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70-791: Roy F. Bergengren (June 14, 1879 – November 11, 1955) was an American attorney and pioneer of the United States credit union movement. Hired by Edward Filene in July 1921 to head the Credit Union National Extension Bureau , Bergengren carried out an ambitious legislative agenda that resulted in the enactment of the Federal Credit Union Act , the creation of the Credit Union National Association (CUNA), and

140-601: A dude ranch in Estes Park, with guides for hunting, fishing, and mountaineering; when Isabella Bird arrived in 1873, Evans already had nine men and women as guests. The 4th Earl of Dunraven and Mount-Earl , a young Anglo-Irish peer , arrived in late December 1872 under the guidance of Texas Jack Omohundro , subsequently made numerous visits, and decided to take over the valley for his own private hunting preserve. Lord Dunraven's ' land grab ' didn't work, but he controlled 6,000 acres before he changed tactics and opened

210-486: A Princeton student. In the 1850s, the Arapaho had spent summers camped around Mary's Lake, where their rock fireplaces, tipi sites, and dance rings were still visible. They also recalled building eagle traps atop Longs Peak to get the war feathers coveted by all tribes. They remembered their routes to and from the valley in detail, naming trails and landmarks. They pointed out the site of their buffalo trap, and described

280-624: A business known as the Big Owl Tea Place. She proved up on her homestead claim in 1915, and left a memoir of her years there. In 1916 the Estes Valley Library was founded by the Estes Park Women's Club. It originally formed part of the old schoolhouse and contained only 262 printed works. Estes Park was also the site of the organization of the Credit Union National Association , an important milestone in

350-776: A certain threshold, such as the National Credit Union Administration ’s Share Insurance Fund or the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation . Credit unions as such provide service only to individual consumers. Corporate credit unions (also known as central credit unions in Canada) provide service to credit unions, with operational support, funds clearing tasks, and product and service delivery. Credit unions often form cooperatives among themselves to provide services to members. A credit union service organization (CUSO)

420-479: A charity. Credit unions are "not-for-profit" because their purpose is to serve their members rather than to maximize profits, so unlike charities, credit unions do not rely on donations and are financial institutions that must make what is, in economic terms, a small profit (i.e., in non-profit accounting terms, a "surplus") to remain in existence. According to the World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU),

490-535: A credit union anywhere in the United States. The Extension Bureau has been a model for many projects related to international development and microfinance since. Foreshadowing debates that still rage however, the views of Filene and Bergengren diverged on two key issues. First, Bergengren believed that the Extension Bureau should attempt to secure federal legislation first, rather than work state by state. Filene prevailed in this debate, maintaining that

560-475: A credit union's revenues (from loans and investments) must exceed its operating expenses and dividends (interest paid on deposits) in order to maintain capital and solvency. In the United States, credit unions incorporated and operating under a state credit union law are tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(14)(A) . Federal credit unions organized and operated in accordance with the Federal Credit Union Act are tax-exempt under Section 501(c)(1) . According to

630-456: A household in the town was $ 43,262, and the median income for a family was $ 55,667. Males had a median income of $ 31,573 versus $ 20,767 for females. The per capita income for the town was $ 30,499. About 3.2% of families and 4.5% of the population were below the poverty line , including 4.6% of those under age 18 and 0.8% of those age 65 or over. Estes Park's outskirts include The Stanley Hotel , built in 1909. An example of Edwardian opulence,

700-482: A national federation funded by the nation's credit unions – was formed to replace the Bureau. Bergengren was named managing director of the newly formed CUNA and by 1937, 6400 credit unions with 1.5 million members were active in 45 states. Bergengren was forced to resign from CUNA in 1945 after a bitter internal struggle, and subsequently moved to Vermont, where he directed that state's League until his death. He

770-710: A national law should be based on a sound understanding of the diverse circumstances of people across America—from shrimp fishermen in Louisiana, to factory workers in Massachusetts or farmers in the mid-West. Only by developing many state laws first would such a sound national understanding be possible. Second, as the Great Depression set in the Reconstruction Finance Corporation under President Hoover sought to stimulate

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840-512: A new road was opened from Loveland through the Big Thompson River canyon to Estes Park, increasing access to the valley. In 1907, three Loveland men established the first auto stage line from Loveland to Estes Park with three five-passenger touring Stanley Steamers . The following year, Mr. Stanley built nine-passenger steam busses and opened a bus line between Lyons and Estes Park. By 1912, Estes Park had its own seasonal newspaper,

910-773: A series of articles about his youthful experiences for Boys Life which were later published as a book. After some years as a college athletics coach, he and his wife returned to Estes Park and built a hotel called The Crags on the north side of Prospect Mountain , overlooking the village. They ran that business in the summer while he continued his coaching career in winters at University of Colorado in Boulder. Many early visitors came to Estes Park in search of better health. The Rocky Mountain West especially attracted those with pulmonary diseases, and in Estes Park some resorts catered to them, providing staff physicians for their care. In 1903,

980-552: A unique parish-based model for Quebec: the caisse populaire . In the United States, St. Mary's Bank Credit Union of Manchester, New Hampshire , was the first credit union. Assisted by a personal visit from Desjardins, St. Mary's was founded by French-speaking immigrants to Manchester from Quebec on 24 November 1908. Several Little Canadas throughout New England formed similar credit unions, often out of necessity, as Anglo-American banks frequently rejected Franco-American loans. America's Credit Union Museum now occupies

1050-469: Is both a trade association for credit unions worldwide and a development agency . The WOCCU's mission is to "assist its members and potential members to organize, expand, improve and integrate credit unions and related institutions as effective instruments for the economic and social development of all people". EverythingCU.com is an online community of credit union professionals. In the United States, federal credit unions are chartered and overseen by

1120-407: Is forced to declare insolvency, its assets are distributed to creditors (including depositors) in order of seniority according to bankruptcy law. If the total deposits exceed the assets remaining after more senior creditors are paid, all depositors will lose some or all of their initial deposits. However, many jurisdictions have deposit insurance that promises to reimburse members for funds lost up to

1190-546: Is generally a for-profit subsidiary of one or more credit unions formed for this purpose. For example, CO-OP Financial Services , the largest credit-union-owned interbank network in the United States, provides an ATM network and shared branching services to credit unions. Other examples of cooperatives among credit unions include credit counselling services as well as insurance and investment services. State credit union leagues can partner with outside organizations to promote initiatives for credit unions or customers. For example,

1260-445: Is the distinguishing feature between the cooperative model and modern microfinance. The current dominant model of microfinance, whether it is provided by not-for-profit or for-profit institutions, places the control over financial resources and their allocation in the hands of a small number of microfinance providers that benefit from the highly profitable sector. In the credit union context, " not-for-profit " must be distinguished from

1330-899: The Commonwealth of Massachusetts . After being promoted by the Catholic Church in the 1940s to assist the poor in Latin America , credit unions expanded rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, especially in Bolivia, Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, Honduras, and Peru. The Regional Confederation of Latin American Credit Unions (COLAC) was formed and with funding by the Inter-American Development Bank credit unions in

1400-472: The Estes Park Trail , which provided advertising for the local hotels and other businesses. It was a year-round weekly by 1921. In 1949, Olympus Dam was finished, creating Lake Estes , giving the town its main source of drinking water. Land was still being homesteaded in the area in 1914, when Katherine Garetson (1877–1963) filed on land near the base of Longs Peak. She built a cabin and started

1470-631: The Front Range Urban Corridor . A popular summer resort and the location of the headquarters for Rocky Mountain National Park , Estes Park lies along the Big Thompson River . Landmarks include The Stanley Hotel and The Baldpate Inn . The town overlooks Lake Estes and Olympus Dam . Before Europeans came to the Estes Park valley, the Arapaho Native Americans lived there in the summertime and called

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1540-772: The Kingdom of Saxony into what are generally recognized as the first credit unions in the world. He went on to develop a highly successful urban credit union system. In 1864, Friedrich Wilhelm Raiffeisen founded the first rural credit union in Heddesdorf (now part of Neuwied ) in Germany. By the time of Raiffeisen's death in 1888, credit unions had spread to Italy, France, the Netherlands, England, Austria, and other nations. The first credit union in North America,

1610-604: The National Credit Union Administration (NCUA), which also provides deposit insurance similar to the manner in which the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) provides deposit insurance to banks. State-chartered credit unions are overseen by the state's financial regulatory agency and may, but are not required to, obtain deposit insurance. Because of problems with bank failures in the past, no state provides deposit insurance and as such there are two primary sources for depository insurance –

1680-711: The UNI Financial Cooperation caisse in New Brunswick, are incorporated under federal charters and are members of the Canada Deposit Insurance Corporation . Estes Park Estes Park ( / ˈ ɛ s t ɪ s / ) is a statutory town in Larimer County, Colorado , United States. The town population was 5,904 at the 2020 United States Census . Estes Park is a part of the Fort Collins, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and

1750-546: The World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU), at the end of 2018 there were 85,400 credit unions in 118 countries. Collectively they served 274.2 million members and oversaw US$ 2.19 trillion in assets. WOCCU does not include data from cooperative banks , so, for example, some countries generally seen as the pioneers of credit unionism, such as Germany, France, the Netherlands and Italy, are not always included in their data. The European Association of Co-operative Banks reported 38 million members in those four countries at

1820-605: The Caisse Populaire de Lévis in Quebec , Canada, began operations on 23 January 1901 with a 10-cent deposit. Founder Alphonse Desjardins , a reporter in the Canadian parliament, was moved to take up his mission in 1897 when he learned of a Montrealer who had been ordered by the court to pay nearly Can$ 5,000 in interest on a loan of $ 150 from a moneylender. Drawing extensively on European precedents, Desjardins developed

1890-573: The Indiana Credit Union League sponsors an initiative called "Ignite", which is used to encourage innovation in the credit union industry, with the Filene Research Institute. The Credit Union National Association (CUNA) is a national trade association for both state- and federally chartered credit unions located in the United States. The National Credit Union Foundation is the primary charitable arm of

1960-687: The NCUA and American Share Insurance (ASI), a private insurer based in Ohio. In Canada, the majority of credit unions and caisses populaires are provincially incorporated and deposit insurance is provided by a provincial Crown corporation . For example, in Ontario up to CA$ 250,000 of eligible deposits in credit unions are insured by the Financial Services Regulatory Authority of Ontario . Federal credit unions, such as

2030-429: The Netherlands, Scotland, and Ireland. Eighty had been born in midwestern states, and thirty from states in the northeast. As of the census of 2010, 5,858 people, 2,796 households, and 1,565 families resided in the town of Estes Park. The population density was 929.5 inhabitants per square mile (358.9/km ). There were 4,107 housing units at an average density of 570.6 per square mile (220.3/km ). The racial makeup of

2100-511: The U.S. By 1925, 15 states had passed credit union laws and 419 credit unions were serving 108,000 members. The collaboration between Bergengren and Filene, and the work of the Extension Bureau, proved very effective. It brought state laws to fruition in 26 states and substantially revised flawed legal frameworks in 5 others. In 1934 the Roosevelt Administration passed the Federal Credit Union Act , making it possible to form

2170-412: The United States' credit union movement and an affiliate of CUNA. The National Association of Federally-Insured Credit Unions (NAFCU) is a national trade association for all state and federally-chartered credit unions. Based outside of Washington, D.C., NAFCU's mission is to provide all credit unions with federal advocacy, compliance assistance, and education. The World Council of Credit Unions (WOCCU)

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2240-618: The area's first resort, the Estes Park Hotel, which was destroyed by fire in 1911. Bird, the daughter of an Anglican minister, came overland to Colorado, where she borrowed a horse and set out to explore the Rocky Mountains with a guide, the notorious James Nugent , aka 'Rocky Mountain Jim'. She wrote A Lady's Life in the Rocky Mountains , a memoir of their travels, including the breathtaking ascent of Longs Peak, where she

2310-529: The association: "We would very much like such excellent constitutions to be established throughout our region. They would help to rescue people from evil and misery. A beautiful, great idea, a beautiful excellent constitution!" Modern credit union history dates from 1852, when Franz Hermann Schulze-Delitzsch consolidated the learning from two pilot projects, one in Eilenburg and the other in Delitzsch in

2380-440: The community in 1859. Estes moved his family there in 1863. One of Estes' early visitors was William Byers , a newspaper editor who wrote of his attempted ascent of Longs Peak in 1864, publicizing the area as a pristine wilderness. Griff Evans and his family came to Estes Park in 1867 to act as caretakers for the former Estes ranch. Recognizing the potential for tourism, he began building cabins to accommodate travelers. It became

2450-443: The credit union are its members and owners, and they elect their board of directors in a one-person-one-vote system , regardless of the amount they might have invested. Credit unions see themselves as different from mainstream banks, with a mission to be community-oriented and to "serve people, not profit". Surveys of customers at banks and credit unions have consistently shown significantly higher customer satisfaction rates with

2520-795: The creek and into the Big Thompson River. Estes Park sits at an elevation of 7,522 feet (2,293 m) on the front range of the Rocky Mountains at the eastern entrance of the Rocky Mountain National Park . Its north, south and east extremities border the Roosevelt National Forest . Lumpy Ridge lies immediately north of Estes Park. At the 2020 United States Census , the town had a total area of 4,414 acres (17.862 km ) including 48 acres (0.194 km ) of water. Estes Park

2590-433: The economy with soft loans targeted to banks, railways and large companies. Filene favoured asking for $ 100 million in reconstruction credits to be pumped into credit unions. Bergengren strongly opposed this position, and his view prevailed this time. "To him, it meant destroying the vital principle of the whole movement by converting a community enterprise into an agency of the government. To teach people how to help themselves

2660-637: The end of 2010. The countries with the most credit union activity are highly diverse. According to WOCCU, the countries with the greatest number of credit union members were the United States (101 million), India (20 million), Canada (10 million), Brazil (6.0 million), South Korea (5.7 million), Philippines (5.4 million), Kenya and Mexico (5.1 million each), Ecuador (4.8 million), Australia (4.5 million), Thailand (4.1 million), Colombia (3.6 million), and Ireland (3.3 million). The countries with

2730-435: The federal level. Filene poured more than $ 1 million of his own money into the project. Many ordinary American workers did not have access to loans when they needed them and fell victim to usury and loan sharks . Bergengren and Filene proposed credit unions as the solution. The Extension Bureau, of which Bergengren was the executive secretary, had four goals: 1. to bring about the laws needed for credit union development in

2800-449: The foot of Lumpy Ridge . The MacGregor Ranch has been preserved as a historic site. In 1874, MacGregor incorporated a company to build a new toll road from Lyons, Colorado , to Estes Park. The road became what is today U.S. Highway 36 . Before that time, however, the "road" was only a trail fit for pack horses. The improved road brought more visitors into Estes Park; some of them became full-time residents and built new hotels to accommodate

2870-570: The foundation of thousands of credit unions across the United States. Bergengren was trained as an attorney and in 1914 was elected the Commissioner of Finance in Lynn, Massachusetts . He participated in World War I and was largely unsatisfied with his poverty law practice prior to meeting Edward Filene , a successful Massachusetts businessman and champion of credit unions. In 1920, Bergengren

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2940-507: The growing number of travelers. In 1884, Enos Mills (1870–1922) left Kansas and came to Estes Park, where his relative Elkanah Lamb lived. That move proved significant for Estes Park because Mills became a naturalist and conservationist who devoted his life after 1909 to preserving nearly a thousand square miles of Colorado as Rocky Mountain National Park . He succeeded and the park was dedicated in 1915. Enos Mills' younger brother Joe Mills (1880–1935) came to Estes Park in 1889. He wrote

3010-705: The highest levels of market penetration in the world. Bergengren was inducted to the Cooperative Hall of Fame in 1979. A credit union in Nova Scotia is named for him as is an award from the CUNA Mutual Group . Credit union Worldwide, credit union systems vary significantly in their total assets and average institution asset size, ranging from volunteer operations with a handful of members to institutions with hundreds of thousands of members and assets worth billions of US dollars. In 2018,

3080-567: The highest percentage of credit union members in the economically active population were Barbados (82%), Ireland (75%), Grenada (72%), Trinidad & Tobago (68%), Belize and St. Lucia (67% each), St. Kitts & Nevis (58%), Jamaica (53% each), Antigua and Barbuda (49%), the United States (48%), Ecuador (47%), and Canada (43%). Several African and Latin American countries also had high credit union membership rates, as did Australia and South Korea. The average percentage for all countries considered in

3150-535: The history of American credit unions . In 1992, members of the modern American militia movement attended the three-day Rocky Mountain Rendezvous in Estes Park, which focused on "guns, resisting the federal government, and white supremacy". The town suffered severe damage in July 1982 from flooding caused by the failure of Lawn Lake Dam , "after years of disrepair and neglect." The flood's alluvial fan can still be seen on Fall River Road . The downtown area

3220-701: The hotel continues to provide overnight accommodation to guests to this day, offering a broad range of activities and events including daily history and ghost tours of the hotel & the Cascades Restaurant and Whiskey Bar. On May 21, 2021 the Mustang Mountain Coaster opened in Estes Park on the Sombrero Ranch. Built and operated by the Walker family the coaster demonstrates a diversification of outdoor adventures provided by

3290-420: The local population. In 1987, the regional financial crisis caused a run on credit unions. Significant withdrawals and high default rates caused liquidity problems for many credit unions in the region. Credit unions and banks in most jurisdictions are legally required to maintain a reserve requirement of assets to liabilities. If a credit union or traditional bank is unable to maintain positive cash flow and/or

3360-646: The location of the home from which St. Mary's Bank Credit Union first operated. In November 1910 the Woman's Educational and Industrial Union set up the Industrial Credit Union, modeled on the Desjardins credit unions it was the first non-faith-based community credit union serving all people in the greater Boston area. The oldest statewide credit union in the United States was established in 1913. The St. Mary's Bank Credit Union serves any resident of

3430-564: The number of members in credit unions worldwide was 375 million, with over 100 million members having been added since 2016. Leading up to the financial crisis of 2007–2008 , in 2006, 23.6% of mortgages from commercial banks were subprime , compared to only 3.6% of those from credit unions, and banks were two and a half times more likely to fail during the crisis. American credit unions more than doubled lending to small businesses between 2008 and 2016, from $ 30 billion to $ 60 billion, while lending to small businesses overall during

3500-497: The quality of service at credit unions. Credit unions have historically claimed to provide superior member service and to be committed to helping members improve their financial situation. In the context of financial inclusion , credit unions claim to provide a broader range of loan and savings products at a much cheaper cost to their members than do most microfinance institutions. Credit unions differ from modern microfinance. Particularly, members' control over financial resources

3570-536: The ranch whilst ensuring the protection of the natural landscape and is touted as the only mountain coaster located in relatively close proximity to the Denver, Boulder and Fort Collins area. Opening to the public in July, 1955 the Estes Park Aerial Tramway carries passengers from the outskirts of Estes Park to the summit of Prospect Mountain , boasting a ridership of over 3 million. The Tramway

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3640-557: The regions grew rapidly throughout the 1970s and into the early 1980s. By 1988 COLAC credit unions represented four million members across 17 countries with a loan portfolio of circa US$ 0.5 billion. However, from the late 1970s onwards many Latin American credit unions struggled with inflation, stagnating membership, and serious loan recovery problems. In the 1980s donor agencies such as USAID attempted to rehabilitate Latin American credit unions by providing technical assistance and focusing credit unions' efforts on mobilising deposits from

3710-666: The report was 8.2%. Credit unions were launched in Poland in 1992; as of 2012 there were 2,000 credit union branches there with 2.2 million members. From 1996 to 2016, credit unions in Costa Rica almost tripled their share of the financial market (they grew from 3.7% of the market share to 9.9%), and grew faster than private-sector banks or state-owned banks in Costa Rica, after financial reforms in that country. "Spolok Gazdovský" ( The Association of Administrators or The Association of Farmers ) founded in 1845 by Samuel Jurkovič,

3780-605: The same period declined by around $ 100 billion. In the US, public trust in credit unions stands at 60%, compared to 30% for big banks. Furthermore, small businesses are 80% more likely to be satisfied by a credit union than with a big bank. "Natural-person credit unions" (also called "retail credit unions" or "consumer credit unions") serve individuals, as distinguished from " corporate credit unions ", which serve other credit unions. Credit unions differ from banks and other financial institutions in that those who have accounts in

3850-419: The spring and fall, wapiti travel through the town on their migrations to and from the national park. Trail Ridge Road , the highest continuous highway in the United States, runs from Estes Park westward through Rocky Mountain National Park, reaching Grand Lake over the continental divide . The main airport serving Estes Park is Denver International Airport , located 75 miles southeast. Service between

3920-554: The town was 91.0% White , 0.3% African American , 0.5% Native American , 1.2% Asian , 2% Pacific Islander , 5.5% from other races , and 1.4% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14% of the population. There were 2,541 households, out of which 20.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.3% were married couples living together, 6.6% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.4% were non-families. 31.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.7% had someone living alone who

3990-410: The use of dogs to pack meat out of the valley. Their recollections included a battle with Apaches in the 1850s, and fights with Utes who came to the area to hunt bighorn sheep, so all three of those tribes used the valley's resources. Whites probably came into the Estes Park valley before the 1850s as trappers, but did not stay long. The town is named after Missouri native Joel Estes , who founded

4060-551: The valley "the Circle." When three elderly Arapahoes visited Estes Park in 1914, they pointed out sites they remembered from their younger days. A photograph at the Estes Park Museum identified the touring party as Shep Husted, guide; Gun Griswold, a 73-year-old judge; Sherman Sage, a 63-year-old chief of police; Tom Crispin, 38-year-old reservation resident and interpreter; Oliver W. Toll, recorder; and David Robert Hawkins,

4130-445: The various states, 2. subsequently, to organize some credit unions in each state that could serve as examples to others, 3. to expand the number of credit unions to the point that they could create self-sustaining state federations, and 4. to combine the federations into a self-sustaining national association. In June 1924, the Extension Bureau began publishing The Bridge , a precursor to Credit Union Magazine of which Bergengren

4200-449: Was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.11 and the average family size was 2.61. In the town, the population was spread out, with 17.6% under the age of 18, 5.8% from 18 to 24, 26.6% from 25 to 44, 29.4% from 45 to 64, and 20.7% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 90.7 males. The median income for

4270-490: Was arrested and tried for first degree murder when Jim Nugent died on September 9, 1874, of the bullet wound. Evans was put on trial, but the case was soon dismissed due to the lack of witnesses to the shooting. On August 9, 1875, the Loveland court-house acquitted Evans of any charges in the case. William Henry Jackson photographed Estes Park in 1873. Alex and Clara (Heeney) MacGregor arrived soon after and homesteaded at

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4340-668: Was built and operated by the Heron family until March 21st, 2024. Controlling interest in the Tramway was sold to Gondola Ventures who reopened and have been operating the Tramway since May 25, 2024. Olympus Dam , on the outskirts of the town, is the dam that creates Lake Estes , a lake which is the site for boating and swimming in Estes Park. There are some hotels on the shore. Roughly three to four million tourists visit Rocky Mountain National Park each year, with 2021 seeing 4.4 million tourist visits; most use Estes Park as their base. In

4410-413: Was especially interested in international credit unions and, one year before his death, Bergengren convinced CUNA directors to establish a world extension department. Bergengren's tenacity and dedication resulted in the proliferation of credit unions across the United States. By the end of 2008, U.S. credit unions had 89 million members. This is the largest membership of any country in the world, and one of

4480-424: Was extensively renovated after the flood, and a river walk was added between the main street, Elkhorn Avenue, and the Big Thompson River. Both U.S. Highway 36 and U.S. Highway 34 , the major routes into town, were severely damaged. Hundreds of Estes Park residents were also isolated by the destruction of sections of Fish Creek Road and all nine crossings across Fish Creek. Damaged sewer lines dumped raw sewage down

4550-624: Was hired to manage the Massachusetts Credit Union Association where he promoted the development of credit unions. Massachusetts chartered 19 new credit unions in the following year. Filene found in Roy Bergengren the key organizer he needed to spearhead the credit union movement in the United States. Together with Filene, Bergengren founded the Credit Union National Extension Bureau in 1921 to work towards establishing credit union laws in all states and at

4620-607: Was home to a number of now defunct ski areas: Estes Park vicinity was also the home of other resorts and tourist attractions. Estes Park has a humid continental climate ( Koppen : Dfb ). Summers are typically warm, sometimes hot, while winters are usually cold, with lows dropping into the teens and sometimes the single digits. In August 1900, Estes Park had a population of 218 in 63 households. Many (73) were born in Colorado. Eighteen were born in other countries: Canada (4), England (4), Germany (4), Finland (3), and one each from

4690-473: Was literally hauled up the steep pitches "like a bale of goods." On June 19, 1874, Rocky Mountain Jim and neighbor Griff Evans (see above) had an argument. Having had bitter history with each other, Nugent and Evans hated each other and were deep personal rivals when it came to tour guiding tourists. The argument escalated until Evans blasted Jim in the head with his rifle shotgun. Evans then traveled to Fort Collins to file an assault charge against Nugent, but he

4760-440: Was more important by far in times of depression than at any other time." With the work of the Bureau essentially completed, a national meeting of credit union leaders was called at Estes Park , Colorado . In a letter to Edward Filene, Bergengren wrote "I sincerely believe that what we are going to do at Estes Park will have extraordinary consequences." On August 11, 1934, the Credit Union National Association (CUNA) –

4830-515: Was the editor. Bergengren travelled the country and attended the meetings of credit union organizers. Bergengren appeared before state legislators and recruited volunteer organizers. He was a gifted orator and gave passionate speeches. The real job of a credit union is to prove, in modest measure, the practicality of the brotherhood of man. Laws were passed and the Extension Bureau began to realize its goals. When Bergengren started what he referred to as his "crusade," there were only 199 credit unions in

4900-555: Was the first cooperative in Europe (Credit union). The cooperative provided a cheap loan from funds generated by regular savings for members of the cooperative. Members of cooperative had to commit to a moral life and had to plant two trees in a public place every year. Despite the short duration of its existence, until 1851, it thus formed the basis of the cooperative movement in Slovakia. Slovak national thinker Ľudovít Štúr said about

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