82-607: Havering , also known as Havering-atte-Bower , was a royal manor and ancient liberty whose area now forms part of, and gives its name to, the London Borough of Havering in Greater London . The manor was in the possession of the Crown from the 11th to the 19th centuries and was the location of Havering Palace from the 13th to the late 17th century. It occupied the same area as the ancient parish of Hornchurch which
164-554: A Jersey -based property unit trust. The estate recently purchased the new Rushden Lakes site in Northamptonshire from its developers. Hereditary properties of the monarch currently in government use will revert to the Crown Estate in the event of the government use ceasing. In the 2021/2022 fiscal year, the Crown Estate's property evaluation was £15.6 billion with a £312.7 million net revenue profit, which
246-647: A corporation sole , making it "the sovereign's public estate", which is neither government property nor part of the monarch's private estate. The Crown Estate in England , Wales , and Northern Ireland is managed by the Crown Estate Commissioners , which trades as The Crown Estate. In Scotland , the Crown Estate is managed by Crown Estate Scotland , since the Scottish estate was devolved in 2017. The sovereign has official ownership of
328-761: A bill be introduced placing county government under the control of elected councils, modelled on the borough councils introduced by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 . Accordingly, the Local Government (England and Wales) Bill was introduced to the House of Commons on 19 March 1888, by the President of the Local Government Board , Charles Ritchie . The Bill proposed the creation of elected county councils to take over
410-413: A county borough did not have a separate commission of assize , oyer and terminer and jury service, or gaol delivery, it was deemed to be part of one or more adjoining counties for those purposes. The Act also provided for certain financial adjustments between county boroughs and adjoining counties. The Act did not in terms affect the status of cities and towns which were counties corporate . Most of
492-520: A distinct county), were to become part of the county where they were situated. Section 49 allowed for the creation by provisional order of a Council for the Scilly Islands to be established as a unitary authority outside the administrative county of Cornwall. This was duly formed in 1890 as the Isles of Scilly Rural District. There were 36 urban sanitary districts which straddled counties prior to
574-459: A high bailiff and coroner continued to be appointed. One of the three justices was elected by the inhabitants of the manor. The last election took place on 3 July 1891 at the market court house. The candidates were Major Holmes of Grey Towers , Hornchurch, and Alfred William Harvey of Romford. Holmes won the election with 78 votes to 42. On 21 October 1891 the Essex quarter sessions resolved "that
656-941: A major disinvestment , with reinvestment in Great Britain . Article 11 of the 1922 Constitution of the Irish Free State provided that Crown Estate land within the Irish Free State would belong to the state, which took over administrative responsibilities on 1 April 1923. At the time of handover, quit rents totalled £23,418 (equal to £2 million today) and rent from property £1,191 (equal to £86,000 today). The estates handed over mostly comprised foreshore. The Crown Estate in Northern Ireland in 1960 comprised "a few quit rents ... yielding yearly only £38." By 2016 it had an income of £1.4 million, from cables, pipelines and windfarms on
738-702: A petition be presented to Her Majesty praying that an Order in Council be made to unite the Liberty of Havering-atte-Bower to the County of Essex, so far as the same is not already united by the Local Government Act, 1888." The Order in Council, under the Liberties Act 1850 , was made on 9 May 1892, and came into effect on 1 July 1892. The last high bailiff was paid a pension of £3 for life, while
820-401: A population as 50,000, but which had very peculiar claims. He referred to the counties of cities. [...] Two or three of these cities had so small a population that he did not propose to deal with them in this way. The best course was to give the names of the cities which he proposed to include. They were Exeter, Lincoln, Chester, Gloucester, Worcester, and Canterbury." The effect of these changes
902-455: A portfolio of assets totalling £272 million ($ 339.6 million) after a devolved Scottish Crown Estate was established, including the rights to develop marine energy projects in the country. A new public body, Crown Estate Scotland (CES), was established to manage these assets. The Scotland Act 2016 allowed a transfer scheme to for devolution of powers over the management of revenue management of Scottish assets on 1 April 2017. Prior to
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#1732802256294984-453: A ratio of "not more than" one alderman to six councillors. The councillors appointed the council's "Chairman instead of mayor" and Vice Chairman, who had a one-year term of office and could be reappointed. As to natural persons section 1 of the Act states every such council shall "consist of the chairman, aldermen, and councillors". The Chairman would upon (this ex officio , by virtue of office)
1066-522: A resort house for hunting, was well established by the early 12th century. This suggests that the manor of Havering was in royal ownership prior to 1066, although the beginning of its association with royalty is unrecorded. Havering was recorded as part of the Becontree hundred of Essex in the Domesday Book of 1086. The manor was held directly by the Crown , with the monarch acting as lord of
1148-505: A result, and to avoid pecuniary embarrassment, he was granted a fixed civil list payment and the income retained from the Duchy of Lancaster . The King surrendered to parliamentary control the hereditary excise duties, post office revenues, and "the small branches" of hereditary revenue including rents of the Crown lands in England (which amounted to about £11,000, or £2,100,767 today), and
1230-610: A semi-independent, incorporated public body headed by the Crown Estate Commissioners, who exercise "the powers of ownership" of the estate, although they are not "owners in their own right". The revenues from these hereditary possessions have been placed by the monarch at the disposition of His Majesty's Government in exchange for relief from the responsibility to fund the Civil Government. These revenues proceed directly to His Majesty's Treasury , for
1312-594: Is now a statutory corporation run on commercial lines by the Crown Estate Commissioners under the provisions of the Crown Estate Act 1961 ( 9 & 10 Eliz. 2 . c. 55). Under that act, the Crown Estate Commissioners have a duty "while maintaining the Crown Estate as an estate in land [...] to maintain and enhance its value and the return obtained from it, but with due regard to the requirements of good management". The act provides among other things that (Section 1(5)) "The validity of transactions entered into by
1394-519: Is paid into the Consolidated Fund of the UK government . Previous officials responsible for managing what is now the Crown Estate were: Local Government Act 1888 The Local Government Act 1888 ( 51 & 52 Vict. c. 41) was an Act of Parliament which established county councils and county borough councils in England and Wales . It came into effect on 1 April 1889, except for
1476-481: Is to enable The Queen to discharge her duties as Head of State. i.e. it meets the central staff costs and running expenses of Her Majesty's official Household – such things as official receptions, investitures, garden parties and so on. It will also cover the maintenance of the Royal Palaces in England and the cost of travel to carry out royal engagements such as opening buildings and other royal visits.... While
1558-495: The Cinque Ports and Staffordshire Potteries were not successful. The normal population threshold for county borough status was lowered twice, firstly to 100,000, then to 50,000. A number of smaller counties corporate were also given county borough status. Mr Ritchie conceded on 8 June: "Now that they had gone down so far in population as 50,000 there arose a question as to the admission of boroughs which had not so large
1640-655: The Commissioners of Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings and their successors under the Crown Lands (Scotland) Acts of 1832, 1833 and 1835. These holdings mainly comprised former ecclesiastical land (following the abolition of the episcopacy in 1689) in Caithness and Orkney , and ancient royal possession in Stirling and Edinburgh, and feudal dues. There was virtually no urban property. Most of
1722-748: The County of London , which came into existence on 21 March at the request of the London County Council . Following the 1886 general election , a Conservative administration headed by Lord Salisbury was formed. However the Conservatives did not have a majority of seats and had to rely on the support of the Liberal Unionist Party . As part of the price for this support the Liberal Unionists demanded that
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#17328022562941804-532: The Glorious Revolution , Parliament retained under its own control the greater part of the temporary revenues, and relieved the sovereign of the cost of the naval and military services and the burden of the national debt . During the reigns of William III, Anne, George I and George II the sovereign remained responsible for the maintenance of the civil government and for the support of the royal household and dignity, being allowed for these purposes
1886-571: The Home Park of Windsor Castle , extensive forests, residential and commercial properties, golf courses, a racecourse and let farms. The Crown Estate's marine holdings consist of: The Crown Estate plays a major role in the development of the offshore wind energy industry in the UK. Other commercial activity managed by the Crown Estate on the seabed includes wave and tidal energy, carbon capture and storage , aggregates, submarine cables and pipelines and
1968-502: The " county farm " and was allowed to keep any surplus. The county farms were the largest source of royal revenue, totaling over £10,000 annually. The size of the royal demesne fluctuated over time. The 70 years after William I died saw substantial alienation of lands, especially during the Anarchy when King Stephen and Empress Matilda attempted to buy support with land grants. Crown lands were often used as patronage to reward
2050-483: The "selected councillors" became "county aldermen". The government withdrew the sections relating to the creation of district councils, which were eventually brought into existence by the Local Government Act 1894 . Members of both houses made representations on behalf of counties and boroughs, and this led to an increase in the number of local authorities. Attempts to create administrative counties for
2132-540: The "undisposed lands" of the 1662 settlement (worth less than the small quit rent that a grantee would have had to pay) and the balance unsold by the trustees under the 1700 act at its 1703 time limit. The scattered Crown lands were farmed out on long leases with little regard to the collection of rent. Responsibility lay with the Quit Rent Office, which was absorbed in 1827 by the Commissioners of Woods, Forests and Land Revenues . The largest Crown estate in
2214-576: The 1820s was Pobble O'Keefe in Sliabh Luachra at 5,000 acres (2,000 ha). In 1828 the lease expired, and Richard Griffith was appointed to supervise its improvement, including the foundation of the model village of Kingwilliamstown . In the early 1830s the Crown Estate resumed possession of land in Ballykilcline following the insanity of the head lessee. The occupational sub-lessees were seven years in arrears with their rent and
2296-488: The Act. These included: County borough corporations also exercised these powers, in addition to those of a municipal borough. Control of the county police was to be exercised jointly by the quarter sessions and the county council through a standing joint committee. The committees were replaced by police authorities by the Police Act 1964 . Counties were also used as areas for administering justice and organisation of
2378-649: The Civil List was abolished and the monarch has since been provided with a stable source of revenue indexed to a percentage of the Crown Estate's annual net income. This was intended to provide a long-term solution and remove the politically sensitive issue of Parliament having to debate the Civil List allowance every ten years. Subsequently, the Sovereign Grant Act allows for all future monarchs to simply extend these provisions for their reigns by Order in Council . The act does not imply any legal change in
2460-511: The Commissioners shall not be called in question on any suggestion of their not having acted in accordance with the provisions of this Act regulating the exercise of their powers, or of their having otherwise acted in excess of their authority, nor shall any person dealing with the Commissioners be concerned to inquire as to the extent of their authority or the observance of any restrictions on the exercise of their powers". The act includes
2542-602: The Crown Estate in Wales, including the proposed Awel y Môr, Erebus 100MW Test and Demonstration project, and three 100M projects (in their assessment stage). The Crown Estate announced £1.2million would be invested into the Morlais tidal stream demonstration zone, developed by Menter Môn . The value of the Welsh Crown Estate has risen from £49.2m in 2020 to £549.1m in 2021, and then to £603m in 2022. The revenue of
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2624-726: The Crown Estate income to Scotland. In response to this demand, the Scotland Office decided against dividing up the Crown Estates. However, plans were developed to allocate some of the Crown Estate income to the Big Lottery Fund , which would then distribute funds to coastal communities. These plans were criticised by the SNP. The Scotland Act 2016 allowed the Scottish Government to take control of
2706-471: The Crown Estate, but are managed through the Royal Household . Naturally occurring gold and silver in the UK, collectively known as "Mines Royal", are managed by the Crown Estate and leased to mining operators. Historically, Crown Estate properties were administered by the reigning monarch to help fund the business of governing the country. However, in 1760 , George III surrendered control over
2788-662: The Crown land by then was from forfeitures after the 1641 rebellion or the 1688–91 revolution , with some smaller older parcels remaining from earlier rebellions, the Dissolution of the Monasteries and the Norman period . Most confiscated land had been granted away again, as under the Adventurers' Act 1642, Act of Settlement 1662 , and the Act of Resumption 1700. The balance which remained in Crown hands included
2870-588: The Militia Act 1882 which was left in force, with the exception that if the boundaries of an administrative county changed then so too did any lieutenancy, shrieval or judicial area to match. Whilst schedule 3 of the Act identified that four of the county boroughs (Bristol, Great Yarmouth, Stockport and York) should be deemed to lie in more than one county for the purposes of the Act, those purposes did not include lieutenancy, but were instead concerned with certain financial matters. For lieutenancy purposes, Bristol
2952-538: The Sovereign Grant. The history of the Crown lands in England and Wales begins with the Norman Conquest in 1066. By right of conquest , William I ( r. 1066–1087) owned all the land in England and was able to redistribute it based on feudal principles. Tenants-in-chief received land directly from the king in return for military service. The land that the king kept for himself was called
3034-690: The UK in locations including Oxford , Exeter , Nottingham , Newcastle , Harlow , and Swansea . In 2002 the Crown Estate began implementing a £1 billion investment programme to improve Regent Street's commercial, retail, and visitor facilities and public realm. In addition, it is investing £500 million in St James's, including a number of major redevelopments. Holdings consist of around 116,000 hectares (287,000 acres) of agricultural land and forests, together with minerals and residential and commercial property. The Windsor Estate covers approximately 6,300 hectares and includes Windsor Great Park ,
3116-490: The UK, and was evicting tenants in preparation. The Crown Estate in Wales includes the coastal seabed up to 12 nautical miles, approximately 65% of the foreshore as well as the Welsh river bed and ports and marinas. The estate also owns over 50,000 acres of Welsh upland and common land, mainly rough grazing land, and 250,000 acres of mineral deposits and the rights to gold and silver. Various offshore wind projects are part of
3198-602: The Welsh Crown Estate in 2021 was £8.7m. Of the Crown Estate revenue; 75% goes to the UK Treasury whilst 25% is given to the monarch. In Wales, there have been multiple calls for the Crown Estate in Wales to be devolved , including by Plaid Cymru, Welsh Labour and the Welsh Liberal Democrats. An opinion poll in May 2023 also showed strong support for devolving the estate in Wales with a majority of 58% of
3280-514: The acquisitions: at the time of the Restoration in 1660, the total revenue arising from Crown lands was estimated to be £263,598 (equal to £49,987,935 today). By the end of the reign of William III (1689–1702) it was reduced to some £6,000 (equal to £1,240,996 today). Before the reign of William III all the revenues of the kingdom were bestowed on the monarch for the general expenses of government. These revenues were of two kinds: After
3362-531: The administrative functions of the magistrates of the Quarter Sessions courts, that ten large cities should be "counties of themselves" for the purposes of local government and that each county was to be divided into urban and rural districts, based on existing sanitary districts , governed by a district council. The county and district councils were to consist partly of directly elected "elective councillors" and partly of "selected councillors", chosen by
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3444-515: The amount of the Grant will be linked to the profits of the Crown Estate, those profits will continue to be paid in to the Exchequer; they are not to be hypothecated. Setting the Grant at a percentage of profits of the Crown Estate will help to put in place a durable and transparent framework. In April 2014 it was reported that the Crown Estate was proposing to sell about 200 of its 750 rural homes in
3526-757: The area of the Metropolitan Board of Works . This would have led to the creation of fifty-seven county councils. The boundaries of the counties were to be those used for parliamentary purposes, adjusted to include urban sanitary districts on county borders within a single county. The ten cities first identified to be dealt with as separate counties were Liverpool , Birmingham , Manchester , Leeds , Sheffield , Bristol , Bradford , Nottingham , Kingston-on-Hull , and Newcastle upon Tyne . Existing urban and rural sanitary districts, created in 1872, were to be redesignated as urban and rural districts. Urban such districts that straddled counties became destined for
3608-688: The benefit of the British nation; a percentage of them is then distributed back to the monarch. The Crown Estate is formally accountable to the Parliament of the United Kingdom , where it is legally mandated to provide an annual report for the sovereign, a copy of which is forwarded to the House of Commons . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property managers in the United Kingdom, administering property worth £15.6 billion, with urban properties, valued at £9.1 billion, representing
3690-698: The coroner became a county employee. In 1894, under the Local Government Act 1894 , the central part of the Romford parish, named Romford Urban formed the Romford Urban District while the remaining parts of the liberty went on to form part of Romford Rural District . The modern day London Borough of Havering, created in 1965, takes its name from the liberty and incorporates the original area and other territories formerly part of Chafford hundred, including North Ockendon , Rainham , Upminster , Cranham , and Wennington . Modern day references to
3772-547: The counties corporate became county boroughs and therefore administrative counties of themselves, but while other county boroughs continued to be part of their existing counties for all other purposes, that did not apply to existing counties corporate. Those that did not become county boroughs became part of adjacent administrative counties but retained their existing judicial functions and shrievalties. The Act did not change which counties, ridings and counties corporate were included in each lieutenancy area; those were already set by
3854-481: The county for the purpose of the election of county councillors became fixed, under a key definition of the Act, "as electoral divisions and not wards", and "one county councillor only shall be elected for each". Following the election, the county councillors then elected county aldermen, there being one alderman for every three councillors. The London County Council had its own section of the Act, prescribing two councillors to be elected for each Commons constituency, and
3936-457: The county with the bulk of their population as at the 1881 census , by enlarging the latter. Existing rural sanitary districts so straddling were to split on county lines to form rural districts. There were a large number of changes to the Bill as it passed through parliament. The terms administrative county and county borough were introduced to designate the new areas of local government, while
4018-493: The course of George's reign were paid by Parliament, and the civil list annuity was then increased from time to time. Every succeeding sovereign down to and including Charles III renewed the arrangement made between George III and Parliament. By the 19th century the practice was recognised as "an integral part of the Constitution [which] would be difficult to abandon". Nevertheless, a review of funding arrangements for
4100-589: The east the River Ingrebourne formed a boundary with the Chafford hundred of Essex and the parishes of (from north to south) South Weald , Upminster and Rainham . To the north of the liberty was much higher ground and the boundary with the Ongar hundred and the parishes of (west to east) Lambourne , Navestock and Stapleford Abbotts . The western boundary was with the reduced Becontree hundred and
4182-404: The elective councillors in a similar manner to aldermen in municipal boroughs . The counties to be used for local government were to be the historic counties of England and Wales . A county council was to be formed for each of the ridings of Yorkshire and the three divisions of Lincolnshire ( Holland , Kesteven and Lindsey ). In addition a new County of London was to be formed from
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#17328022562944264-533: The estate but is not involved with its management or administration; nor does the sovereign have personal control of its affairs. For all practical purposes, the Estate Commissioners shall exercise "all such acts as belong to the Crown's rights of ownership" for the Estate "on behalf of the Crown". The proceeds of the Estate, in part, funds the monarchy. The estate's extensive portfolio is overseen by
4346-606: The estate's revenues to the Treasury, thus relieving him of the responsibility of paying for the costs of the civil service, defence costs, the national debt, and his own personal debts. In return, he received an annual grant known as the Civil List . By tradition, each subsequent monarch agreed to this arrangement upon his or her accession. On 1 April 2012, under the terms of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 (SSG),
4428-510: The following: In 2010 a UK Parliament Treasury Committee report on the Crown Estate, the first for twenty years, reported that Crown Estate chief executive Roger Bright said: "We welcome the Committee’s recognition that we run a successful business operation." This includes the entirety of Regent Street and around half of St James's in London's West End as well as retail property across
4510-408: The foreshore, and goldmining in County Tyrone . Development of the seabed below low tide is hampered by a sovereignty dispute with the Republic of Ireland . It was not until 1830 that King William IV revoked the income from the Crown estates in Scotland . The hereditary land revenues of the Crown in Scotland, formerly under the management of the Barons of the Exchequer , were transferred to
4592-416: The handover, the Crown Estate owned a multi-million stake in Fort Kinnaird retail park in Edinburgh representing about 60% of the value of all Crown assets in Scotland. This was not passed to Crown Estates Scotland with other Scottish properties in 2016. Two years later, the Crown Estate sold its stake and used the funds to assume full ownership of the Gallagher Retail Park in Cheltenham . The Crown Estate
4674-415: The hereditary revenues and certain taxes. As the state machinery expanded, the cost of the civil government exceeded the income from the Crown lands and feudal rights; this created a personal debt for the monarch. On George III's accession he surrendered the income from the Crown lands to Parliament, and abrogated responsibility for the cost of the civil government and the clearance of associated debts. As
4756-428: The issue of a copper token for currency in the late 18th century, which uniquely among the many coins of that era bears the date 1465. The charter gave residents of the area freedom from taxation , its own local magistrates and gaol, and, earlier, freedom from the service of writs by the Essex Quarter Sessions. The famous Romford Market was another privilege that was guaranteed under this arrangement. The government of
4838-407: The king's family, friends, and servants. At the same time, the Crown lands also grew through confiscations and escheat . The Crown lands were augmented as well as depleted over the centuries: Edward I extended his possessions into Wales , and James (VI & I) had his own Crown lands in Scotland which were ultimately combined with the Crown lands of England and Wales. The disposals outweighed
4920-408: The liberty include the Liberty Shopping Centre and Royal Liberty School . The motto of Havering London Borough Council is "Liberty". During 2024 the Romford–Upminster service of the London Overground is being renamed the Liberty line. The liberty was partially bounded by rivers. To the south there was a short boundary with Erith in the Lessness hundred of Kent, formed by the River Thames . To
5002-489: The liberty was in the hands of a high steward, deputy steward, clerk of the peace and coroner. The high steward was chosen by the lord of the manor . The office of deputy steward was instituted by the 1465 charter, being appointed by the high steward. The clerk of the peace and coroner were elected by the tenants and inhabitants of the liberty. In 1848 other officers of the corporation were a high bailiff, under bailiff, two head constables and nine petty constables. Gallows Corner
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#17328022562945084-482: The majority of the estate by value. These include many properties in central London, but the estate also controls 7,920 km (3,060 sq mi) of agricultural land and forest and more than half of the UK's foreshore , and retains various other traditional holdings and rights, including Ascot Racecourse and Windsor Great Park . While Windsor Home Park is also part of the Crown Estate, occupied royal palaces, such as Windsor Castle itself, are not part of
5166-407: The manor . Because they were not normally resident in Havering, and did not appoint a representative to act in their place, the residents of Havering enjoyed unusual autonomy. In 1251 Havering had a population of nearly 2,000. A liberty was formed by charter for the manor of Havering in 1465. The charter issued in 1465 by King Edward IV reconfirmed many existing rights. The event was celebrated by
5248-414: The militia. The act adjusted the boundaries for the purposes of " sheriff , lieutenant , custos rotulorum , justices, militia, coroner, or other" , ensuring the judicial definitions of the counties matched groups of the administrative counties and county boroughs. The counties of Cambridgeshire, Lincolnshire, Northamptonshire, Suffolk, Sussex and Yorkshire were undivided so far as they were one county at
5330-449: The mining of potash . In terms of the foreshore, the Crown Estate issue licences or leases for around 850 aquaculture sites and owns marina space for approximately 18,000 moorings. As of 2020 , marine holdings had a value of £4.1 billion. Other rights and interests include: Cheltenham 's Gallagher Retail Park and Warwick 's Leamington Shopping Park are owned 50/50 through "The Gibraltar Limited Partnership" with The Hercules Unit Trust,
5412-418: The monarchy led to the passage of the Sovereign Grant Act 2011 , which according to HM Treasury, is: A new consolidated grant rounding together the Civil List, Royal Palaces and Royal Travel grants-in-aid. It is intended that future funding will be set as a fraction of The Crown Estate revenue and paid through the annual Treasury Estimates process, and subject to full National Audit Office audit.... The Grant
5494-418: The nature of the estate's ownership, but is simply a benchmark by which the sovereign grant is set as a grant by Parliament. King Charles III Accession Council on 10 September 2022 "was the first to include provision for the royal finances", and in one of his first signed Orders in Council, he confirmed his willingness to surrender control of the Crown’s hereditary revenues from the Crown Estate in exchange for
5576-418: The parish of Dagenham , partially formed by the River Beam . To the south the lower elevation formed the Hornchurch Marshes . The London to Colchester Roman Road (now the A12) cut through the liberty further north. In 1831 the total population of the liberty was 6,812. Royal manor The Crown Estate is a collection of lands and holdings in the United Kingdom belonging to the British monarch as
5658-441: The passing of the Act. The three ridings of Yorkshire and the three parts of Lincolnshire therefore retained their status. County boroughs were to be administrative counties of themselves. The Act provided that each county borough that had previously been part of a county (i.e., was not a county corporate) should continue to be part of that county for non-administrative purposes, notably judicial functions and lieutenancy. If
5740-410: The people of Wales supporting the devolution of the Crown Estate compared to 19% who are opposed and 23% who don't know. Poll breakdown showed that all major political party voters supported devolution of the estate in Wales. In 1793, George III surrendered the hereditary revenues of the Kingdom of Ireland , and was granted a civil list annuity for certain expenses of Irish civil government. Most of
5822-496: The powers of the liberty. It was unreformed by the Municipal Corporations Act 1835 and the Municipal Corporations Act 1883 made provision for the liberty to be absorbed into the county of Essex, but did not force the amalgamation. Under the Local Government Act 1888 the property of the liberty was merged with that of the county, and the offices of high and deputy steward were no longer filled. The separate court of quarter sessions, limited to three justices , continued to exist, and
5904-548: The present Scottish estate excepting foreshore and salmon fishing is due to inward investment, including Glenlivet Estate , the largest area of land managed by the Crown Estate in Scotland, purchased in 1937, Applegirth, Fochabers and Whitehill estates, purchased in 1963, 1937 and 1969 respectively. After winning the 2011 Scottish election , the Scottish National Party (SNP) called for the devolution of
5986-438: The purposes of lieutenancy, a situation which persisted until the major reforms of 1974. Under section 48 of the Act all liberties and franchises, with the exception of those that became separate administrative counties, merged with the county they formed part of for parliamentary elections. The Cinque Ports , together with "the two ancient towns and their members" (which for some purposes, such as lieutenancy , were considered
6068-771: The result was the Ballykilcline "removals" – free emigration to the new world in 1846. There was further state-assisted emigration from overpopulated Crown estates during the Great Famine . There is evidence of Crown Estate public work schemes to employ the more distressed in improving drainage etc. In 1854 a select committee of the House of Lords concluded that the small estates in Ireland should be sold. 7,000 acres (2,800 ha) were subsequently sold for circa £25,000 (equal to £2.96 million today) at auction and £10,000 (equal to £1.19 million today) by private treaty:
6150-466: The royal demesne and divided into royal manors . When the Domesday survey was completed in 1086, the king was still the largest single landholder, possessing over 18 percent of the landed estates in England. Between 10 and 30 percent of each county belonged to the royal demesne. The king delegated management of royal lands to his sheriffs . Each year, the sheriff paid the king a fixed sum called
6232-454: The selecting of that person (co-option) be entitled to be a Justice of the Peace but needed take the oaths of that office "before acting as such justice", aside from the oath as to having local real estate as they had already met the equivalent requirement to become a councillor or alderman. The powers and responsibilities transferred from the quarter sessions to the councils were enumerated in
6314-477: Was absorbed into North End and South End around 1722. Havering ward grew independent of Romford in the 17th century and became a separate parish in the 1780s. In 1849 Romford became a parish in its own right. The manor was sold by the Crown on 23 September 1828 and the right to appoint the high steward and justices of the liberty was transferred to the private owners. During the 19th century ad hoc boards, such as unions for poor law or public health, started to erode
6396-483: Was divided into the three chapelries of Havering , Hornchurch and Romford . The name Havering is recorded in the 1086 Domesday Book as "Haueringas" and means 'the settlement of the family or followers of a man called Hæfer', an ancient folk name. From the 13th century the suffix -atte-Bower was added and means 'at the royal residence'. The London Borough of Havering and the small settlement of Havering-atte-Bower continue to use these names. Havering Palace ,
6478-504: Was granted a civil list annuity of £800,000 (equal to £152,783,019 today) for the support of his household, subject to the payment of certain annuities to members of the royal family. Although the King had retained large hereditary revenues, his income proved insufficient for his charged expenses because he used the privilege to reward supporters with bribes and gifts. Debts amounting to over £3 million (equal to £302,899,002 today) over
6560-590: Was solely in Gloucestershire, and York was solely in the West Riding. The county borough of Great Yarmouth did straddle Norfolk and Suffolk for judicial and lieutenancy purposes after the new county councils came into force, but only for two years; it was placed entirely in Norfolk in 1891. After 1891 Stockport was therefore the only county borough to straddle two counties (Cheshire and Lancashire) for
6642-508: Was to increase the number of county boroughs from ten to fifty-nine. With a population of around 50,000 at the 1881 census, the City of London was initially proposed for county borough status. These were subject to triennial elections, the first taking place in January 1889. Those elected in 1889 were known as "provisional" councils until coming into their powers on 1 April. The divisions of
6724-483: Was used as the place of execution in the liberty. The manor and liberty originally comprised the large ancient parish of Hornchurch which was divided into eight wards. By the 16th century 'Romford side' comprising the five northern wards of Romford Town , Harold Wood , Collier Row , Noak Hill , and Havering had achieved some degree of self-government. The remaining 'Hornchurch side' consisted of Hornchurch Town , North End , and South End wards. Hornchurch Town ward
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