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47-629: The Royal Trust Company was founded in 1892 as the Royal Trust and Fidelity Company when on 24 June of that year its articles of incorporation were assented by the Parliament of Quebec. The founding members were Edward S. Clouston , J. Burnett, Frank Paul, George A. Drummond , Richard B. Angus , David Burke, C. G. Clouston, John Cassils, R. D. McGibbon, Louis-Joseph Forget , Charles R. Hosmer , James Ross , Herbert S. Holt , and D. Macmaster. Of its charter board of 16 members, nine were members of

94-522: A jury of 15 for indictable offences and sitting alone in summary proceedings for summary offences . A sheriff must be legally qualified , and have been qualified as an advocate or solicitor for at least 10 years. The maximum sentencing power of sheriff in summary proceedings is 12 months imprisonment , or a fine of up to £10,000. In solemn proceedings the maximum sentence is 5 years imprisonment, or an unlimited fine. Sheriffs also preside over fatal accident inquiries which are convened to examine

141-455: A US sheriff, consisting of the duties of civilian as well as criminal peace officers. The lensmann was directly subordinate to the fylkesmann (county governor) until 1994, when the office became subordinate to the local chief of police ( politimester ). In 2000, a lot of civilian duties were transferred to the regular police ( politi ), and much of the difference between the politi and lensmann disappeared. The office

188-576: A committee to preserve Mount Royal Park . She was elected an office-bearer of the Woman's National Immigration Society. The family residences included a country house named Boisbriant at 170 Senneville Road in Senneville, Quebec , which was formerly owned by Sir John Abbott . His nephew, James Campbell Clouston , played a pivotal role during the Dunkirk evacuation . Sheriff A sheriff

235-528: A noble they were loyal to, bore a grudge. Groups of sheriffs with significant connections had more de facto power in the legal system than most English knights, despite their lack of land. The term and duties were preserved in England even after the Norman Conquest . However, in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland, the role evolved over the centuries. In modern times the sheriff or high sheriff

282-577: A review of the role of sheriffs in state work. Under section 12(5) of the Court Officers Act 1945, an appointee for sheriff must be either: Among cities in India , only Mumbai (Bombay), Kolkata (Calcutta) and Chennai (Madras), the three former British presidencies, have had sheriffs. First established in the 18th century based on the English high sheriffs, they were the executive arm of

329-417: A series of duties that included keeping the peace and providing men at arms to support the king in times of strife. Another important duty was the collection of taxes on behalf of the crown. This process involved each division of the county (known as the hundred ) paying geld (a form of land tax). To assess how much people had to pay, a clerk and a knight were sent by the king to each county . They sat with

376-474: A sheriff may be restricted to civil procedure enforcement duties, while in other counties, the sheriff may serve as the principal police force and have jurisdiction over all of the county's municipalities , including those that maintain their own municipal police departments. A sheriff often administers the county jails and is responsible for court security functions within their jurisdiction. The office of sheriff as county official in colonial North America

423-520: A sheriff, is called a shrievalty in England and Wales, and a sheriffdom in Scotland. In modern times, the specific combination of legal, political and ceremonial duties of a sheriff varies greatly from country to country. The Old English term designated a royal official, a reeve, responsible for managing a shire or county on behalf of the king. The term is a contraction of " shire reeve " ( Old English scīrgerefa ). The sheriff had

470-651: A sheriffs service. In most of Canada, sheriffs are almost exclusively concerned with courtroom security, post-arrest offender transfer, the serving of legal processes, and the execution of civil judgments. Regardless of their exact duties, sheriffs, sheriff's deputies, and sheriffs officers are considered under "peace officers" in the Criminal Code . The Alberta Sheriffs Branch is responsible for courtroom and legislative security, offender transport, commercial vehicle safety and enforcement, and fish and wildlife enforcement. In addition to this uniquely broad mandate,

517-462: Is a government official , with varying duties, existing in some countries with historical ties to England where the office originated. There is an analogous, although independently developed, office in Iceland , the sýslumaður , which is commonly translated to English as sheriff . In British English , the political or legal office of a sheriff, term of office of a sheriff, or jurisdiction of

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564-436: Is a ceremonial county or city official. Some commercial organisations use the term to refer to High Court enforcement officers , who were known as sheriff's officers prior to 2004. In Scotland the sheriff is a judicial office holder in the sheriff courts , and they are members of the judiciary of Scotland . The most senior sheriffs are the sheriffs principal , who have administrative as well as judicial authority in

611-446: Is appointed under section 12(3) of the Court Officers Act 1945, to perform some of the functions that would otherwise be performed by the county registrar . In practice, two types of sheriff have been appointed: Four sheriffs (one each for Dublin city , County Dublin , Cork city , and County Cork ) are full-time public officials whose responsibilities are: Fourteen sheriffs, colloquially called "Revenue sheriffs", have only

658-417: Is now called politistasjonssjef (police station chief), or in some places politiavdelingssjef (police unit chief). Because the police has taken over most typical 'sheriffs' duties from the year 2000 onwards, there is no longer a difference between the former rank of a "sheriff's deputy" ( lensmannsbetjent ) and that of a regular police officer ( politibetjent ). The lensmann has been elected by

705-515: Is recorded from the 1640s. In the modern United States, the scope of a sheriff varies across states and counties (which in Louisiana are called "parishes" and in Alaska "boroughs"). In South Africa, the sheriffs are officers of the court and function as the executive arm of the court. They are responsible for serving court processes like summonses and subpoenas. They play an important role in

752-564: Is responsible for courtroom security and offender transport. The issuance of court orders is the responsibility of court bailiffs. These services are contracted out to private civil law enforcement firms. The Office of the High Sheriff of Newfoundland and Labrador provides protection and enforcement duties in support of the provincial, supreme, and appeal courts in the province. The sheriffs also assists local law enforcement agencies with additional resources to ensure public safety under

799-547: Is the responsibility of armed provincial special constables , while offender transport is the responsibility of the province's correction service. The sheriff is most often an elected county official who serves as the chief civilian law enforcement officer of their jurisdiction. The sheriff enforces court orders and mandates and may perform duties such as evictions , seizing property and assets pursuant to court orders, and serving warrants and legal papers . In some counties where urban areas have their own police departments ,

846-544: The Bank of Montreal 's board. The firm shared the premises of that bank from 1895. Donald Smith , who at the time presided over the Bank of Montreal, was the inaugural president of Royal Trust. In 1895, Royal Trust and Fidelity changed its name to Royal Trust Company. Royal Trust operated out of the Bank of Montreal Building until 1912. That year, it moved into the new Royal Trust Building at 105 St. James Street, built next door to

893-709: The High School of Montreal and then worked for one year for the Hudson's Bay Company before commencing employment at the Bank of Montreal as a clerk in 1865. He became assistant general manager of the bank in 1887, general manager in 1890 and first vice-president in 1906. He was created a baronet in 1908. Clouston was elected president of the Canadian Bankers Association on several occasions and, in this capacity, advised successive Canadian Ministers of Finance . He served as vice-president of

940-538: The Hudson's Bay Company (HBC), and his wife Margaret, daughter of Robert Seaborn Miles (1795–1870), in his time also Chief Factor for the HBC and Sheriff of Rupert's Land . His grandfather was agent for the HBC at Stromness on Orkney , where his family had lived since the end of the 17th century, descended from Richard Clouston (1626–1666), 16th of Clouston and Netherbigging, Stromness. Clouston received his education at

987-431: The municipal council since the year 1293 , but was nominated by the sysselmann , the appointed governor. In Iceland , sýslumenn (singular sýslumaður , translated "sheriff") are administrators of the state , holders of the executive power in their jurisdiction and heads of their Sheriff's Office. Sheriffs are in charge of certain legal matters that typically involve registration of some sort and executing

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1034-629: The 1922 creation of the Irish Free State , Irish law regarding sheriffs mirrored that of England, latterly with each administrative county and county borough having a ceremonial high sheriff and functional under-sheriffs responsible for enforcing court orders of the county court or quarter sessions . The Courts of Justice Act 1924 replaced these courts with a new circuit court. The Court Officers Act 1926 formally abolished high sheriffs and phased out under-sheriffs by providing that, as each retired, his functions would be transferred to

1081-654: The Bank of Montreal. The site of the new building was occupied formerly by the Alliance Fire Assurance Building. The Royal Trust Building was designed by the American firm of McKim, Mead and White , which had also designed the Bank of Montreal. The building was ten storeys tall, which was the maximum allowed height in Montreal between 1901 and 1923. In 1937, Royal Trust opened a new building to house its Toronto offices. This Royal Trust Building

1128-585: The Branch operates a highway patrol, which supplements local and RCMP policing on provincial highways. In 2019, sheriffs began to respond to 9-1-1 calls in rural areas to assist the RCMP and local police services in responding to rural crime concerns. In 2023, the province piloted a program that saw sheriffs patrol alongside municipal police officers in Calgary and Edmonton . The British Columbia Sheriff Service

1175-514: The Northern Lighthouse Board (which is the general lighthouse authority for Scotland), and chairing local criminal justice boards which bring together local representatives of procurator fiscal , Police Scotland and Community Justice Scotland , and Scottish Courts and Tribunals Service . Sheriffs deal with the majority of civil and criminal court cases in Scotland, with the power to preside in solemn proceedings with

1222-1225: The Royal Trust Company and as a director of the Guarantee Company of North America, the Canadian Cottons, Limited, the Canada Sugar Refining Company, the Ogilvie Flour Mills Company, and the Kaministikwia Power Company. He was chairman of the Canadian board of the Liverpool & London & Globe Insurance Company and the Mutual Life Insurance Company of New York. In 1878, Clouston married Annie Easton, daughter of George Easton, Collector of Customs in Brockville , Ontario, and his wife Isabella Jane. She

1269-661: The Toronto, Vancouver and Montreal stock exchanges. In 1993, the firm was bought out by the Royal Bank of Canada . Edward Clouston Sir Edward Seaborne Clouston, 1st Baronet (May 9, 1849 – November 23, 1912) was a Canadian banker and financier who became the General Manager of the Bank of Montreal . He was born in Moose Factory to James Stewart Clouston (1826–1874), the last Chief Factor of

1316-628: The bank in July 1983 to Trilon Financial Corporation , which was formed in 1982 as the financial service company of Brascan , which was controlled by the Bronfman family . Trilon made a $ 102 million share offering, the proceeds of which were used to acquire a 42% controlling interest in Royal Trust. In 1984, the real estate agency A.E. LePage merged with Royal Trust to create the leading diversified real estate services organization in Canada. The new company

1363-479: The circumstances around sudden or suspicious deaths, including those who die in the course of employment, in custody , or in secure accommodation. Summary sheriffs hear civil cases brought under Simple Procedure and criminal cases brought under summary proceedings. Their sentencing powers are identical to a sheriff sitting in summary proceedings. In the Republic of Ireland, a sheriff ( Irish : sirriam )

1410-488: The county registrar, established by the 1926 act as an officer of the circuit court. When the Dublin city under-sheriff retired in 1945, the city registrar was too overworked with other responsibilities to take over his duties, so the Court Officers Act 1945 was passed to allow a new office of sheriff to take over some or all of the under-sheriff's functions. The four Dublin and Cork sheriffs were soon appointed, with much of

1457-487: The court, such as in jury selection, debt collection and evictions. Courtroom security and offender transport services are provided by local police services or, where none exists, the Ontario Provincial Police . Sheriffs ( shérifs ) are responsible for the jury selection process. They handle court orders, orders, and writs while they are involved in seizure and sale of property. Court security

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1504-639: The courts. Sheriffs execute process without attempting to determine their validity. A sheriff's office exists in most Australian states and territories , with various duties. Sheriffs in New Zealand are officers of the Superior Courts and function as the executive arm of these courts. The role of sheriff is automatically given to anyone who has gained the position of Registrar of the High Court. Every province and territory in Canada operates

1551-593: The execution of court orders like the attachments of immovable and movable property; evictions, demolitions etc. The Sheriffs Act 90 of 1986, which came into operation on 1 March 1990, governs the profession. A sheriff is appointed by the Minister for Justice and Constitutional Development in terms of Section 2 of the Act. In Norway until 2021 there was the office of lensmann , which in their mostly rural police districts had functions similar to those of

1598-498: The interest earned on such monies and, to compensate, increasing their retainer . Through to the 1990s the sheriff's post was in the gift of the minister for justice , but by the 2010s it was advertised by the Public Appointments Service . A 1988 Law Reform Commission report made recommendations for updating the 1926 law on sheriffs; as of 2023 few of these had been implemented, and the government began

1645-457: The judiciary, responsible for assembling jurors, bringing people to trial, supervising the gaoling (imprisonment) of prisoners and seizing and selling property. After the mid-19th century the responsibilities and powers of the role were reduced and the positions became ceremonial. The sheriffs of Mumbai and Kolkata still exist, although the post in Chennai was abolished in 1998. In present times

1692-403: The mid-1980s, Royal Trustco ranked among the ten largest financial institutions in Canada. Canadian real estate developer Robert Campeau attempted to acquire the bank in 1978 and approached then-CEO Kenneth White with an offer that White rebuffed. White later worked with the head of Toronto-Dominion Bank to sell a majority of shares to a consortium of Canadian businessmen. That consortium sold

1739-535: The orders of the court. The duties of the sheriffs differ slightly depending on their jurisdiction but they can be broadly categorised as: There are 24 sheriffs and sheriff jurisdictions in Iceland. The jurisdictions are not defined by the administrative divisions of Iceland but are mainly a mixture of counties and municipalities . The post of sheriff was mandated by the Old Covenant , an agreement between

1786-559: The provincial Emergency Preparedness Program. In Nova Scotia, the Nova Scotia Sheriff Services focuses on the safety and security of the judiciary, court staff, the public, and persons in custody. There are local sheriffs for every county in Nova Scotia, numbering over 200 in total. They work with up to 20,000 inmates and travel over 2 million kilometres in a year. Sheriffs are responsible for: court security;

1833-553: The sheriff has an apolitical, non-executive role, presides over various city-related functions and conferences and welcomes foreign guests. The post is second to the mayor in the protocol list. In the Philippines , a former colony of the United States, the office of sheriff also exists. The duties of a sheriff are to primarily serve all writs, execute all processes, and carry into effect all decisions and orders issued by

1880-500: The sheriff of the county and with a select group of local knights (two knights from each hundred). After it was determined what geld was to be paid, the knights of the hundred and the bailiff of the hundred were responsible for getting the money to the sheriff, and the sheriff was responsible for getting the money to the Exchequer . Sheriffs loyal to certain nobles could and did sabotage the careers of knights against whom they, or

1927-496: The six sheriffdoms , and are responsible for the effective running and administration of all the sheriff courts in their jurisdiction. Sheriffs principal also sit as appeal sheriffs in the Sheriff Appeal Court ; hearing appeals against sentencing and conviction from summary trials in the sheriff courts and justice of the peace courts . The additional duties of a sheriff principal include being Commissioners of

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1974-592: The third of the preceding functions, the others being done by the county registrar's office. Revenue sheriffs are solicitors in private practice. Each covers a Bailiwick , which consist of one or more of the state's remaining counties . The Bailiwicks are grouped by counties as follows: Carlow and Kildare ; Cavan , Leitrim , Longford and Monaghan ; Clare and Limerick ; Donegal ; Galway ; Kerry ; Kilkenny and Waterford ; Laois , Offaly and Tipperary ; Louth , Meath and Westmeath ; Mayo ; Roscommon and Sligo ; and Wexford and Wicklow . Prior to

2021-523: The transportation of prisoners to and from institutions and all levels of court; the service of some civil and criminal documents; and the execution of court orders. In Ontario, sheriffs are part of the Superior Court of Justice Enforcement Office, which was previously named (and is still sometimes referred to as) the Sheriff's Office. They are mainly responsible for issuing and enforcing writs of

2068-410: The under-sheriff's responsibilities. Revenue sheriffs were introduced for the rest of the state in the late 1980s as part of a crackdown on tax evasion . In 1993 the comptroller and auditor general expressed concern that funds collected and held in trust by sheriffs on behalf of the revenue commissioners were at risk of commingling . This was reformed in 1998 by prohibiting sheriffs from retaining

2115-543: Was born in Brockville and was educated at the Bishop Strachan School in Toronto. The couple had two daughters, of whom one, Marjory Meredith Clouston (1882–1945), survived. She married John Lancelot Todd , professor of parasitology at McGill University , in 1911 and they were the parents of three daughters. Lady Clouston was interested in charitable works. In 1895, she was elected vice-president of

2162-615: Was designed by Allward & Gouinlock and was located at 66 King Street West. It was demolished in 1972 to make way for First Canadian Place . In 1969, the company relocated its head offices to the new Royal Trust Tower, which was part of the Toronto-Dominion Centre complex. Since 2009, Royal Trust has had its headquarters in the RBC Centre . In 1978, Royal Trustco Ltd. was founded in Ottawa to manage Royal Trust. In

2209-515: Was named Royal LePage . In 1986, Royal Trustco acquired Dow Financial Services Corporation, Dow Chemical 's financial services subsidiary, for C$ 239 million. Following this purchase, Royal Trust established R.T. Securities and Royal International in Amsterdam and opened an office in Tokyo to promote trade between Japan and Canada. In 1987, Royal LePage became a publicly traded company, trading on

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