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48-626: The college was established by Frederick IV in 1714 to institutionalise the work he began by funding Bartholomäus Ziegenbalg and Heinrich Pluetschau's mission at the Danish colony of Fort Dansborg ( Tranquebar ) in India . Among its first efforts were funding missions in Lapland and Hans Egede 's Bergen Greenland Company , which established the Island of Hope mission in 1721. Two child converts from

96-517: A Danish Versailles . He was the first to use the 1671 Throne Chair of Denmark , partly made for this purpose. His motto was: Pietate et Justitia (With piety and justice). Prince Christian was born on 15 April 1646 at Duborg Castle in the city of Flensburg , then located in the Duchy of Schleswig . He was the first legitimate child born to the then Prince Frederick of Denmark by his consort, Sophie Amalie of Brunswick-Calenberg . Prince Frederick

144-458: A relationship they both saw as sinful. Of the nine children born to him of these three wives, only two of them survived to adulthood: the future Christian VI and Princess Charlotte-Amalia, both from the first marriage. All the other children died in infancy. The Reventlows took advantage of their kinship to the King. Anna's sister, the salonist Countess Christine Sophie Holstein of Holsteinborg,

192-569: A traitor, and to the clamour of his adversaries, Griffenfeld was imprisoned for the remainder of his life. After the Scanian War, his sister, Princess Ulrike Eleonora of Denmark , married Swedish king Charles XI , whose mother was a stout supporter of the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp . In spite of the family ties, war between the brothers-in-law was close again in 1689, when Charles XI nearly provoked confrontation with Denmark-Norway by his support of

240-461: A year and a half before he was born, and as the eldest son of the ruling King he was thus Crown Prince from birth. The newborn prince was baptised the same evening with the name Frederick by the royal confessor Hans Leth. The royal baptismal font , which has been used for the baptism of the royal children in Denmark ever since, was used for the first time at his christening. At the age of 18, he

288-746: The Danish Code ( Danske Lov ) in 1683, the first law code for all of Denmark. He also introduced the similar Norske Lov (Norwegian Code) of 1687 to replace Christian IVs Norwegian Code from 1604 in Norway. He also introduced the land register of 1688, which attempted to work out the land value of the united monarchy in order to create a more just taxation . During the reign of Christian V, Denmark's trade in cattle that had declined due to catastrophic fires and wars had been restored, and livestock and crop exports had also surpassed Frederick III , with thousands of cattle entering and leaving Jutland through

336-596: The Great Northern War , trade and culture flowered. The first Danish theatre, Lille Grønnegade Theatre , was created and the great dramatist Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754) began his career. He established the College of Missions which funded the missionary Hans Egede (1686–1758) in taking forward the colonisation of Greenland . Politically this period was marked by the King's connection to the Reventlows ,

384-588: The Holsteiner relatives of his second queen, and by his growing suspicion of the old nobility. During Frederick's rule Copenhagen was struck by two disasters: the plague of 1711, and the great fire of October 1728 , which destroyed most of the medieval capital. The King had been persuaded by astronomer Ole Rømer (1644–1710) to introduce the Gregorian calendar in Denmark-Norway in 1700, but

432-531: The Holy Roman Emperor . Also offended by the Countess's elevation were Frederick's younger unmarried siblings, Princess Sophia Hedwig (1677–1735) and Prince Charles (1680–1729), who withdrew from Copenhagen to their own rival court at the handsomely re-modelled Vemmetofte Cloister (later a haven for dowerless damsels of the nobility). During the King's last years he had dropsy (oedema), and

480-572: The Oxen Way . After entering and fattening in the Danish King's German enclave County of Oldenburg , the cattle reached the big market in Wedel . From there, cattle are resold to all parts of North Germany via Stade , Hamburg and Lübeck . As the population continues to soar at the end of the seventeenth century, demand for beef, grains and fish is increasing, both throughout North Germany and on

528-671: The Scanian War , Danish hopes for border changes on the Scandinavian Peninsula between the two countries were dashed. The results of the war efforts proved politically and financially unremunerative for Denmark-Norway. The damage to the Danish-Norwegian economy was extensive. At this point, Christian V no longer had his most experienced foreign relations counsel around to repair the political damage — in 1676 he had been persuaded to sacrifice Griffenfeld as

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576-422: The Scanian War . The war exhausted Denmark's economic resources without securing any gains. Part of Christian's appeal to the common people may be explained by the fact that he allowed Danish and Norwegian commoners into state service, but his attempts to curtail the influence of the nobility also meant continuing his father's drive toward absolutism . To accommodate non-aristocrats into state service, he created

624-519: The astronomer 's observations and calculations were among the treasures lost to the fire. Frederik IV, having twice visited Italy, had two pleasure palaces built in the Italian baroque style: Frederiksberg Palace was extended during his reign, when it was converted into a three-storey H-shaped building, completed in 1709 by Johan Conrad Ernst , giving the palace a true Italian baroque appearance and Fredensborg Palace , both considered monuments to

672-544: The common people , he was the first king anointed at Frederiksborg Castle chapel as absolute monarch since the decree that institutionalized the supremacy of the king in Denmark-Norway . Christian fortified the absolutist system against the aristocracy by accelerating his father's practice of allowing both Holstein nobles and Danish and Norwegian commoners into state service. As king, he wanted to show his power as absolute monarch through architecture, and dreamed of

720-635: The Baltic coast alone. In terms of the number of livestock shipped to the South, in 1680 each market had reached 40,000 cattle. Traditional export commodities, including fish and grains, have increased their exports since the beginning of the seventeenth century. The agricultural products exported by Denmark, especially cattle, have made a lot of money from Germany and the Netherlands for the Danish royal family,

768-653: The European nobility. Upon his return journey, Frederick IV conducted political negotiations with Augustus the Strong , Elector of Saxony and King of Poland, as well as with Frederick I of Prussia , regarding the impending war against Sweden. His visit to Venice thus not only contributed to his cultural experience but also had significant political implications. Much of the King's life was spent in strife with kinsmen. Two of his first cousins, Charles XII of Sweden and Frederick IV, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp (the three men were

816-662: The Ministry of Culture. As of the royal decree of 19 April 1715, the College of Missions was also the main organisation for missions work among the Sami in Norway. For the first ten to twelve years, the work was led by Thomas von Westen . The College of Missions received a royal allocation of 2000 rigsdaler ; in addition, the college was allowed to take over the 1000 rigsdaler the churches in Finnmark had in capital. Additionally, it

864-472: The age of 60 at the Copenhagen Castle after a reign of 22 years. At the death of his father, Frederick immediately ascended the thrones of Denmark and Norway as the second absolute monarch at the age of just 24. He was formally crowned on 7 June the following year in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace , which thereafter became the traditional place of coronation of Denmark's monarchs during

912-522: The aristocrats and the town residents. During his reign, science witnessed a golden age due to the work of the astronomer Ole Rømer in spite of the king's personal lack of scientific knowledge and interest. He died from the after-effects of a hunting accident and was interred in Roskilde Cathedral . Christian V had eight children by his wife and six by his Maîtresse-en-titre , Sophie Amalie Moth (1654–1719), whom he took up with when she

960-469: The conclusion of the Great Northern War. Frederick IV of Denmark holds a memorable place in the social history of the city of Venice due to a remarkable visit he made during the winter of 1708–09. The King stayed in the city with an entourage of at least 80 people, formally incognito under the title "Count of Oldenburg." This disguise was not meant to conceal his identity, but rather to avoid

1008-477: The construction of farms the churches owned in the district. After the College of Missions was subordinated to the chancery , the properties the churches owned were transferred to the Nordland Church and School Fund  [ no ] . The College of Missions employed missionaries and teachers, and operated schools and churches in Sami areas. Norway was split into thirteen missionary districts, at

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1056-464: The cumbersome and costly etiquette required for a royal visit. During his nine-week stay, Frederick IV became a familiar figure in Venice. He was a frequent guest at operas and comedies, indulging in the city's vibrant cultural scene. The King was also a generous buyer of Venetian glass , which was highly prized at the time. His visit to the state arsenal of Venice was marked by a prestigious gift from

1104-478: The day after his 59th birthday. He was buried in Roskilde Cathedral , the site of the mausoleum of Danish royalty. With his first queen, Duchess Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow : With his second wife Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg : With his third wife and second queen, Countess Anne Sophie von Reventlow : Christian V Christian V (15 April 1646 – 25 August 1699) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1670 until his death in 1699. Well-regarded by

1152-455: The days of the absolute monarchy. He was the first hereditary king of Denmark-Norway, and in honor of this, Denmark-Norway acquired costly new crown jewels and a magnificent new ceremonial sword. It is generally argued that Christian V's personal courage and affability made him popular among the common people, but his image was marred by his unsuccessful attempt to regain Scania for Denmark in

1200-531: The era. After some hesitation, Christian V initiated the Scanian War (1675–1679) against Sweden in an attempt to reconquer Scania which Denmark had lost under the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658. As Griffenfeld predicted, Sweden's stronger ally France was the party that dictated the peace with Denmark's ally the Netherlands , and in spite of Danish victory at sea in the battles against Sweden in 1675–1679 during

1248-688: The exiled Christian Albert, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp in his claims to Holstein-Gottorp in Schleswig-Holstein. Like Charles XI of Sweden, who had never been outside Sweden, Christian V spoke only German and Danish and was therefore often considered poorly educated due to his inability to communicate with visiting foreign diplomats. Christian V was also often considered dependent on his councillors by contemporary sources. The Danish monarch did nothing to dispel this notion. In his memoirs, he listed "hunting, love-making, war and maritime affairs" as his main interests in life. Christian V introduced

1296-551: The flora, fauna, and meteorology of Greenland during their missions. Money was so limited in the later 18th century that all but five missionaries were returned to Denmark in 1792 and British hostility during the Napoleonic Wars brought the number down to a single person. Most of the college's early records were destroyed in a Copenhagen fire between 5 and 7 June 1795. The college was closed down on 17 June 1859 by Frederik VII and its remaining activities were transferred to

1344-641: The future site of Frederiksberg Palace . The one-storey building, probably designed by Ernst Brandenburger , was completed in 1703. Frederick was allowed to choose his future wife from a number of Protestant royal daughters in northern Germany. In 1695, he visited the court of Gustav Adolph, Duke of Mecklenburg-Güstrow in Güstrow . But his visit there was cut short by a message telling of his brother Prince Christian 's serious illness (he had, in fact, already died in Ulm ). Frederick later returned to Güstrow , where he

1392-506: The grandsons of Frederick III of Denmark ), had waged war upon his father jointly. Initially defeated by the Swedes and forced to recognise the independence of Holstein-Gottorp, Frederick finally drove the next duke of Holstein-Gottorp, Duke Charles Frederick (who was Frederick IV's first cousin once removed) out of Schleswig in 1713, and avoided the revenge contemplated by Charles Frederick's mother-in-law, Catherine I of Russia . Frederick

1440-634: The mission would later inspire Count von Zinzendorf to begin the Moravian missions . Its first chairman ( præses ) was Johan Georg von Holstein (16 February 1662 – 26 December 1730), who was the namesake for Holsteinsborg (now Sisimiut) in Greenland. Work among the Sami ( Finnemisjon ) was initiated under the pietist Thomas von Westen (1682–1727) in 1716. He swiftly established thirteen stations before his death. Work in Greenland

1488-488: The most: Frederick IV of Denmark Frederick IV ( Danish : Frederik ; 11 October 1671 – 12 October 1730) was King of Denmark and Norway from 1699 until his death. Frederick was the son of Christian V of Denmark-Norway and his wife Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel . Frederick was born on 11 October 1671 at Copenhagen Castle as the eldest son of King Christian V and his spouse Charlotte Amalie of Hesse-Kassel . His grandfather King Frederick III had died

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1536-422: The new noble ranks of count and baron . One of the commoners elevated in this way by the king was Peder Schumacher , named Count of Griffenfeld by Christian V in 1670 and high councillor of Denmark in 1674. Griffenfeld , a skilled statesman, better understood the precarious situation Denmark-Norway placed itself by attacking Sweden at a time when the country was allied with France, the major European power of

1584-490: The republic: two large bronze cannons and a bronze mortar . One of the highlights of his stay was a grand regatta on the Grand Canal held in his honour, which was immortalized in a painting by Luca Carlevarijs . In the painting, Frederick IV is depicted in a gondola with eight rowers, accompanied by a cavalier, enjoying the spectacle. This event is celebrated as a key moment in the King's visit. The winter of 1708–09

1632-422: The then Grand-Chancellor Conrad von Reventlow . He carried her off from her home, Clausholm Castle near Randers , after her mother refused to let her daughter be a royal mistress. Frederick had seen Anne Sophie at a masquerade ball at Koldinghus , where the royal family resided during the plague that devastated Copenhagen. A secret marriage was held at Skanderborg on 26 June 1712. At that time he accorded her

1680-459: The title "Duchess of Schleswig" (derived from one of his own subsidiary titles). Three weeks after Queen Louise's death in Copenhagen on 4 April 1721, he legalised his relationship with Anna Sophie by a new marriage, this time declaring her queen consort (the first wife of a hereditary Danish king to bear that title who was not of royal blood by birth). It was undoubtedly a relief to regularise

1728-451: Was a younger son of King Christian IV , but the death of his elder brother Christian, Prince-Elect of Denmark in June 1647 opened the possibility for Frederick to be elected heir apparent to the Danish throne. After the death of King Christian IV in 1648, Frederick thus became King of Denmark and Norway as Frederick III. Prince Christian was elected successor to his father in June 1650. This

1776-916: Was allowed to attend proceedings of the State College. Hereditary succession was made official by Royal Law in 1665. Christian was hailed as heir in Copenhagen in August 1665, in Odense and Viborg in September, and in Christiania, Norway in July 1666. Only a short time before he became king, he was taken into the Council of the Realm and the Supreme Court. On 9 February 1670, King Frederick III died at

1824-478: Was also affected by the consequences of an accident in an explosion in a cannon foundry in Copenhagen. He also had private sorrows that inclined him toward Pietism , a form of faith that would rise to prevalence during the reign of his son. During his last years, Frederick IV asked for the loyalty of his son in order to protect Queen Anna Sophie. Despite the growing weakness, he set in 1730 on a muster travel; he reached Gottorp but had to return, and died in Odense, on

1872-433: Was deemed a man of responsibility and industry — often regarded as the most intelligent of Denmark-Norway's absolute monarchs . He seems to have mastered the art of remaining independent of his ministers . Lacking all interest in academic knowledge, he was nevertheless a patron of culture, especially art and architecture. His main weaknesses were probably pleasure-seeking and womanising, which sometimes distracted him. He

1920-530: Was determined in 1716–1718 that all main churches in the country would give two rigsdaler yearly to the missions work in Finnmark; annex churches would give one. Furthermore, the income of the churches in Helgeland would also go towards the mission. In 1720 the income from the churches in Vesterålen , Salten , and Lofoten was added to the mission. The most important source of the churches' income came from

1968-507: Was directed first by Hans Egede and then, after the death of his wife, his son Paul . It was administered in conjunction with the Moravian missions there and the various chartered companies, particularly the Royal Greenland Trading Department . Early on, the well-endowed college could provide an extensive scientific library to missionaries like Hans Glahn , Otto Fabricius , and Andreas Ginge who studied

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2016-437: Was forced to choose the eldest of the unmarried princesses. On 5 December 1695 at Copenhagen Castle, he married Louise of Mecklenburg-Güstrow , herself a great-great-granddaughter of Frederick II of Denmark . At the death of Christian V on 25 August 1699, the couple became King and Queen of Denmark-Norway. They were crowned on 15 April 1700 in the chapel of Frederiksborg Palace . Frederick's most important domestic reform

2064-668: Was given a seat on the Council of State as the heir apparent to the throne. As Crown Prince, Frederick broadened his education by travelling in Europe, led by his chamberlain Ditlev Wibe . He was particularly impressed by the architecture in Italy and, on his return to Denmark, asked his father for permission to build a summer palace on Solbjerg , as the hill in Valby was then known,

2112-588: Was nicknamed Madame Chancellor because of her influence. Within a year of making Anna Queen, Frederick also recognized as dynastic the issue of the morganatic marriages of two of her kinsmen, Duke Philip Ernest of Schleswig-Holstein-Glucksburg (1673–1729) and Duke Christian Charles of Schleswig-Holstein-Plön-Norburg (1674–1706), to non-royal nobles. The other Schleswig-Holstein dukes of the House of Oldenburg perceived their interests to be injured, and Frederick found himself embroiled in complicated lawsuits and petitions to

2160-503: Was not a free choice, but de facto automatic hereditary succession. Escorted by his chamberlain Christoffer Parsberg, Christian went on a long trip abroad, to Holland , England , France , and home through Germany . On this trip, he saw absolutism in its most splendid achievement at the young Louis XIV 's court, and heard about the theory of the divine right of kings . He returned to Denmark in August 1663. From 1664 he

2208-473: Was the abolition in 1702 of the so-called vornedskab , a kind of serfdom which had applied to the peasants of Zealand since the Late Middle Ages . His efforts were largely in vain because of the introduction in 1733 of adscription ( stavnsbånd ), a law that forced peasants to remain in their home regions, by which the peasantry were subjected to both the local nobility and the army. After

2256-482: Was the penultimate Danish king to make a morganatic marriage (the last was Frederick VII with Louise Rasmussen aka "Countess Danner" ). Without divorcing Queen Louise, in 1703 he married Elisabeth Helene von Vieregg (d.1704). After the death of Elisabeth, he entered into a romance with her lady-in-waiting Charlotte Helene von Schindel , though he later lost interest in her. In 1711, Frederick fell in love with 19-year-old Countess Anne Sophie Reventlow , daughter of

2304-614: Was unusually cold, so much so that the lagoon surrounding Venice froze over. Venetians were able to walk from the city to the mainland, and it became a popular joke that the King of Denmark had brought the cold weather with him. Frederick IV's time in Italy was not confined to Venice. He also made a visit to the dowager grand-princess Violante Beatrice at the grand-ducal court of the Medici family in Florence, further cementing his ties with

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