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83-529: The manor of Camberwell was acquired by Edmund Bowyer in 1583; his descendants owned land within the parish that became known as the Bowyer Estate. Bowyer Lane still exists (2022) in Camberwell; it previously continued on what became Wyndham Road, running between Old and New Camberwell Roads . As late as the 1780s the area consisted of open meadows, arable farmland and paddocks, with Bowyer Lane being

166-503: A Roman urn filled with bones which was uncovered intact during repairs to the road and exhibited at the Royal Society . Camberwell Green , at the junction of Camberwell Road and Camberwell Church Street, was the traditional site of Camberwell Fair, an annual fair held every August. Following complaints about the noise and high crime levels generated by the fair, a group of residents bought the fairground in 1855, converting it into

249-515: A collection of his manuscripts and typescript. The London School of Economics keeps his work on an online searchable database , planned to include Booth's unpublished notebooks, recommended by participants in a 2021 BBC Radio broadcast on his work as vivid narratives of Booth's methods and personal response to his discoveries, but omitted from his formal publications. The London poverty maps survey has been negatively criticised for its methodology: According to Professor Paul Spicker in 1990 "it

332-522: A crossroads where the A215 crosses the A213 on South Norwood High Street and South Norwood Hill becomes Portland Road. The road then travels down a hill with many shops (mainly takeaways, newsagents). It passes South Norwood Leisure Centre , a new leisure centre which includes a creche, cafe, gym, swimming pool etc. Portland Road ends with a left turn to stay on the A215 at Spring Lane or straight on to change onto

415-749: A foundation for the fundamentals of business ethics. Booth Shipping Line's biggest rival was R. Singlehurst and Company, but Booth kept calm while managing business affairs. Booth initially engaged in politics, canvassing unsuccessfully for the Liberal Party in the General Election of 1865 . Following the Conservative Party victory in municipal elections in 1866, his interest in active politics waned. This result changed Booth's attitude, when he concluded that he could contribute more by commissioning social studies, rather than by being

498-458: A horse and rider. In 1997 the railway was replaced by Tramlink ; the station is now Woodside tram stop . Shirley Road is the final road on the A215. It is home to Ashburton Community School and Trinity School of John Whitgift . It ends in Shirley , Croydon . Shirley Road skirts the nearby suburb of Addiscombe . The town is named after the historic manor of Adscomb ("Edge of the valley"),

581-682: A new school, ARK All Saints Academy , and a new St Michael and All Angels church, and a special needs school, Highshore School, re-located from Highshore Road, Peckham. The 2014 church was designed by Peter Mayhew of Allford Hall Monaghan Morris , in a similar style to Tadao Ando 's Church of the Light in Japan. Apart from a brief reference in Warwick Wroth 's 1907 study Cremorne and the Later London Pleasure Gardens ,

664-441: A parliamentary committee in 1891 which suggested improvements that could be made to them. Due to the scale of the survey, results were published serially but it took over fifteen years before the full seventeen volume edition was published. His work on the study and his concern with the problems of poverty led to an involvement in campaigning for old-age pensions and promoting the decasualisation of labour. Booth publicly criticised

747-460: A quiet country lane. The earliest recorded nurseryman was the florist Thomas Davey ; he moved from Camberwell to Chelsea in 1800. Nevertheless, by the early 19th-century the Wyndham Road area had become notoriously dissolute. The body of a man who had been executed for horse-stealing was for some time exhibited by a family living on Wyndham Road at a shilling a time until brought to an end by

830-538: A representative in Parliament. In 1886, influenced earlier by positivism , Booth embarked on his major survey of London life and labour conditions for which he became famous and commonly regarded as initiating the systematic study of poverty in Britain. Booth was critical of the existing statistical data on poverty. By analyzing census returns he argued that they were unsatisfactory, later being invited to sit on

913-719: A result of their research, Booth was critical of the way in which the Liberal Government appeared to support Trade Unions after winning the 1906 General Election . Booth purchased William Holman Hunt 's painting The Light of The World , which he donated to the Dean and Chapter of St Paul's in 1908. Early in 1912 Booth stood down as chairman of Alfred Booth and Company in favour of his nephew Alfred Allen Booth but in 1915 returned willingly to work under wartime exigencies despite growing evidence of heart disease. On 19 April 1871, Charles Booth married Mary Macaulay, and

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996-598: A strong impact on the poverty debate. Many who analyzed the maps noted how there existed greater concentrations of poverty south of the Thames, compared to the East End Slums. The colour palette of the maps also played a large role in how poverty was viewed. Areas with high concentrations of poverty were given dense and dark colours, while areas that were considered comfortable were given bright colours such as pink, blue, and red. The maps were attempting to demonstrate that

1079-584: A £20,000 inheritance. In 1865 Booth campaigned for the Liberals in Toxteth , Liverpool , albeit unsuccessfully. After learning the shipping trade, Booth was able to persuade Alfred and his sister Emily to invest in steamships and established a service to Pará , Maranhão , and Ceará in Brazil. Then in 1866 Charles and Alfred Booth commenced the start of a shipping service between Brazil and Europe named

1162-648: Is St Joseph's College founded in 1855, one of the first Catholic educational institutions to be opened in England following the restoration of the Catholic hierarchy. Beulah Hill was the site of Britain's first independent television transmitter , built by the Independent Television Authority in 1955. Beulah Hill ends at a junction with the A212 (Church Road). From this junction, the A215

1245-472: Is at the southern end of Herne Hill, on a busy six-road junction. It opened in 1862 and was initially the southern terminus of the London, Chatham and Dover Railway Norwood Road begins after Herne Hill railway station . It runs alongside Brockwell Park and then south to Tulse Hill . A manor house known as "Brockholle" or "Brockhalle" (the origin of the name "Brockwell") was built on Norwood Road, on what

1328-616: Is called South Norwood Hill . South Norwood Hill descends sharply towards South Norwood . It becomes Portland Road at the crossroads with the A213 road . Spurgeon's College is a theological college which since 1923 has been located in a mansion built in 1890 and known as Falkland Park . Otherwise this section of the A215 is mainly residential. The former porter's lodge of the Falkland Park estate still stands along South Norwood Hill as no. 217, "Falkland Lodge". Portland Road begins at

1411-551: Is displayed on the Sexual Health Clinic at the junction of Larcom Street and Walworth Road. Just off the Walworth Road was Walworth Road railway station on the London, Chatham and Dover Railway that was opened in 1863 and shut in 1916 due to wartime constraints. Walworth Road transitions into Camberwell Road where the A215 enters the former Metropolitan Borough of Camberwell . The road runs adjacent to

1494-409: Is important to note that Charles Booth's studies of poverty are widely misrepresented in the literature of social policy. His work is commonly bracketed with Rowntree 's but his methods were quite different. His definition of poverty was explicitly relative; he based the description of poverty on class rather than income. He did not attempt to define need nor to identify subsistence levels of income on

1577-481: Is now a part of Brockwell Park, in the mid-15th century. In 1809 the building was bought by wealthy merchant and Sheriff of London John Blades. Blades demolished the building, and built Brockwell Hall as a replacement at the top of the hill in the park; this building still stands today. Tulse Hill railway station is on this road. After passing the station, Norwood Road continues south past West Norwood Cemetery (home of 65 Listed Monuments ) to West Norwood and

1660-703: Is now the site of a block of council flats . Ruskin Park , immediately south of the twin hospitals, is named in his honour. Denmark Hill is home to two of London's largest hospitals , the general King's College Hospital (part of King's College London ) which moved to the site from its original central London location in 1913, and the Maudsley psychiatric hospital. It is believed by historians that 168, 170 and 172 Denmark Hill were designed by noted architect and prison designer William Blackburn due their similarity in architectural style to his other buildings. However, as

1743-690: Is the part of the Crystal Palace area with no name home to a large parade of competing large super markets along the A215 Norwood Road including Tesco, Cooperative, Iceland and (by Summer 2009) Sainsbury (ex Woolworth's site). West Norwood railway station is on this road. Knights Hill contains the Knights Hill Nature Reserve , one of the last remaining vestiges of the Great North Wood which once covered

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1826-692: The Chicago School of sociology (notably the work of Robert E. Park ), and the community studies associated with the Institute of Community Studies in East London. Booth's poverty maps revealed that there is a spatial component to poverty as well as an environmental context of poverty. Before his maps, environmental explanations of poverty mainly interested health professionals; Booth brought environmental issues into an empirical sociological investigation. In addition to Booth's influence on

1909-535: The London Boroughs of Lambeth , Southwark and Croydon . The A215 was Britain's most crash-prone A road between 1999 and 2010, having 2,836 crashes over its ten-mile length. At its northernmost point at Elephant & Castle in Newington , the A215 begins as Walworth Road, which runs between Elephant and Castle and Camberwell Road . It runs through Walworth and is the major shopping street of

1992-528: The London Overground network. The road continues southwest into Herne Hill, a short stretch of road running through the area of the same name . The origin of the name is disputed, but possibly derives from herons nesting on the (now buried) River Effra . The earliest known usage of the name "Herne Hill" dates from 1798. St Paul's church was rebuilt in gothic style by the architect George Edmund Street in 1858. Herne Hill railway station

2075-710: The London Overground which was opened on 23 May 2010. One of the earliest cinemas in south London, the Electric Picture Palace, opened on Portland Road in 1910. The cinema was renamed the Central Cinema shortly afterwards, and closed in 1956, and no trace of it now remains. Portland Road is also home to the "Gold Coast", the only Ghanaian public house in London; this is a focal point for London's Ghanaian community and serves Ghanaian beer, wine and food. Roots, Routes, Roots (also known as

2158-595: The leather trade in 1862 and together they established a successful shipping line , in which Charles remained actively involved until his retirement in 1912. Booth became alienated from the dominant, nonconformist business class of Liverpool into which he had been born. Booth's father died in 1860, bequeathing him control of the family business. He entered the skinning and leather business with his elder brother Alfred , and they set up Alfred Booth and Company establishing offices in Liverpool and New York City with

2241-758: The peerage (barony then viscountcy) to sit in the House of Lords . Booth engaged in Joseph Chamberlain 's Birmingham Education League (1869-1877), a survey which looked into levels of work and education in Liverpool. The survey found that 25,000 children in Liverpool were neither in school or work. In 1904, Booth was sworn of the Privy Council . Although his attitudes towards poverty might make him seem fairly Left-wing, Booth became more conservative in his views in later life. While some of his investigators, such as Beatrice Webb , became Socialists as

2324-605: The "Portland Road Mosaic"), an 11-metre (36 ft) long mosaic depicting the history of the Norwood area, is under the railway bridge. The mosaic was designed by artists Gary Drostle and Rob Turner, and built by children from a number of local schools. Spring Lane is a short road that starts at the junction with Woodside Green. It lies entirely within Woodside . St Luke's Church, Ashburton Park , Ashburton Primary School and Woodside tram stop are on this road. Spring Lane

2407-529: The 1930s, London Transport and its successors have planned to extend the Bakerloo line south to a station on Camberwell Road. The original plans were abandoned due to the Second World War before much construction had been completed. Construction again began in the 1950s and 1970s, but was abandoned each time. Transport for London still intends to build this extension, but no date has been set for

2490-632: The Attwood family home, once in 1829 and again in 1832, completing some compositions there. The house was demolished in the late 1960s. In March 1966, shortly before the World Cup tournament , the Jules Rimet trophy was stolen from an exhibition at Central Hall Westminster . It was found seven days later by a dog named Pickles , wrapped in newspaper at the bottom of a suburban garden hedge at Beulah Hill. The story made national headlines. Nearby

2573-533: The B243, Woodside Green . From June 2010, the road will be the site of a station on the new London Overground network. The northern section of the road was historically known as "Cholmerden" or "The Goat House". The Minister's of Bailiffs Account of the Chauntry of St Nicholas show that an annual rent of 33 shillings and four pence was paid on the land between 1442–1483; this is the earliest recorded reference to

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2656-564: The Booth Steamship Company. Charles himself went on the first voyage to Brazil on 14 February 1866. He was also involved in the building of a harbor at Manaus which overcame seasonal fluctuations in water levels. Booth described this as his "monument" (to shipping) when he visited Manaus for the last time in 1912. Booth would write letters to his wife describing the business problems that would rise such as personnel management, decision making, and factory relocation; this laid

2739-585: The Hon Sir Malcolm Macnaghten , and others married into the Ritchie and Gore Browne families. In 1886, the Booth family moved to Grace Dieu Manor near Thringstone , Leicestershire , and this is where Charles retired to. Before he died he hosted many family gatherings in order to be surrounded by his friends, children and grandchildren. He died on 23 November 1916 of a stroke and

2822-528: The Norwood Triangle. Norwood Road is home to St Luke's Church , a Grade II listed building designed by Francis Octavius Bedford in 1823–5 and rebuilt by GE Street in 1870. The Regal Cinema opened on Norwood Road in January 1930; it was unusual in that it also staged live stage shows to accompany films (including performances by animals from circuses visiting the nearby park). It was home to

2905-574: The People in London (1902), which focuses on the statistics he collected regarding poverty in London. Life and Labour "discusses a range of social conditions in which it reported that it appeared people are likely to be poor or on the margins of poverty." Booth is also recognised for influencing the transition of social attitudes from the Victorian Age to the 20th century. Due to his investigations on poverty, some honour Charles Booth as one of

2988-522: The Regal Redheads, a troupe of dancing girls who performed in the interval . Knights Hill starts in the north at West Norwood in the Norwood Triangle one-way system, and runs through a council ward also named as Knight's Hill . It ends in the south at a junction with the A214 at Crown Lane and Crown Dale. Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill here at Crown Point. To the north, south of Knight's Hill

3071-554: The Royal Flora Gardens were forgotten until Jonathan Gregson wrote an article about them for the Camberwell Society's quarterly journal in 2017. 51°28′43″N 0°06′03″W  /  51.47861°N 0.10083°W  / 51.47861; -0.10083 Camberwell Road The A215 is an A road in south London , starting at Elephant and Castle and finishing around Shirley . It runs through

3154-612: The Wyndham Road Mission. The pub survived until the early 1970s, while the Mission only existed from 1876 to 1878 when it was replaced by the nearby St Michael and All Angels Church, Camberwell. In the early 1970s the site was redeveloped, with a new school, Archbishop Michael Ramsey School (later St Michael's Academy), and a new St Michael and All Angels Church, the latter designed by the diocesan architect, Thomas Ford . in turn, these buildings were all replaced in 2014 by

3237-457: The area. The 1647 Parliamentary Survey described Knights Hill as "a small common wood containing 40 pollard oaks and two elms". Beulah Hill (originally "Gravel Pit Road" ) begins at a crossroads where the A215 crosses the A214 and Knights Hill becomes Beulah Hill. The road makes a sharp turn to the east where it continues through the neighbourhoods of Upper Norwood . On the sharp bend is the ornamental Beulah Hill Pond . Formerly "Big Pond", it

3320-584: The area. East Street Market is especially busy on Fridays, Saturdays and Sundays. Other attractions include the Cuming Museum , Newington Reference Library and John Smith House , a former Labour Party headquarters which is now used by the local education authority . Charles Babbage , the Victorian mathematician and computer pioneer, was likely born at 44 Crosby Row, now Larcom Street, Walworth Road on 26 December 1791. A commemorative blue plaque

3403-591: The area. The road at the time ran through an ancient woodland known as the North Wood (the origin of the modern place name Norwood ). The area was cleared for farmland in the 16th and 17th centuries. Industrial development began in the early 19th century following construction of the Grand Surrey Canal , linking the area to Surrey Commercial Docks and the River Thames in 1809. This section of

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3486-430: The attendance of children at school—to collect information on the circumstances of families. However, his extrapolation from these findings to families without school-age children was speculative. Moreover, his "definitions" of the poverty levels of household "classes" were general descriptive categories , which did not equate to specific criteria. Although the seventeen volumes were dense with often fascinating detail, it

3569-446: The basis of minimum needs; his " poverty line " was used as an indicator of poverty, not a definition. His approach was to identify the sorts of condition in which people were poor and to describe those conditions in a variety of ways. To this end he used a wide range of qualitative and quantitative methods in an attempt to add depth and weight to his descriptions of poverty." Booth used school board visitors—those who undertook to ensure

3652-407: The benefit of the proprietor William Walter Wale (1816-1872), the brother of the earlier co-owner. Later in 1864 the site was built out in closely packed terraces, which soon became slums. As late as 1892 Charles Booth described the area as standing alone in an otherwise well-to-do district, "acting as a moral cesspool". The redeveloped site included a Watney Combe & Reid pub, The Warrior, and

3735-425: The canal was closed in 1836, with the London and Croydon Railway built along the canal bed; modern housing development began in the mid-19th century following the opening of the railway. In 1839 the London and Croydon Railway opened Jolly-sailor station (sic)—listed as "Jolly-sailor near Beulah Spa" on fares lists and timetables—at the north end of the street. The station was renamed Norwood in 1846. The station

3818-430: The church ministers. Booth's work, followed by that of Seebohm Rowntree , influenced government policy regarding poverty in the early 20th century and helped initiate Old Age pensions and free school meals for the poorest children. In addition, his research would also demonstrate how poverty was influenced by religion, education, and administration. Booth is best known for his multi-volume book Life and Labour of

3901-610: The claims of Henry Hyndman , the leader of the Social Democratic Federation , Britain's first socialist party. In the Pall Mall Gazette of 1885, Hyndman stated that 25% of Londoners lived in abject poverty. The survey of life and labour began with a pilot study in Tower Hamlets . Booth then hired numerous researchers to assist with the full study of the whole of London, which investigated

3984-456: The country seat of the Heron family, which was situated on Shirley Road. The building no longer exists. Ashburton Playing Fields are just off Shirley Road, behind the school. The fields were first dedicated as a public horse racing course by James I in the early 17th century. Following the opening of the nearby Woodside railway station in 1871 large numbers of Londoners began travelling to

4067-536: The couple settled in London. The niece of the historian Thomas Babington Macaulay , she was a cousin of the Fabian socialist and author, Beatrice Webb . Mary had a reputation for being well-educated and intelligent. Also, Mary was an advisor to Booth in his business affairs and played an active role in contributing to Booth's survey of London life and labour conditions . Charles and Mary Booth had 7 children, 3 sons, and 4 daughters. His eldest daughter Antonia married

4150-494: The end of the 19th century. During the 1860s Booth became interested in the philosophy of Auguste Comte , the founder of modern sociology, and converted to his Religion of Humanity , affiliated with members of the London Positivist Society , and wrote positivist prayers. He was captivated by Comte's idea that in the future, scientific industrialists would be in control of the social leadership instead of

4233-475: The field of sociology, he influenced other academics as well. Sir Hubert Llewellyn Smith 's repeat London survey was inspired by Booth. Booth's work served as an impetus for Seebohm Rowntree (1871 – 1954); he also influenced Beatrice Webb (1858 – 1943) and Helen Bosanquet (1860 – 1925). The University of Liverpool appoints academics to the Charles Booth Chair of Social Sciences and has

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4316-542: The first two volumes were published Booth expanded his research. This investigation was carried out by Booth himself with his team of researchers. Nonetheless, Booth continued to oversee his successful shipping business which funded his philanthropic work . The fruit of this research was a second expanded edition of his original work, published as Life and Labour of the People in London in nine volumes between 1892 and 1897. A third edition (now expanded to seventeen volumes) appeared in 1902–3. Booth used his work to argue for

4399-535: The founding fathers of social administration, and regard his work crucial when studying social policy. Born at Liverpool , Lancashire , on 30 March 1840 to Charles Booth and Emily Fletcher, his father was a wealthy shipowner and corn merchant as well as being a prominent Unitarian . He attended the Royal Institution School in Liverpool before being apprenticed in the family business at the age of sixteen. He joined his brother, Alfred Booth, in

4482-475: The gardens briefly closed, with the presence of a large number of prostitutes adding to their poor reputation. Despite the renaming as the New Vauxhall Gardens, enthusiasm for pleasure gardens had started to wane, and the gardens were sold in 1861 to Henry King and John David Wale (1818-1864), but closed permanently in 1863. On 16 August 1864 a grand gala was held as a farewell to the gardens, for

4565-424: The gardens in a chariot drawn by a team of cats. Ellis also promoted attractions including a ballet d'action arranged by J.W. Collier entitled The Wood Nymphs, or The Enchanted Dell , Concert Monstre and Bal al Fresco, Ascent and Descent of Madame Genieve, the first tightrope dancer in the world, brilliant illuminations and grant pyrotechnic display, for which the admission was sixpence. In an advertisement for sale of

4648-420: The gardens were advertising for a gardener who understood the propagating of vines. Entry was sixpence; the low admission price made up for by the presence of a bar and a 'Grand Parisian Bazaar'. Under Ellis's management from 1851, the focus moved from the gardens themselves to evening entertainments of tethered balloon flights, Venetian-style carnivals, concerts, firework displays, and Mr W Kite, who drove around

4731-816: The gardens. By 1856 the proprietors were Courtney Stacey and Tom Stowell, and by 1858 the ownership of the gardens was held by a Mr Helwell. In 1859 the Vauxhall Pleasure Gardens closed, and the management of the Flora Gardens capitalised on this by rebranding them as the New Vauxhall Gardens. The gardens were capable of absorbing 20,000 visitors at a time; the ‘monstre marquee’ was 100 by 40 ft in size. The landscaped gardens were decorated with classical sculpture and artificial ruins, including floral parterres with rare exotics, hothouses with exotic flowers, summer houses, caged foreign and native birds, monkeys, fountains and waterfalls. As late as 1862

4814-527: The houses and streets where poor people lived. The palette made the areas appear as cancer or a disease to be eradicated, creating a negative connotation for that community. Nevertheless, the scaling of the map made it appear that fixing the problem would be manageable. Booth is often compared to Seebohm Rowntree due to their concepts on poverty. Even though Rowntree's work draws upon Booth's investigation, many writers on poverty generally turn their attention towards Rowntree's, because his concept clearly addressed

4897-682: The information collected Booth and his team created seven volumes called the "Religious Influences" series. The series showed how there was less conflict in the late 19th-century debate over "charity organisation". Booth and his team of investigators discovered how the clergymen, women, and working people enjoyed engaging in the strict allocation of charity. The churchmen had the responsibility of selecting who needed charity. Many believed that overindulgence would lead to corruption. The Booth team were advocates for charity organisations but also believed that to "form character" that it would be beneficial to give little to nothing. The Booth interviews focused more on

4980-562: The intervention of the Curate of St Giles' Church, Camberwell , the Rev Henry Woodcock Hyde (curate 1817-1824). Around the time of this incident (1818), the area was described in a report by a school as being "proverbial for its depravity". The murderer James Greenacre lived in the area in 1836, the year of the murder for which he was executed. A patch of land on the north of Wyndham Road remained unbuilt upon and, in 1849,

5063-459: The introduction of Old Age Pensions which he described as "limited socialism". Booth suggested that such reforms would help prevent a socialist revolution from occurring in Britain. Booth was far from tempted by the ideals of socialism, but had sympathy with the working classes and, as part of his investigations, he took lodgings with working-class families and recorded his thoughts and findings in his diaries. From 1886 to 1903, while Charles Booth

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5146-592: The issue of poverty was a manageable problem. The importance of Booth's work in social statistics was recognised by the Royal Statistical Society when in 1892 he was elected President and was awarded its first Guy Medal in Gold. In 1899 he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society . For the purposes of poverty measurement, Booth divided the working population into eight classes, from

5229-401: The lease in 1852, it was described as "The grounds have been formed and laid out at an expense of several thousand pounds, and the erections include a theatre, dancing saloon, rifle-gallery, refreshment-rooms, conservatories, grottos, lake with waterfalls and fountains, etc; the whole so tastefully arranged as to render this property a worthy rival to the celebrated Vauxhall Gardens." Apart from

5312-508: The money that the churchmen gave to those in poverty and had no current job than the actual influence on the church's "religious influence". Booth believed that the charity the church was giving to the poor was being wasted. Therefore, towards the end of his survey, Booth makes the proposition to abolish church relief work, and that officials would have the responsibility to assist those who would benefit greatly. Booth declined subsequent offers from PM William Ewart Gladstone of elevation to

5395-459: The notoriety of the surrounding area, the gardens themselves had a somewhat shady reputation. In 1850 Mary Ann Caston sued James Miller for support for his illegitimate child; the couple had met at the Flora Gardens, and, on their way home, Miller had seduced Caston, with promises of marriage. The Era newspaper reported the court proceedings with the headline "Maidens, Beware of the Flora!". In 1858

5478-591: The original documentation relating to the construction of these houses has been lost or destroyed, it has proved impossible to confirm this. Immediately south of the Maudsley Hospital is Denmark Hill railway station , built in 1866 and rebuilt following a fire in 1980, on the South London line . This station forms part of the East London line westward extension to Clapham Junction as part of

5561-558: The park which remains today. In Victorian times Camberwell Road was a focal point of south London's Music hall scene, with a number of music halls opening from the 1850s onwards. Following the advent of the cinema and later of television, the music halls fell into decline, with the last closing in 1956. Nearby Orpheus Street marks the site of the Metropole Music Hall. Since the New Works Programme of

5644-628: The poorest to the best off, labeled A–H. These categories summarised economic circumstances but also had a moral dimension, with "A" representing the "feckless, deviant or criminal" groups. During 1897, Charles Booth had spent a significant amount of money and a decade of his life studying the life conditions of the poor of late Victorian London . When reaching the final years of his survey, Booth asked himself this question: "What role can religion play in these conditions?" This question then led to 6 years of him and his team conducting 1,800 interviews focusing on London's religious and secular leaders. With all

5727-538: The racecourse. Following pressure from the Mayor of Croydon , concerned about the large crowds, the racecourse was closed in 1890 and replaced with a golf course ; this was bought by the council in 1942 and given to public use as playing fields. Charles Booth (social reformer) Charles James Booth (30 March 1840 – 23 November 1916) was a British shipowner , Comtean positivist , social researcher , and reformer , best known for his innovative philanthropic studies on working-class life in London towards

5810-440: The railway between Elephant & Castle tube station and Loughborough Junction railway station . Much of Camberwell Road is a conservation area , due to its well-preserved large houses from the early 19th century. By the time of the Domesday Book , Camberwell was already a significant settlement. The town remained a popular resort for Londoners due to its believed medicinal wells . In 1685, John Evelyn 's Diary mentions

5893-410: The three main topics of poverty, occupations, and religion. Among his researchers were his cousin Beatrice Potter (Beatrice Webb) and the chapter on women's work was conducted by the budding economist Clara Collet . This research, which looked at the incidence of pauperism in the East End of London , showed that 35% were living in abject poverty – even higher than the original figure. This work

5976-417: The trains into a slit in the pipe, meaning that trains were literally sucked towards the pumping station or blown away from it. The pumping station was built in a Gothic style, with a very tall ornate tower which served both as a chimney and as an exhaust vent for air pumped from the propulsion pipe. As part of the construction works for the atmospheric-propulsion system, the world's first railway flyover

6059-679: The work. After the A215 crosses the A202 it becomes Denmark Hill. This road was originally known as Dulwich Hill, and was renamed in 1683 to commemorate the marriage of Princess Anne (later Queen Anne ) to Prince George of Denmark . The road runs between King's College Hospital and The Maudsley Hospital before going alongside Ruskin Park . Further south the road passes the Denmark Hill Estate. The Victorian art critic , author and social critic John Ruskin lived at 163 Denmark Hill from 1842 to 1871. The house no longer stands and

6142-625: Was buried in Saint Andrew's churchyard. A memorial dedicated to him stands on Thringstone village green, and a blue plaque has been erected on his house in South Kensington : 6 Grenville Place . Life and Labour of the People in London can be seen as one of the founding texts of British sociology, drawing on both quantitative (statistical) methods and qualitative methods (particularly ethnography ). It influenced Jane Addams and other Hull House reformers, W. E. B. Du Bois ,

6225-450: Was conducting his landmark survey on the life and labour of London's poorest inhabitants he created poverty maps to illustrate the conditions of the lives of these people. Booth's maps were based on observations of differences in lifestyle and focused on qualitative factors: food, clothing, shelter, and relative deprivation. Booth and his team of researchers visited every street in London to assess each household's class. The household's class

6308-422: Was constructed at the north end of Portland Road, to carry the new atmospheric line over the conventional steam line below. In 1847, the atmospheric propulsion experiment was abandoned. Following construction of new lines, the station closed on 1 June 1859 and was replaced by a new station on the south side of the road, Norwood Junction , which is still in use, now part of the newly-extended East London line of

6391-407: Was determined by the letters A–H, with A–D constituting want, and E-H representing comfort. Booth's maps colour-coded every street to determine and demonstrate the level of poverty or comfort. The colour-coding was also used to highlight the social conditions of the households on the streets. The objective was to expose to Victorian society the social evil, which is the problem of poverty. The maps have

6474-421: Was immediately adjacent to a level crossing over Portland Road. In 1844, the London and Croydon Railway was given parliamentary authority to test an experimental pneumatic propulsion system on the railway (referred to at the time as the atmospheric-propulsion system). A pumping station was built on Portland Road; this created a vacuum in a pipe paralleling the railway tracks. A piston extended downwards from

6557-444: Was intended as a watering stop for horses and cattle using the road, and still contains a railing to prevent animals straying into deep water. The "Conquering Hero" pub was built next to the pond for the use of people stopping to allow livestock to use the pond, and remains today. The composer and organist of St Paul's Cathedral , Thomas Attwood , lived in a large house on Beulah Hill from 1821 to 1834. Felix Mendelssohn stayed at

6640-432: Was notable for many years in having one of the few Ancient lights notices in London outside central London, on a private house immediately opposite the station. The sign was taken down in 2005. Woodside railway station was built in 1871 to serve Croydon Racecourse ( see below ). The station was unusual in being designed for horses, with access ramps instead of steps and with unusually high entrances designed to accommodate

6723-677: Was opened, with much fanfare, as the Royal Flora Gardens. The initial proprietor of the Royal Flora Gardens was T.P. Hemmings (who also kept a house of ill-fame on Leicester Square ). The gardens had closed as part of bankruptcy proceedings in 1850, but were proposed to be reopened for the benefit of creditors. However, if his offer was rejected, James Ellis of the Cremorne Gardens in Chelsea would come forward with an offer to re-open. Hemmings had unsecured debts of £2,000, for which there were no assets. In 1851 Ellis took over management of

6806-615: Was primarily descriptive rather than analytical. Booth's 1902 study included antisemitic references to the impact of Jewish immigration, comparing it to the "slow rising of a flood" and that "no Gentile could live in the same house with these poor foreign Jews, and even as neighbors they are unpleasant; and, since people of this race, though sometimes quarrelsome amongst themselves, are extremely gregarious and sociable, each small street or group of houses invaded tends to become entirely Jewish". In 2006, Booth also received criticism for his London Poverty Maps, showing in dark and opaque colours

6889-509: Was published under the title Life and Labour of the People in 1889. A second volume, entitled Labour and Life of the People , covering the rest of London, appeared in 1891. Booth also popularised the idea of a " poverty line ", a concept conceived by the London School Board . Booth set this line at 10 to 20 shillings a week, which he considered to be the minimum amount necessary for a family of 4 or 5 people to subsist. After

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