Island voted in the ACT electorate of Canberra , out of 117,248 total votes. Since 2018, Norfolk Island is covered by the electorate of Bean . There is opposition to the reforms, led by Norfolk Island People for Democracy Inc., an association appealing to
3315-576: The smooth tree-fern ( Cyathea brownii ), the tallest tree-fern in the world, are common in the Norfolk Island National Park but rare elsewhere on the island. Before European colonisation, most of Norfolk Island was covered with subtropical rain forest, the canopy of which was made of Araucaria heterophylla (Norfolk Island pine) in exposed areas, and the palm Rhopalostylis baueri and tree ferns Cyathea brownii and C. australis in moister protected areas. The understory
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#17327932199543380-495: The time zone for Norfolk Island was changed from UTC+11:30 to UTC+11:00 . In March 2015, the Australian Government announced comprehensive reforms for Norfolk Island. The action was justified on the grounds it was necessary "to address issues of sustainability which have arisen from the model of self-government requiring Norfolk Island to deliver local, state and federal functions since 1979". On 17 June 2015,
3445-662: The way, participating, for example, in rain and harvest dance rituals in Hopi villages in Arizona, with Canadian companies creating stories in remote communities, and with travelling troupes in India that performed legendary epics. In 1980, the family returned to Australia and based itself in Hobart, Tasmania where the Salamanca Arts Centre provided a venue. They created a repertoire of stories in and about Tasmania in
3510-477: The whale bird) has traditionally been subject to seasonal egg harvesting by Norfolk Islanders. Norfolk Island, with neighbouring Nepean Island, has been identified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area because it supports the entire populations of white-chested and slender-billed white-eyes, Norfolk parakeets and Norfolk gerygones, as well as over 1% of the world populations of wedge-tailed shearwaters and red-tailed tropicbirds. Nearby Phillip Island
3575-584: The wishes of the Norfolk Island government. A majority of Norfolk Islanders objected to the Australian plan to make changes to Norfolk Island without first consulting them and allowing their say, with 68% of voters against forced changes. An example of growing friction between Norfolk Island and increased Australian rule was featured in a 2019 episode of Discovery Channel's annual Shark Week . The episode featured Norfolk Island's policy of culling growing cattle populations by killing older cattle and feeding
3640-761: Was a regular resort for whaling vessels in the age of sail . The first such ship was the Britannia in November 1793. The last on record was the Andrew Hicks in August–September 1907. They came for water, wood and provisions, and sometimes they recruited islanders to serve as crewmen on their vessels. In 1867, the headquarters of the Melanesian Mission of the Church of England was established on
3705-469: Was abolished and responsibility for the administration of Norfolk Island was vested in the Governor of the Colony of New South Wales. Yet, the island was not made a part of New South Wales and remained separate. The Colony of New South Wales ceased to exist upon the establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia on 1 January 1901, and from that date responsibility for the administration of Norfolk Island
3770-790: Was an Australian actor, director and writer. He was the founder of the Round Earth Company and advocate for the understanding of the Macquarie Harbour Penal Station on Sarah Island on the West Coast of Tasmania . Earlier he had been artistic director of The Hole in the Wall Theatre in Perth , Western Australia from 1969 -1971. Over ten years of the Round Earth Theatre Company at Strahan , and work on Sarah Island as
3835-590: Was devastated due to the introduction during the penal era of pest animals such as pigs and rabbits, giving it a red-brown colour as viewed from Norfolk; however, pest control and remediation work by park staff has recently brought some improvement to the Phillip Island environment. The major settlement on Norfolk Island is Burnt Pine , located predominantly along Taylors Road, where the shopping centre, post office, bottle shop, telephone exchange and community hall are located. Settlement also exists over much of
3900-526: Was formed from several volcanic eruptions between 3.1 and 2.3 million years ago. The island's highest point is Mount Bates reaching 319 metres (1,047 feet) above sea level , located in the northwest quadrant of the island. The majority of the terrain is suitable for farming and other agricultural uses. Phillip Island, the second largest island of the territory, is located at 29°07′S 167°57′E / 29.117°S 167.950°E / -29.117; 167.950 , seven kilometres (4.3 miles) south of
3965-423: Was separated from the Colony of Tasmania (formerly Van Diemen's Land) and constituted as a "distinct and separate Settlement, the affairs of which should until further Order in that behalf by Her Majesty be administered by a Governor to be for that purpose appointed". The Governor of New South Wales was constituted as the Governor of Norfolk Island. On 19 March 1897, the office of the Governor of Norfolk Island
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#17327932199544030-597: Was short listed for a major prize in Hobart in 2005, complements the work of Richard Flanagan 's Gould's Book of Fish . They both use the painting by William Buelow Gould of the Weedy sea dragon on the covers of their books. Davey's long lasting interest in Shakespeare's King Lear saw production in November 2007 of an adaptation The Madness of King Lear in Hobart, Tasmania. Davey died on 13 March 2013 after
4095-539: Was still serving in that capacity when the ship was wrecked at Norfolk Island in 1790. Next year, he obtained and cultivated a grant of 60 acres (24 ha) on the island. As early as 1794, Lieutenant-Governor of New South Wales Francis Grose suggested its closure as a penal settlement, as it was too remote and difficult for shipping and too costly to maintain. The first group of people left in February ;1805, and by 1808, only about 200 remained, forming
4160-465: Was thick with lianas and ferns covering the forest floor. Only one small tract, 5 km (1.9 sq mi), of rainforest remains, which was declared as the Norfolk Island National Park in 1986. This forest has been infested with several introduced plants . The cliffs and steep slopes of Mount Pitt supported a community of shrubs, herbaceous plants , and climbers. A few tracts of cliff top and seashore vegetation have been preserved. The rest of
4225-671: Was vested in the Governor of the State of New South Wales. The Parliament of the Commonwealth of Australia accepted the territory by the Norfolk Island Act 1913 (Cth), subject to British agreement; the Act received royal assent on 19 December 1913. In preparation for the handover, a proclamation by the Governor of New South Wales on 23 December 1913 (in force when gazetted on 24 December) repealed "all laws heretofore in force in Norfolk Island" and replaced them by re-enacting
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