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137-671: The Royal Scottish National Hospital was a psychiatric institution situated in Larbert , Falkirk , Scotland . It was first founded as the Scottish National Institution for the Education of Imbecile Children in 1862, with the building being officially opened on 23 May 1863. The building initially used for the institution was in Gayfield Square, Edinburgh in 1855 and administered by 'The Society for

274-481: A dissolve in modern filmmaking, became the basis of a popular type of magic lantern show in England in the 19th century. Typical dissolving views showed landscapes dissolving from day to night or from summer to winter. This was achieved by aligning the projection of two matching images and slowly diminishing the first image while introducing the second image. The subject and the effect of magic lantern dissolving views

411-578: A background to block superfluous light, so the figures could be projected without distracting borders or frames. Many slides were finished with a layer of transparent lacquer, but in a later period cover glasses were also used to protect the painted layer. Most handmade slides were mounted in wood frames with a round or square opening for the picture. After 1820 the manufacturing of hand colored printed slides started, often making use of decalcomania transfers. Many manufactured slides were produced on strips of glass with several pictures on them and rimmed with

548-415: A camera obscura device that he got from Drebbel in 1622. The oldest known document concerning the magic lantern is a page on which Christiaan Huygens made ten small sketches of a skeleton taking off its skull, above which he wrote "for representations by means of convex glasses with the lamp" (translated from French). As this page was found between documents dated in 1659, it is believed to have been made in

685-426: A carriage with rotating wheels, a cupid with a spinning wheel, a shooting gun, and falling bombs. Wheels were cut from the glass plate with a diamond and rotated by a thread that was spun around small brass wheels attached to the glass wheels. A paper slip mask would be quickly pulled away to reveal the red fiery discharge and the bullet from a shooting gun. Zacharias Conrad von Uffenbach visited Themme's shop and liked

822-503: A chalkboard, but could easily be copied onto glass or mica. By the 1730s the use of magic lanterns started to become more widespread when travelling showmen, conjurers and storytellers added them to their repertoire. The travelling lanternists were often called Savoyards (they supposedly came from the Savoy region in France) and became a common sight in many European cities. In France in

959-483: A description of his invention, the "Steganographic Mirror": a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight, mostly intended for long-distance communication. He saw limitations in the increase of size and diminished clarity over a long distance and expressed his hope that someone would find a method to improve on this. In 1654, Belgian Jesuit mathematician André Tacquet used Kircher's technique to show

1096-431: A few months after Lochview was opened. Psychiatric hospital Psychiatric hospitals vary considerably in size and classification. Some specialize in short-term or outpatient therapy for low-risk patients , while others provide long-term care for individuals requiring routine assistance or a controlled environment due to their psychiatric condition. Patients may choose voluntary commitment , but those deemed to pose

1233-482: A kind of world exhibition that would show all types of new inventions and spectacles. In a handwritten document he supposed it should open and close with magic lantern shows, including subjects "which can be dismembered, to represent quite extraordinary and grotesque movements, which men would not be capable of making" (translated from French). Several reports of early magic lantern screenings possibly described moving pictures, but are not clear enough to conclude whether

1370-609: A lens in the hole has been traced back to c.  1550 . The portable camera obscura box with a lens was developed in the 17th century. Dutch inventor Cornelis Drebbel is thought to have sold one to Dutch poet, composer and diplomat Constantijn Huygens in 1622, while the oldest known clear description of a box-type camera is in German Jesuit scientist Gaspar Schott 's 1657 book Magia universalis naturæ et artis . The 1645 first edition of German Jesuit scholar Athanasius Kircher 's book Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae included

1507-414: A light source. Because a single lens inverts an image projected through it (as in the phenomenon which inverts the image of a camera obscura ), slides were inserted upside down in the magic lantern, rendering the projected image correctly oriented. It was mostly developed in the 17th century and commonly used for entertainment purposes. It was increasingly used for education during the 19th century. Since

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1644-482: A magic lantern, but in 1674, his successor offered a variety of magic lanterns from the same workshop. This successor is thought to have only continued producing Wiesel's designs after his death in 1662, without adding anything new. Before 1671, only a small circle of people seemed to have knowledge of the magic lantern, and almost every known report of the device from this period had to do with people that were more or less directly connected to Christiaan Huygens. Despite

1781-733: A mathematician from Gotland , studied at the university of Leiden in 1657–58. He possibly met Christiaan Huygens during this time (and/or on several other occasions) and may have learned about the magic lantern from him. Correspondence between them is known from 1667. At least from 1664 until 1670, Walgensten demonstrated the magic lantern in Paris (1664), Lyon (1665), Rome (1665–1666), and Copenhagen (1670). He "sold such lanterns to different Italian princes in such an amount that they now are almost everyday items in Rome", according to Athanasius Kircher in 1671. In 1670, Walgensten projected an image of Death at

1918-482: A mist in his representation of the Witch of Endor . While working out the desired effect, he got the idea of using the technique with landscapes. An 1812 newspaper about a London performance indicates that De Philipsthal presented what was possibly a relatively early incarnation of a dissolving views show, describing it as "a series of landscapes (in imitation of moonlight), which insensibly change to various scenes producing

2055-498: A natural successor. The magic lantern can be seen as a further development of camera obscura . This is a natural phenomenon that occurs when an image of a scene at the other side of a screen (for instance a wall) is projected through a small hole in that screen as an inverted image (left to right and upside down) on a surface opposite to the opening. It was known at least since the 5th century BC and experimented with in darkened rooms at least since c.  1000 AD . The use of

2192-513: A number of institutions specializing only in the treatment of juveniles, particularly when dealing with drug abuse, self-harm, eating disorders, anxiety, depression or other mental illnesses. In the United Kingdom, long-term care facilities are now being replaced with smaller secure units, some within hospitals. Modern buildings, modern security, and being locally situated to help with reintegration into society once medication has stabilized

2329-445: A resident physician . At the beginning of the 19th century there were a few thousand people housed in a variety of disparate institutions throughout England, but by 1900 that figure had grown to about 100,000. This growth coincided with the growth of alienism , later known as psychiatry, as a medical specialism. The treatment of inmates in early lunatic asylums was sometimes very brutal and focused on containment and restraint. In

2466-409: A seesaw. Movements could be repeated over and over and could be performed at different speeds. A common technique that is comparable to the effect of a panning camera makes use of a long slide that is simply pulled slowly through the lantern and usually shows a landscape, sometimes with several phases of a story within the continuous backdrop. Movement of projected images was also possible by moving

2603-438: A significant danger to themselves or others may be subject to involuntary commitment and treatment . In general hospitals, psychiatric wards or units serve a similar purpose. Modern psychiatric hospitals have evolved from the older concept of lunatic asylums , shifting focus from mere containment and restraint to evidence-based treatments that aim to help patients function in society. With successive waves of reform, and

2740-576: A strip of glued paper. The first photographic lantern slides, called hyalotypes , were invented by the German-born brothers Ernst Wilhelm (William) and Friedrich (Frederick) Langenheim in 1848 in Philadelphia and patented in 1850. Apart from sunlight, the only light sources available at the time of invention in the 17th century were candles and oil lamps, which were very inefficient and produced very dim projected images. The invention of

2877-635: A sturdy but lightweight and transportable "Phantasmagoria lantern" with an Argand style lamp. It produced high quality projections and was suitable for classrooms. Carpenter also developed a "secret" copper plate printing/burning process to mass-produce glass lantern slides with printed outlines, which were then easily and quickly hand painted ready for sale. These "copper-plate sliders" contained three or four very detailed 4" circular images mounted in thin hardwood frames. The first known set The Elements of Zoology became available in 1823, with over 200 images in 56 frames of zoological figures, classified according to

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3014-408: A task where they could see the difference they were making, boys worked hard in the garden and fields if they were fit enough to do so and girls enjoyed helping in the garden as well as their knitting and needlework. Mr. Skene had all the day-rooms and dormitories freshly decorated to promote a cheerful environment for all the patients that lived in the institution. Mr. Skene received a commendation from

3151-497: A telephone was connected to the institution, and the fruit and flower gardens were moved to make more room for a playground. In 1899 patient numbers had risen to 274, this had made necessary many parts of the buildings to be re-structured to make room for the addition of more children this included extending the dining room. The patients that were admitted in 1899 were mostly Scottish; however, one patient arrived from China and another from South Africa . The institution benefited from

3288-527: A time, though this practice still is periodically employed in the United States , India , Japan , and other countries. Modern psychiatric hospitals evolved from, and eventually replaced, the older lunatic asylum. Their development also entails the rise of organized institutional psychiatry . Hospitals known as bimaristans were built in the Middle East in the early ninth century; the first

3425-526: A very magical effect." Another possible inventor is Henry Langdon Childe , who purportedly once worked for De Philipsthal. He is said to have invented the dissolving views in 1807, and to have improved and completed the technique in 1818. The oldest known use of the term "dissolving views" occurs on playbills for Childe's shows at the Adelphi Theatre in London in 1837. Childe further popularized

3562-493: A waiting list of over one hundred and twenty names. The buildings of the institution needed repairs and alterations and in 1922 William J. Gibson, O.B.E. submitted plans for the works that were to take place. The work began in August 1922 and continued until 1925, parts of the first building had to be reconstructed entirely as they were in such poor repair. The Duchess of Montrose visited the institution in 1925 and spoke positively of

3699-612: Is far less risk of patients harming themselves or others. In Dublin , the Central Mental Hospital performs a similar function. Community hospitals across the United States regularly discharge mental health patients, who are then typically referred to out-patient treatment and therapy. A study of community hospital discharge data from 2003 to 2011, however, found that mental health hospitalizations had increased for both children and adults. Compared to other hospital utilization, mental health discharges for children were

3836-425: Is known to have studied samples of Wiesel's lens-making and instruments since 1653. Wiesel did make a ship's lantern around 1640 that has much in common with the magic lantern design that Griendel would later apply: a horizontal cylindrical body with a rosette chimney on top, a concave mirror behind a fixture for a candle or lamp inside and a biconvex lens at the front. There is no evidence that Wiesel actually ever made

3973-470: Is similar to the popular Diorama theatre paintings that originated in Paris in 1822. 19th century magic lantern broadsides often used the terms dissolving view , dioramic view , or simply diorama interchangeably. The effect was reportedly invented by phantasmagoria pioneer Paul de Philipsthal while in Ireland in 1803 or 1804. He thought of using two lanterns to make the spirit of Samuel appear out of

4110-557: Is widely known for his comprehensive critique of the use and abuse of the mental hospital system in Madness and Civilization . He argued that Tuke and Pinel's asylum was a symbolic recreation of the condition of a child under a bourgeois family. It was a microcosm symbolizing the massive structures of bourgeois society and its values: relations of Family–Children (paternal authority), Fault–Punishment (immediate justice), Madness–Disorder (social and moral order). Erving Goffman coined

4247-524: The Argand lamp in the 1790s helped to make the images brighter. The invention of limelight in the 1820s made them even brighter, emitting about 6000-8000 lumens . The invention of the intensely bright electric arc lamp in the 1860s eliminated the need for combustible gases or hazardous chemicals, and eventually the incandescent electric lamp further improved safety and convenience, although not brightness. Several types of projection systems existed before

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4384-663: The Home Secretary can, under various sections of the Mental Health Act, order the detention of offenders in a psychiatric hospital, but the term "criminally insane" is no longer legally or medically recognized. Secure psychiatric units exist in all regions of the UK for this purpose; in addition, there are a few specialist hospitals which offer treatment with high levels of security. These facilities are divided into three main categories: High, Medium and Low Secure. Although

4521-1118: The Isle of Man , and the Channel Islands , medium and low secure units exist but high secure units on the UK mainland are used for patients who qualify for the treatment under the Out of Area (Off-Island Placements) Referrals provision of the Mental Health Act 1983 . Among the three unit types, medium secure facilities are the most prevalent in the UK. As of 2009, there were 27 women-only units in England. Irish units include those at prisons in Portlaise, Castelrea, and Cork. Psychiatrist Thomas Szasz in Hungary has argued that psychiatric hospitals are like prisons unlike other kinds of hospitals, and that psychiatrists who coerce people (into treatment or involuntary commitment) function as judges and jailers, not physicians. Historian Michel Foucault

4658-521: The mental patient liberation movement . There are several different types of modern psychiatric hospitals, but all of them house people with mental illnesses of varying severity. In the United Kingdom , both crisis admissions and medium-term care are usually provided on acute admissions wards. Juvenile or youth wards in psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards are set aside for children or youth with mental illness. Long-term care facilities have

4795-430: The 1770s François Dominique Séraphin used magic lanterns to perform his "Ombres Chinoises" (Chinese shadows), a form of shadow play . Magic lanterns had also become a staple of science lecturing and museum events since Scottish lecturer Henry Moyes 's tour of America in 1785–86, when he recommended that all college laboratories procure one. French writer and educator Stéphanie Félicité, comtesse de Genlis popularized

4932-406: The 1950s. The magic lantern was not only a direct ancestor of the motion picture projector as a means for visual storytelling, but it could itself be used to project moving images. Some suggestion of movement could be achieved by alternating between pictures of different phases of a motion, but most magic lantern "animations" used two glass slides projected together — one with the stationary part of

5069-469: The 1973 academic investigation by Rosenhan and other similar experiments , several journalists have been willingly admitted to hospitals in order to conduct undercover journalism . These include: Magic lantern The magic lantern , also known by its Latin name lanterna magica , was an early type of image projector that used pictures—paintings, prints, or photographs —on transparent plates (usually made of glass), one or more lenses , and

5206-403: The 19th century and enabled a smooth and easy change of pictures. Stereopticons added more powerful light sources to optimize the projection of photographic slides. Originally the pictures were hand painted on glass slides. Initially, figures were rendered with black paint but soon transparent colors were also used. Sometimes the painting was done on oiled paper. Usually black paint was used as

5343-534: The Colony. The villas were completed in 1932 which allowed for two hundred and fifty more patients to be housed, Househill farm on the Larbert Estate was converted into a dairy farm for the institution. An appeal was made to the public to help fund the building of villas and ancillary premises, and due to the generous response, the Colony was able to open on 12 September 1935. The opening of the Colony expanded

5480-463: The Commissioners of Lunacy in 1883, Dr. Hamilton died in 1882 and was replaced by Dr. Leslie. In 1883 Mr. Skene continued to have the institution decorated so that the institution felt more home-like, this was achieved through mirrors, open fires in the fireplaces instead of the use of only heaters, statuettes, the number of toilets and bathrooms being increased and re-structuring the layout of

5617-530: The Education of the Imbecile Youth of Scotland'. Dr. and Mrs. Brodie educated the children during the time in Edinburgh, however; the building was too small for all the pupils and staff which meant the committee had to look for another site for the institution. It was necessary to find bigger premises for the institution, five acres near Larbert railway station were obtained to build a property and this

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5754-542: The Mental Welfare Commission replaced the Board of Control. A large number of patients meant that there were inadequate numbers of toilets and washing facilities for all the patients, there was also too few staff to look after all the patients and keeping staff was difficult. Inj the early 1970s the institute changed to become a hospital, the ward numbers that had previously been used were altered to become

5891-542: The Sun. In 1795, one M. Dicas offered an early magic lantern system, the Lucernal or Portable Eidouranian, that showed the orbiting planets. From around the 1820s mechanical astronomical slides became quite common. Various types of mechanisms were commonly used to add movement to the projected image: Mechanical slides with abstract special effects include: The effect of a gradual transition from one image to another, known as

6028-507: The aggression of some of the patients. In Western Europe , the first idea and set up for a proper mental hospital entered through Spain . A member of the Mercedarian Order named Juan Gilaberto Jofré traveled frequently to Islamic countries and observed several institutions that confined the insane. He proposed the founding of an institution exclusive for "sick people who had to be treated by doctors", something very modern for

6165-472: The annual excursion of a seaside picnic, two hundred pupils went on a trip to the Empire Exhibition at Bellahouston . The Park which had previously been the superintendent's house was converted to house 30 private female patients; also a Girl Guides group (1st Torwood) was started in 1939. The object of the institution was always to educate the patients in their care; education was not limited to

6302-504: The arrival of instrument maker Johann Franz Griendel in the city of Nürnberg , which Johann Zahn identified as one of the centers of magic lantern production in 1686. Griendel was indicated as the inventor of the magic lantern by Johann Christoph Kohlhans in a 1677 publication. It has been suggested that this tradition is older and that instrument maker Johann Wiesel (1583–1662) from Augsburg may have been making magic lanterns earlier on and possibly inspired Griendel and even Huygens. Huygens

6439-403: The autumn of 1937, the two new villas were completed which allowed for another one hundred patients to be housed at the institution. The Hostel for Colony attendants was finished in 1939, this housed twelve attendants and freed up beds in the villas for patients. The Colony accepted a further one hundred patients in 1940 due to another institution having to evacuate their patients; this meant that

6576-477: The building were estimated at £2,000; the committee held a Bazaar in the Music Hall, Edinburgh to help raise funds for the extension. Dr. Brodie was appointed as the medical superintendent of the institution. The importance of furnishing the institution to feel like a home for the children that would stay there, and also the focus on their education were the main priorities of the committee. The Constitution for

6713-434: The buildings to allow for another school room for the patients. By 1884 the number of patients at the institution was 178 and stayed around this number over the next few years. Mr. Skene required that part of the building be re-structured to allow for a shop to train the patients the importance of money and also practical skills. As well as dances that were held over the winter months, magic lantern shows were also provided for

6850-466: The care of the buildings and patients at the institute; more land was purchased so that more patients could be housed at the site. The target for patient numbers was 1,300 patients through the expansion of current buildings; this was to cost £1 million and be completed by 1959. The old villas once held only fifty patients, but this was to rise to between fifty-eight and sixty-two. The Mental Health (Scotland) Act 1960 ( 8 & 9 Eliz. 2 . c. 61) meant that

6987-436: The care that the ex-patients of the institute needed, that is when the idea of an industrial colony began. The committee for the institution and a few of the superintendents of the institution had previously voiced their concerns that only being able to look after the children was a small portion of what could be achieved. The adults that they sent out into the world sometimes struggled to get jobs after their care and education;

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7124-534: The category "Humorous" provided some entertainment, but the focus on education was obvious and very successful. Through the mid-19th century, the market for magic lanterns was concentrated in Europe with production focused primarily on Italy, France, and England. In 1848, a New York optician began advertising imported slides and locally produced magic lanterns. By 1860, however, mass production began to make magic lanterns more widely available and affordable, with much of

7261-448: The classroom but also included assisting the children to grow up with good behaviour and the skills to help themselves. By including training in employable skills the hope was that the children would gain enough experience to obtain employment when they left the institution, and where this may not be possible, then the aim was to teach the children to become useful at home, as much for themselves as well as for their family. Those in charge of

7398-423: The colony being established on the grounds of Larbert Estate. The boys' football team began in 1931 with the girls' hockey team being formed the next again year. In 1932, the five villas at the colony were completed, each villa held fifty patients each with Larbert House having thirty-six places available inside of it. Househill farm was converted into a dairy farm and the boys of the institution that could help work

7535-959: The condition are often features of such units. Examples of this include the Three Bridges Unit at St Bernard's Hospital in West London and the John Munroe Hospital in Staffordshire . These units have the goal of treatment and rehabilitation to allow for transition back into society within a short time-frame, usually lasting two or three years. Not all patients' treatment meets this criterion, however, leading larger hospitals to retain this role. These hospitals provide stabilization and rehabilitation for those who are actively experiencing uncontrolled symptoms of mental disorders such as depression, bipolar disorders, eating disorders, and so on. One type of institution for

7672-411: The cost of erecting the building to be £1,800. The funds for the building were partly raised by a Ladies' Auxiliary Committee in Edinburgh, who managed to raise £1,350 through mainly small donations. The first part of the building opened in 1863, and there was an official opening ceremony on the 23 May with the building costing £1,969 in total. There was still an issue of space however and plans to extend

7809-566: The court of King Frederick III of Denmark . This scared some courtiers, but the king dismissed their cowardice and requested to repeat the figure three times. The king died a few days later. After Walgensten died, his widow sold his lanterns to the Royal Danish Collection  [ da ] , but they have not been preserved. Walgensten is credited with coining the term Laterna Magica , assuming he communicated this name to Claude Dechales who, in 1674, published about seeing

7946-477: The difficulty of distinguishing sane patients from insane patients. Franco Basaglia , a leading psychiatrist who inspired and planned the psychiatric reform in Italy , also defined the mental hospital as an oppressive, locked, and total institution in which prison-like, punitive rules are applied, in order to gradually eliminate its own contents. Patients, doctors and nurses are all subjected (at different levels) to

8083-745: The dissolving views at the Royal Polytechnic Institution in the early 1840s. Despite later reports about the early invention, and apart from De Philipsthal's 1812 performance, no reports of dissolving view shows before the 1820s are known. Some cases may involve confusion with the Diorama or similar media. In 1826, Scottish magician and ventriloquist M. Henry introduced what he described as "beautiful dissolvent scenes", "imperceptibly changing views", "dissolvent views", and "Magic Views"—created "by Machinery invented by M. Henry." In 1827, Henry Langdon Childe presented "Scenic Views, showing

8220-520: The effects, but was disappointed about the very simple mechanisms. Nonetheless, he bought seven moving slides, as well as twelve slides with four pictures each, which he thought were delicately painted. Several types of mechanical slides were described and illustrated in Dutch professor of mathematics, physics, philosophy, medicine, and astronomy Pieter van Musschenbroek 's second edition (1739) of Beginsels Der Natuurkunde (see illustration below). Pieter

8357-539: The extension plans had been drawn up and estimated at the cost of £10,000 which would allow for 200 patients to stay at the institution. Dr. Brodie resigned from the institution in 1867, Dr. Adam Addison took on the role of medical superintendent after having six years experience in the Royal Lunatic Asylum , Montrose . The new buildings had started to be built in 1869, 59 pupils resided at the institution in this year. On 30 October 1869, Queen Victoria gave

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8494-556: The first horizontal biunial lantern, dubbed the "Biscenascope" was made by the optician Mr. Clarke and presented at the Royal Adelaide Gallery in London on 5 December 1840. The earliest known illustration of a vertical biunial lantern, probably provided by E.G. Wood, appeared in the Horne & Thornthwaite catalogue in 1857. Later on triple lanterns enabled additional effects, for instance the effect of snow falling while

8631-399: The focus in these units is to make life as normal as possible for patients while continuing treatment to the point where they can be discharged. However, patients are usually still not allowed to hold their own medications in their rooms because of the risk of an impulsive overdose. While some open units are physically unlocked, other open units still use locked entrances and exits, depending on

8768-545: The fore in the 1960s has opposed many of the practices, conditions, or existence of mental hospitals; due to the extreme conditions in them. The psychiatric consumer/survivor movement has often objected to or campaigned against conditions in mental hospitals or their use, voluntarily or involuntarily. The mental patient liberation movement emphatically opposes involuntary treatment but it generally does not object to any psychiatric treatments that are consensual, provided that both parties can withdraw consent at any time. Alongside

8905-730: The goal of treatment and rehabilitation within a short time-frame (two or three years). Another institution for the mentally ill is a community-based halfway house . In the United States, there are high acuity and low acuity crisis facilities (or Crisis Stabilization Units). High acuity crisis stabilization units serve individuals who are actively suicidal, violent, or intoxicated. Low acuity crisis facilities include peer respites, social detoxes, and other programs to serve individuals who are not actively suicidal/violent. Open psychiatric units are not as secure as crisis stabilization units. They are not used for acutely suicidal people; instead,

9042-438: The gymnasium in 1936, to allow for the children to listen to more music and dance if they wanted to. The numbers of patients at the institution had risen to over seven hundred by 1936. In 1936 a paddling pool was added beside the playground, six new swings and a see-saw were also added. In 1937 each child that was a patient at the institute was given a commemorative souvenir for the coronation of King George VI . In 1938, instead of

9179-417: The hospital had to be made into an eighth villa and day rooms were lost to house everyone. The Colony boys replanted the woods, in 1941, that had been felled at the outbreak of war. The outbreak of World War II meant that the plans to build seven villas for the institute to house the patients were put on hold, the villas were to be similar to the ones that currently stood at the Colony. The male staff at both

9316-447: The image—and onward into a lens at the front of the apparatus. The lens adjusted to focus the plane of the slide at the distance of the projection screen, which could be simply a white wall, and it therefore formed an enlarged image of the slide on the screen. Some lanterns, including those of Christiaan Huygens and Jan van Musschenbroek, used three lenses for the objective . Biunial lanterns, with two objectives, became common during

9453-417: The institute over the last three years, the cost of construction was estimated at £1,600 of which funding for a large part of it had been acquired by 1873. A kitchen-garden had been opened in 1874 to provide the institute with more vegetables for their meals. Over two hundred patients had stayed in the institution by 1874; however, there was a limit to how long a patient could stay which was five years. In 1875

9590-617: The institute was left without patients as they were settled elsewhere. A small part of the Colony site near to Larbert Cross was used for the Lochview development which was to take over from the Royal Scottish National Hospital. The last few patients left the original sites in 1991, with Lochview opening in September 1992, the five original villas and administrative block built in the Colony site were demolished

9727-421: The institutes capacity to 750 patients. In 1936 privileges for the boys included passes which allowed them to leave the institution to go to football matches and the pictures, these were only available to those that were commended for their excellent behaviour. By 1937 the Colony was fully occupied, and two more villas were proposed to keep up with the demand for places, six more beds were added to Larbert House. By

9864-460: The institution a generous donation of £100; she continued to donate throughout her reign. The new buildings were completed in 1870, and this gave more room for the teaching of lessons. As well as lessons the patients were employed to learn skills with the boys being taught by the gardener, joiner and shoe-maker and the girls being taught by the domestic servants. The patients that were girls had also been taught needlework, knitting and fancy work, during

10001-489: The institution and the Colony were significantly reduced because of enlistment. Every window was blacked out, and the gardens were ploughed to allow for more produce to be planted, the pigs and lambs that once fed the patients and staff were no longer allowed to be killed for food for the institute and Colony. By the end of 1940, over nine hundred patients were staying at the institute, the level of staff kept falling due to men being called up to enlist and nurses going to help in

10138-463: The institution knew that those brought up in their walls could achieve more than what the community outside the institution was able to do. The idea of an industrial colony was a dream, the land that the institution had was too small to allow for a farm and bigger workshops, however when the sale for Larbert House and Estate came up for sale in 1926, the committee bought the Estate. The industrial colony

10275-491: The institution wanted the buildings to feel like a home, there was no uniform, and the children were formed into groups so that they could look out for one another. The ethos of the Colony was similar to that of the institutes, the committee and staff had realised that there was an issue of educating patients until they were twenty-one, or until they were released to their parents upon request before their eighteenth. The patients still needed to be cared for but no place catered for

10412-472: The institution was confirmed by the committee in 1864, and the first election for the committee happened on 10 July 1863. Twenty-two children resided in the building by 1864, in January of that year, there had been a small fire in an outbuilding of the institution. By 1865 the institution was drawing up plans to double the sleeping quarters for the patients. Forty patients were staying at the institution by 1866,

10549-419: The institution which the committee was to meet and discuss. By 1881 the grounds had been fenced, and new sewage pipes had been fitted. Dr. Ireland resigned in 1882 and was replaced in the role by Mr. Alexander Skene, for medical knowledge Dr. Hamilton became the medical officer to work alongside Mr. Skene in the running of the institution. Mr. Skene worked to show the positive points of having patients working on

10686-413: The introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, most modern psychiatric hospitals emphasize treatment, usually including a combination of psychiatric medications and psychotherapy , that assist patients in functioning in the outside world. Many countries have prohibited the use of physical restraints on patients, which includes tying psychiatric patients to their beds for days or even months at

10823-429: The introduction of effective evidence-based treatments, modern psychiatric hospitals provide a primary emphasis on treatment; and further, they attempt—where possible—to help patients control their own lives in the outside world with the use of a combination of psychiatric drugs and psychotherapy . These treatments can be involuntary. Involuntary treatments are among the many psychiatric practices which are questioned by

10960-468: The invention of the magic lantern. Giovanni Fontana , Leonardo da Vinci and Cornelis Drebbel described or drew image projectors that had similarities to the magic lantern. In the 17th century, there was an immense interest in optics. The telescope and microscope were invented and apart from being useful to some scientists, such instruments were especially popular as entertaining curiosities to people who could afford them. The magic lantern would prove

11097-399: The journey from China to Belgium of Italian Jesuit missionary Martino Martini . Some reports say that Martini lectured throughout Europe with a magic lantern, which he might have imported from China, but there's no evidence that it used anything other than Kircher's technique. However, Tacquet was a correspondent and friend of Christiaan Huygens and may thus have been a very early adapter of

11234-524: The land. This meant that much of the produce was grown by the Institute for those that lived at the institute, including potatoes, oatmeal, roots and green vegetables. In 1934 a poultry farm was added which allowed for fresh eggs for the institution; also a psychologist joined the staff at the institute. Dr. Clarkson retired in 1935 after working at the institution since 1894; he was replaced by Dr. Thomas Spence. A wireless radio and speakers were wired up in

11371-508: The lantern to the court of King Louis XIV of France at the Louvre, Christiaan asked Lodewijk to sabotage the lantern. Christiaan initially referred to the magic lantern as "la lampe" and "la lanterne", but in the last years of his life he used the then common term "laterna magica" in some notes. In 1694, he drew the principle of a "laterna magica" with two lenses. Thomas Rasmussen Walgensten  [ da ] ( c.  1627 –1681),

11508-410: The late 19th and early 20th centuries, psychiatric institutions ceased using terms such as "madness", "lunacy" or "insanity", which assumed a unitary psychosis, and began instead splitting into numerous mental diseases, including catatonia, melancholia, and dementia praecox, which is now known as schizophrenia . In 1961, sociologist Erving Goffman described a theory of the " total institution " and

11645-430: The late 19th century, smaller versions were also mass-produced as toys. The magic lantern was in wide use from the 18th century until the mid-20th century when it was superseded by a compact version that could hold many 35 mm photographic slides: the slide projector . The magic lantern used a concave mirror behind a light source to direct the light through a small rectangular sheet of glass—a "lantern slide" that bore

11782-582: The lens, resulting in a brighter projection, and it would become a standard part of most of the lanterns that were made later. Petit may have copied it from Walgensten, but he expressed that he made a lamp stronger than any he had ever seen. Starting in 1661, Huygens corresponded with London optical instrument-maker Richard Reeve . Reeve was soon selling magic lanterns, demonstrated one in his shop on 17 May 1663 to Balthasar de Monconys , and sold one to Samuel Pepys in August 1666. One of Christiaan Huygens' contacts imagined how Athanasius Kircher would use

11919-751: The lowest while the most rapidly increasing hospitalizations were for adults under 64. Some units have been opened to provide therapeutically enhanced Treatment, a subcategory to the three main hospital unit types. In the UK, high secure hospitals exist, including Ashworth Hospital in Merseyside , Broadmoor Hospital in Crowthorne , Rampton Secure Hospital in Retford , and the State Hospital in Carstairs , Scotland . In Northern Ireland ,

12056-450: The machine of the "erudite Dane" in 1665 in Lyon. There are many gaps and uncertainties in the magic lantern's recorded history. A separate early magic lantern tradition seems to have been developed in southern Germany and includes lanterns with horizontal cylindrical bodies, while Walgensten's lantern and probably Huygens' both had vertical bodies. This tradition dates at least to 1671, with

12193-490: The magic lantern in his plan for a kind of world exhibition with projections of "attempts at flight, artistic meteors, optical effects, representations of the sky with the star and comets, and a model of the earth (...), fireworks, water fountains, and ships in rare forms; then mandrakes and other rare plants and exotic animals." In 1685–1686, Johannes Zahn was an early advocate for use of the device for educational purposes: detailed anatomical illustrations were difficult to draw on

12330-500: The magic lantern itself. This became a staple technique in phantasmagoria shows in the late 18th century, often with the lantern sliding on rails or riding on small wheels and hidden from the view of the audience behind the projection screen. In 1645, Kircher had already suggested projecting live insects and shadow puppets from the surface of the mirror in his Steganographic system to perform dramatic scenes. Christiaan Huygens' 1659 sketches (see above) suggest he intended to animate

12467-617: The magic lantern technique that Huygens developed around this period. Dutch scientist Christiaan Huygens is considered as one of the possible inventors of the magic lantern. He knew Athanasius Kircher 's 1645 edition of Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae which described a primitive projection system with a focusing lens and text or pictures painted on a concave mirror reflecting sunlight. Christiaan's father Constantijn had been acquainted with Cornelis Drebbel who used some unidentified optical techniques to transform himself and to summon appearances in magical performances. Constantijn Huygens wrote about

12604-457: The magic lantern: "If he would know about the invention of the Lantern he would surely frighten the cardinals with specters." Kircher would eventually learn about the existence of the magic lantern via Thomas Walgensten and introduced it as "Lucerna Magica" in the widespread 1671 second edition of his book Ars Magna Lucis et Umbrae . Kircher claimed that Thomas Walgensten reworked his ideas from

12741-542: The many 'pauper lunatics'. Nine counties first applied, the first public asylum opening in 1812 in Nottinghamshire . In 1828, the newly appointed Commissioners in Lunacy were empowered to license and supervise private asylums. The Lunacy Act 1845 made the construction of asylums in every county compulsory with regular inspections on behalf of the Home Secretary , and required asylums to have written regulations and

12878-477: The mental institution may be used for the incarceration of political prisoners as a form of punishment. One notable historical example was the use of punitive psychiatry in the Soviet Union and China . Like the former Soviet Union and China, Belarus also has used punitive psychiatry toward political opponents and critics of current government in modern times. In the United Kingdom, criminal courts or

13015-415: The mentally ill is a community-based halfway house . These facilities provide assisted living for an extended period of time for patients with mental illnesses, and they often aid in the transition to self-sufficiency. These institutions are considered to be one of the most important parts of a mental health system by many psychiatrists , although some localities lack sufficient funding. In some countries,

13152-405: The motions, changes and actions that may this way be represented, would readily believe them to be supernatural and miraculous." In the same year, Francesco Eschinardi published Centuriae opticae pars altera seu dialogi optici pars tertia , which included a detailed description of the construction of the magic lantern. In 1675, German polymath and philosopher Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz proposed

13289-481: The names of lochs and rivers at the Colony and island names for the site for the children. The site was taken over by The Forth Valley Health Board in April 1974, and patient numbers remained around 1,300 into the 1980s. The general opinion had changed from taking care of those with mental health issues, instead of sending them away patients should be cared for in the community and by their own family. The original site of

13426-494: The need for another extension had become apparent, the expansion would allow for a further 120 patients to live in the institution, the cost had been estimated at £12,000. By 1877 most of the new building had been completed, and patients had begun to live in the portion of the building that had been completed. The gymnasium and the rest of the new building were completed by 1878; patients families had been requesting to have accommodation to stay with younger patients during their time at

13563-511: The next decades prove that the new medium was not just used for horror shows, but that many kinds of subjects were projected. Griendel didn't mention scary pictures when he described the magic lantern to Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in December 1671: "An optical lantern which presents everything that one desires, figures, paintings, portraits, faces, hunts, even an entire comedy with all its lively colours." In 1675, Leibniz saw an important role for

13700-487: The numbers of patients had risen to 194, by 1891 it had increased further to 204. Mr. Skene continued his improvements throughout the institution including a new conservatory for flowers throughout the rooms, new pipes for water and new pipelines for gas to improve the quantity to be received at the institution. The flow of water was significantly enhanced through the change to the Falkirk and Larbert Water Trust. A new laundry

13837-470: The opening of a covered playground in 1900; this allowed patients to exercise no matter the weather outside. In 1901 a mortuary was erected on the grounds of the institution. Mr. Skene continued to make changes to the institution and resigned as Superintendent after thirty years in the position in 1912, Dr. R. Clarkson took over the job. During Mr. Skene's time at the institution, the numbers of patients had gone from 124 to over 350; his focus had always been on

13974-415: The patients by Colonel Nimmo. A new isolation building had to be provided to stop the spread of infectious diseases; this was finished in 1886. Mr. Skene pushed for a gate lodge to be built so that married male workers did not have to walk for miles to get to there place of work and also meant that if there was a fire or an emergency the men were close by to help, the gate lodge was completed in 1868. By 1890

14111-402: The patients could be fed and a new drying green was installed for all the extra washing. The boys' studies in employable skills had been extended to include sack sewing, mat making and brush making and in the period of one year, the boys had managed to make 270 brushes, 30 doormats and 72 grain sacks. The need for a hospital building for the institute had become pressing after two epidemics had hit

14248-538: The phrase "Maximum Secure" is often used in the media, there is no such classification. "Local Secure" is a common misnomer for Low Secure units, as patients are often detained there by local criminal courts for psychiatric assessment before sentencing. Run by the National Health Service , these facilities which provide psychiatric assessments can also provide treatment and accommodation in a safe hospital environment which prevents absconding. Thus there

14385-411: The picture and the other with the part that could be set in motion by hand or by a simple mechanism. Motion in animated slides was mostly limited to either two phases of a movement or transformation, or a more gradual singular movement (e.g., a train passing through a landscape). These limitations made subjects with repetitive movements popular, like the sails on a windmill turning around or children on

14522-402: The previous edition of this book into a better lantern. Kircher described this improved lantern, but it was illustrated in a confusing manner: the pictures seem technically incorrect—with both the projected image and the transparencies (H) shown upright (while the text states that they should be inverted), the hollow mirror is too high in one picture and absent in the other, and the lens (I) is at

14659-443: The process by which it takes efforts to maintain predictable and regular behavior on the part of both "guard" and "captor", suggesting that many of the features of such institutions serve the ritual function of ensuring that both classes of people know their function and social role , in other words of " institutionalizing " them. Asylums as a key text in the development of deinstitutionalization . With successive waves of reform and

14796-499: The production in the latter half of the 19th century concentrated in Germany. These smaller lanterns had smaller glass sliders, which instead of wooden frames usually had colorful strips of paper glued around their edges with the images printed directly on the glass. The popularity of magic lanterns waned after the introduction of movies in the 1890s, but they remained a common medium until slide projectors became widespread during

14933-439: The rejection expressed in his letters to his brother, Huygens must have familiarized several people with the lantern. In 1664 Parisian engineer Pierre Petit wrote to Huygens to ask for some specifications of the lantern, because he was trying to construct one after seeing the lantern of "the dane" (probably Walgensten). The lantern that Petit was constructing had a concave mirror behind the lamp. This directed more light through

15070-456: The same process of institutionalism. American psychiatrist Loren Mosher noticed that the psychiatric institution itself gave him master classes in the art of the "total institution": labeling, unnecessary dependency, the induction and perpetuation of powerlessness, the degradation ceremony , authoritarianism, and the primacy of institutional needs over the patients, whom it was ostensibly there to serve. The anti-psychiatry movement coming to

15207-417: The same year. Huygens soon seemed to regret this invention, as he thought it was too frivolous. In a 1662 letter to his brother Lodewijk he claimed he thought of it as some old "bagatelle" and seemed convinced that it would harm the family's reputation if people found out the lantern came from him. Christiaan had reluctantly sent a lantern to their father, but when he realized that Constantijn intended to show

15344-417: The ships around by increasing the movement of the separate slides. Guyot also detailed how projection on smoke could be used to create the illusion of ghosts hovering in the air, which would become a technique commonly used in phantasmagoria . An especially intricate multiple rackwork mechanism was developed to show the movements of the planets (sometimes accompanied by revolving satellites) revolving around

15481-407: The skeleton to have it take off its head and place it back on its neck. This can be seen as an indication that the very first magic lantern demonstrations may already have included projections of simple animations. In 1668, Robert Hooke wrote about the effects of a type of magic lantern installation: "Spectators not well versed in optics, that should see the various apparitions and disappearances,

15618-420: The staffing levels were elevated due to more staff being acquired. Dunipace House and Estate of around six hundred acres were purchased in 1946; this was to increase the size of farmland and also allow for more patients to be housed at the institute. In 1946, a proposed trunk road to run through both estates threatened how the Colony worked as adult patients could move animals and machinery between field unaided, if

15755-424: The sudden appearance of images if the lantern would be hidden in a separate room, so the audience would be ignorant of the cause of their appearance. The earliest reports and illustrations of lantern projections suggest that they were all intended to scare the audience. Pierre Petit called the apparatus "lanterne de peur" (lantern of fear) in his 1664 letter to Huygens. Surviving lantern plates and descriptions from

15892-477: The system of the Swedish scientist Carl Linnaeus . The same year many other slides appeared in the company's catalogue: "The Kings and Queens of England" (9 sliders taken from David Hume's History of England), "Astronomical Diagrams and Constellations" (9 sliders taken from Friedrich Wilhelm Herschel's textbooks), "Views and Buildings", Ancient and Modern Costume (62 sliders from various sources). Fifteen sliders of

16029-570: The term " total institution " for mental hospitals and similar places which took over and confined a person's whole life. Goffman placed psychiatric hospitals in the same category as concentration camps , prisons , military organizations, orphanages , and monasteries. In his book Asylums Goffman describes how the institutionalisation process socialises people into the role of a good patient, someone "dull, harmless and inconspicuous"; in turn, it reinforces notions of chronicity in severe mental illness. The Rosenhan experiment of 1973 demonstrated

16166-459: The time. The foundation was carried out in 1409 thanks to several wealthy men from Valencia who contributed funds for its completion. It was considered the first institution in the world at that time specialized in the treatment of mental illnesses. Later on, physicians, including Philippe Pinel at Bicêtre Hospital in France and William Tuke at York Retreat in England, began to advocate for

16303-618: The trunk road were to go ahead it would cut off the best farmland from the Colony buildings. In 1948, the National Health Service Scotland Act meant that the institution was taken over by the State The institute had run for 87 years and was handed over to the NHS on the 5th of July 1948, 1,400 acres and 850 patients against the 5 acres and 28 patients they had at the start. The Western Regional Board took over

16440-482: The type of patients admitted. Another type of psychiatric hospital is medium term, which provides care lasting several weeks. Most drugs used for psychiatric purposes take several weeks to take effect, and the main purpose of these hospitals is to monitor the patient for the first few weeks of therapy to ensure the treatment is effective. Juvenile wards are sections of psychiatric hospitals or psychiatric wards set aside for children with mental illness. However, there are

16577-577: The use of magic lanterns as an educational tool in the late 18th century when using projected images of plants to teach botany. Her educational methods were published in America in English translation during the early 1820s. A type of lantern was constructed by Moses Holden between 1814 and 1815 for illustrating his astronomical lectures. In 1821, Philip Carpenter's London company, which became Carpenter and Westley after his death, started manufacturing

16714-440: The various effects of light and shade," with a series of subjects that became classics for the dissolving views. In December 1827, De Philipsthal returned with a show that included "various splendid views (...) transforming themselves imperceptibly (as if it were by Magic) from one form into another." Biunial lanterns, with two projecting optical sets in one apparatus, were produced to more easily project dissolving views. Possibly

16851-436: The viewers saw animated slides or motion depicted in still images. In 1698, German engraver and publisher Johann Christoph Weigel described several lantern slides with mechanisms that made glass parts move over one fixed glass slide, for instance by the means of a silk thread, or grooves in which the mobile part slides. By 1709 a German optician and glass grinder named Themme (or Temme) made moving lantern slides, including

16988-649: The viewing of mental illness as a disorder that required compassionate treatment that would aid in the rehabilitation of the victim. In the Western world, the arrival of institutionalisation as a solution to the problem of madness was very much an advent of the nineteenth century. The first public mental asylums were established in Britain; the passing of the County Asylums Act 1808 empowered magistrates to build rate-supported asylums in every county to house

17125-506: The war. The animals at the farm were raised to be killed, and the produce was taken away, none of the meat was given to the institute, by 1942 the oatmeal that was grown on the property was also taken to be used elsewhere. In the early 1940s the 4th Larbert, Boys' Brigade was started. By the start of 1944, the Gogarburn Hospital evacuees had been returned which meant that the institute's numbers returned to under eight hundred,

17262-476: The welfare of those residing in the institution. By 1913 the furniture in the school rooms was changed to suit the requirements of the class size, much consideration was given to the Mental Deficiency Bill and what would happen if it was passed. In 1914 the home was renamed the Scottish National Institution, Larbert, this was due to the original Mental Deficiency Act becoming law. A water tank

17399-403: The work for the institution. In 1917 the institution was granted the honour of using the suffix of Royal in its title by King George the V , it was now known as The Royal Scottish National Institution. In 1918 the institution was granted a licence that would allow 500 patients to become residents, new beds had to be provided as the numbers of patients had already risen to 468. The new Nurses home

17536-535: The work that was being achieved in Larbert. In 1926 the Board were able to acquire Larbert House and Estate, this was prompted by a need to expand how many occupants could be treated at the hospital. Included in the sale was two farms that were leased for the next five years but once the leases were finished, they would be used to allow older students to learn the skills of labouring on a farm. The Scottish Council of Women Citizens' Associations gave £10,000 to go towards

17673-602: The wrong side of the slide. However, experiments with a construction as illustrated in Kircher's book proved that it could work as a point light-source projection system. The projected image in one of the illustrations shows a person in purgatory or hellfire and the other depicts Death with a scythe and an hourglass. According to legend Kircher secretly used the lantern at night to project the image of Death on windows of apostates to scare them back into church. Kircher did suggest in his book that an audience would be more astonished by

17810-409: The year of 1869-1870 they had managed to knit and sew handkerchiefs, shirts, pinafores, sheets, stockings and towels. Cricket and croquet were played during the summer months and dances were held during the winter months. At the end of 1870, Dr. Addison resigned from his post and was replaced by Dr. W. W. Ireland. In 1872 there were 86 patients at the institute, a new cooker had to be fitted so that all

17947-622: Was built in Baghdad under the leadership of Harun al-Rashid . While not devoted solely to patients with psychiatric disorders, early psychiatric hospitals often contained wards for patients exhibiting mania or other psychological distress. Because of cultural taboos against refusing to care for one's family members, mentally ill patients would be surrendered to a bimaristan only if the patient demonstrated violence, incurable chronic illness, or some other extremely debilitating ailment. Psychological wards were typically enclosed by iron bars owing to

18084-458: Was completed in 1919; it housed eighty members of the nursing staff and this gave more room in other buildings to allow for the rise in patients to the institution. By 1920 the institution had 500 patients throughout the year which meant there had to be a serious consideration of how the institution would house more patients. By 1922 the institution was the largest of its kind in Scotland and had

18221-402: Was estimated to cost around £70,000; this would be raised through public donations. Larbert House was repurposed so that 36 adults with mental health problems could live on the Estate; the committee looked to extend this through building villas on the land so that more patients could be housed. At first two villas were to be erected but this increased to five villas, due to the demand for places in

18358-586: Was fitted in 1892, with the old laundry being converted into classrooms and the previous classrooms being re-purposed as dormitories. In 1894 a licence was granted to the institution which allowed for 230 patients to be housed at the institution, in the same year 227 were living at the institution. The institution was connected to the sewage works in 1895; the superintendent was housed in a new building so that his apartment could be re-purposed to accommodate more patients. The number of patients had risen to 242, with one patient coming from Brazil and another from France ,

18495-490: Was founded as the 'Home for Imbecile and Invalid Children' in 1863. The architect for the original building was Frederick Thomas Pilkington , his own house Egremont was started after the building at Larbert was completed, both were the High Victorian Gothic revival style that Pilkington favoured. Pilkington travelled to England to look at the designs of leading institutions there, he drew up plans and estimated

18632-436: Was installed in 1914 in case of a fire; also the buildings that could be were roofed with lead and flat roofs were re-roofed in zinc. By 1915 the institution had over 400 patients residing inside it, this meant that many buildings were in need of extension, the most important of which was the sanatorium . World War I meant that the expansion of buildings was delayed due to the scarcity of materials and of men that could complete

18769-404: Was the brother of Jan van Musschenbroek, the maker of an outstanding magic lantern with excellent lenses and a diaphragm (see illustration above). In 1770, Edmé-Gilles Guyot described a method of using two slides for the depiction of a storm at sea, with waves on one slide and ships and a few clouds on another. Lanternists could project the illusion of mild waves turning into a wild sea tossing

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