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146-605: The Royal Navy ( Serbo-Croatian Latin : Kraljevska mornarica ; Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic : Краљевска морнарица ; КМ), commonly known as the Royal Yugoslav Navy , was the naval warfare service branch of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (originally called the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes). It was brought into existence in 1921, and initially consisted of a few former Austro-Hungarian Navy vessels surrendered at

292-534: A division led by Dubrovnik . In August 1935, Dubrovnik visited Corfu and Bizerte, the seaplane carrier Zmaj along with three Galeb -class mine tenders also visited Corfu, and Hrabri and Osvetnik visited Malta. In 1936, eight German-built Orjen -class MTBs were added. Also in 1936, a new naval coastal command was established under the command of a rear admiral. It was headquartered in Split, and included shore-based commands at Selce , Šibenik and Đenovići. By

438-548: A chief of the Maritime Air Force in 1930 signified the separation of naval aviation from army control, with a strength of around 1,000 officers and men, of whom about 80 were pilots. Around 120 naval aircraft were in service. In 1931, the fleet expanded significantly with the completion of the British-built flotilla leader Dubrovnik . The flotilla leader concept involved building large destroyers similar to

584-885: A day, with an average air temperature of 13.7 °C (56.7 °F) (6.1 °C (43.0 °F) in February to 26.4 °C (79.5 °F) in July and August) and sea temperature from 7 °C (45 °F) to 26 °C (79 °F). Pula is the largest city in Istria County , with a metropolitan area of 90,000 people. The city itself has 57,460 residents (census 2011), while the metropolitan area includes Barban /Barbana (2,802 residents), Fažana /Fasana (3,050 residents), Ližnjan /Lisignano (2,945 residents), Marčana /Marzana (3,903 residents), Medulin /Medolino (6,004 residents), Svetvinčenat /Sanvicenti (2,218 residents) and Vodnjan /Dignano (5,651 residents). Its population density

730-591: A few exceptions to these general arrangements. For example, the naval detachments on Lake Ohrid and Lake Scutari were subordinated to the local army districts, and the Naval Coastal Command was subordinated to the Royal Yugoslav Army's Coastal Defence Command. In case of mobilisation , the navy would need to requisition about 250 sea-going and 25 river vessels. The primary base for the KM

876-515: A major shipbuilding centre. It was chosen for the base in 1859 by Hans Dahlerup  [ da ] , a Danish admiral in the service of Austria. Subsequently, Pola grew from a fading provincial town into an industrial city. The island of Brioni (in Croatian renamed Brijuni ) to the North West of Pola became the summer vacation resort of Austria's Habsburg royal family . In World War I,

1022-659: A near miss that the Yugoslav crew believed to have caused some damage. The following day, Italian dive bombers attacked MTBs of the 2nd Torpedo Division near Šibenik, with the Yugoslav boats shooting down one Italian aircraft and damaging another. At the start of the campaign, the river monitors had carried out offensive operations by shelling the airfield at Mohács in Hungary on 6 April and again two days later, but had to begin withdrawing towards Novi Sad by 11 April after coming under repeated attack by German dive bombers. Early in

1168-537: A new 2,400-long-ton (2,700-short-ton) destroyer Split was laid down, and two coastal German Type IIB submarines were ordered, but due to the outbreak of World War II , Split was not completed and the submarines were never delivered. In 1939, the British observed that the commander-in-chief of the Yugoslav Navy, Polić, was "amiable but ignorant" and had little technical knowledge regarding naval matters. In

1314-439: A parallel system. Đuro Daničić suggested in his Rječnik hrvatskoga ili srpskoga jezika ("Dictionary of Croatian or Serbian language") published in 1880 that Gaj's digraphs ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨dj⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ should be replaced by single letters : ⟨ģ⟩ , ⟨đ⟩ , ⟨ļ⟩ and ⟨ń⟩ respectively. The original Gaj alphabet

1460-1205: A part of Pula's economic crescendo during the Austro-Hungarian rule. After World War I, during the Fascist rule, the need for tram transportation declined and it was finally dismantled in 1934. Pula Airport is located north-east of Pula, and serves both domestic and international destinations. Similarly to nearby Rijeka Airport , it is not a major international destination. However, this has changed over recent years as low-cost airline Ryanair started scheduled flights to Pula in November 2006. Easyjet offers many flights to UK airports. Jet2 also offers flights from Newcastle, Birmingham, Glasgow, Leeds-Bradford, Belfast, Manchester, and East Midlands Airports. Scandinavian Airlines (SAS) operates scheduled flights from Stockholm and Copenhagen during summertime. Nearby international airports include Trieste in Italy, Zagreb , Croatia's capital and Ljubljana , Slovenia's capital. There are direct flights into Pula airport from London during

1606-525: A requirement that Austria-Hungary hand over the bulk of its naval vessels to Allied and United States control and disarm the remainder. Included in the handover were 42 modern warships and submarines . Italy immediately began to occupy the former Austro-Hungarian coast and offshore islands, and demanded the handover of the vessels then under the control of the National Council. Koch requested authority to retain control over four destroyers , but this

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1752-541: A three-year training course. All entrants to the Naval Academy had to be between 17 and 20 years of age, and graduates of high school or similar nautical school. Two specialist schools for petty officers were established, one at Šibenik for deck crew, and a machinist's school at Kumbor in the Bay of Kotor . Mine and torpedo training was conducted at Đenovići , as was pilot and air observer training. A gunnery school

1898-614: Is 1,093.27/km (2,831.6/sq mi), ranking Pula fifth in Croatia. Its birth rate is 1.795 per cent and its mortality rate is 1.014 per cent (in 2001 466 people were born and 594 deceased), with a natural population decrease of −0.219 per cent and vital index of 78.45. The majority of its citizens are Croats representing 70.14% of the population (2011 census). The largest ethnic minorities are: 3,454 Serbs (6.01 per cent), 2,545 local Italians (4.43 per cent), 2,011 Bosniaks (3.5 per cent), 549 Slovenians (0.96 per cent). The city

2044-473: Is Brioni island or Brijuni national park visited by numerous world leaders since it was the summer residence of Josip Broz Tito . Roman villas and temples still lie buried among farm fields and along the shoreline of the dozens of surrounding fishing and farming villages. The coastal waters offer beaches, fishing, wreck dives to ancient Roman galleys and World War I warships, cliff diving , and sailing to unspoiled coves and islands large and small. Pula

2190-555: Is best known for its many surviving ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is its 1st-century amphitheatre , which is among the six largest surviving Roman arenas in the world. and locally known as the Arena . This is one of the best-preserved amphitheatres from antiquity and is still in use today during summer film festivals. During the World War II Italian fascist administration, there were attempts to dismantle

2336-462: Is first mentioned as the main settlement of the Histri, the oldest people on the peninsula, which was the eponym for Istria. Livy was the first who mentioned Nesactium, and the altar dedicated to Emperor Gordian from the 3rd century, where "Res Republica Nesactiensium" is mentioned, confirmed the actual existence of this city. The search for the city began in 1900, when Pietro Kandler first put together

2482-471: Is humid. Temperatures above 10 °C (50 °F) last for more than 240 days a year. There are two different kinds of winds here – the bora brings cold and clear weather from the north in winter, and the southern Sirocco bringing rain in summer. The ' Maestral ' is a summer breeze blowing from the inland to the sea. Like the rest of the region Pula is known for its mild climate and tame sea with an average of sunny days of 2,316 hours per year or 6.3 hours

2628-487: Is located on the edge of town just west of the Amphitheatre. From there, excellent service to a wide range of local, domestic, and international locations is available throughout the year. Several bus companies operate from this Terminus including the local service run by Pulapromet. There is also a guaranteed direct line from Pula to Trieste/Venice, especially into spring/summertime. Passenger ferries also operate from

2774-772: Is mostly limited to the context of linguistics, while in mathematics, ⟨j⟩ is commonly pronounced jot , as in the German of Germany . The missing four letters are pronounced as follows: ⟨q⟩ as ku , kju , or kve ; ⟨w⟩ as duplo v , duplo ve (standard in Serbia), or dvostruko ve (standard in Croatia) (rarely also dubl ve ); ⟨x⟩ as iks ; and ⟨y⟩ as ipsilon . Digraphs ⟨ dž ⟩ , ⟨ lj ⟩ and ⟨ nj ⟩ are considered to be single letters: The Serbo-Croatian Latin alphabet

2920-468: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa , e.g. /fə/ ). When clarity is needed, they are pronounced similar to the German alphabet : a, be, ce, če, će, de, dže, đe, e, ef, ge, ha, i, je, ka, el, elj, em, en, enj, o, pe, er, es, eš, te, u, ve, ze, že . These rules for pronunciation of individual letters are common as far as the 22 letters that match the ISO basic Latin alphabet are concerned. The use of others

3066-799: Is necessary (or followed by a short schwa, e.g. /ʃə/).: In the 1990s, there was a general confusion about the proper character encoding to use to write text in Latin Croatian on computers. The preferred character encoding for Croatian today is either the ISO 8859-2 , or the Unicode encoding UTF-8 (with two bytes or 16 bits necessary to use the letters with diacritics). However, as of 2010 , one can still find programs as well as databases that use CP1250 , CP852 or even CROSCII. Digraphs ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ in their upper case, title case and lower case forms have dedicated Unicode code points as shown in

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3212-448: Is no Macedonian Latin keyboard supported on most systems. For example, š becomes sh or s , and dž becomes dzh or dz . The standard Gaj's Latin alphabet keyboard layout for personal computers is as follows: Pula Pula ( Croatian: [pǔːla] ), also known as Pola ( Italian: [ˈpɔːla] ; Venetian : Pola ; Istriot : Puola ; Slovene : Pulj ; Hungarian : Póla ),

3358-565: Is one of many fortresses in Pula that the Austrian empire erected to protect the port for its navy. Nesactium is an ancient hill fort settlement, which is considered to be the oldest urban settlement in Istria. The town is settled about 10 km north of Pula, next to Valtura and Pula Airport. The site itself is located above Bay of Budava, and it is well protected by its steep hills. Nesactium

3504-400: Is one of the few remaining gates after the city walls were pulled down at the beginning of the 19th century. It dates from the mid-2nd century, replacing an earlier gate. It consists of two arches, columns, a plain architrave , and a decorated frieze . Close by are a few remains of the old city wall. The Gate of Hercules dates from the 1st century. At the top of the single arch, one can see

3650-589: Is the end point of the EuroVelo 9 cycle route that runs from Gdańsk on the Baltic Sea through Poland, the Czech Republic , Austria, Slovenia and Croatia . It is possible to track dinosaur footprints on the nearby seashores; certain more important finds have been made at an undisclosed location near Bale . Pula had an electric tramway system in the early 20th century. It was built in 1904 as

3796-567: Is the largest city in Istria County , Croatia , and the seventh-largest city in the country , situated at the southern tip of the Istrian peninsula in western Croatia, with a population of 52,220 in 2021. It is known for its multitude of ancient Roman buildings, the most famous of which is the Pula Arena , one of the best preserved Roman amphitheaters . The city has a long tradition of wine making , fishing, shipbuilding , and tourism. It

3942-563: Is used for the romanization of Macedonian . It further influenced alphabets of Romani languages that are spoken in Southeast Europe , namely Vlax and Balkan Romani . The alphabet consists of thirty upper and lower case letters: Gaj's original alphabet contained the digraph ⟨dj⟩ , which Serbian linguist Đuro Daničić later replaced with the letter ⟨đ⟩ . The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

4088-764: The Divine Comedy : "Sì come a Pola, presso del Carnaro, ch'Italia chiude e i suoi termini bagna" or "As Pola, along the Quarnero , that marks the end of Italy and bathes its boundaries". The Venetians took over Pula in 1331 and would rule the city until 1797. During the 14th, 15th and 16th centuries, Pula was attacked and occupied by the Genoese, the Hungarian army and the Habsburgs; several outlying medieval settlements and towns were destroyed. In addition to war,

4234-571: The Austro-Hungarian Navy and representatives of the National Council regarding the future of the Austro-Hungarian fleet. There was even an exchange of delegates between the National Council and the Austro-Hungarian naval staff in Vienna. By the end of that month, the "sailor's councils" that had been formed aboard Austro-Hungarian warships at the main base of Pola had decided that they would leave their ships by 1 November, regardless of

4380-697: The Exarchate of Ravenna (540–751). During this period Pula prospered and became the major port of the Byzantine fleet and an integral part of the Byzantine Empire . The Basilica of Saint Mary Formosa was built in the 6th century. From 788 onwards, Pula was ruled by the Frankish Empire under Charlemagne , with the introduction of the feudal system . Under the Franks it was part of

4526-731: The French Empire of Napoleon as part of the Kingdom of Italy , then placed directly under the French Empire's Illyrian Provinces . In 1813, Pola (with Istria) came back to the Austrian Empire . Under the compromise of 1867 , the town – under the original Italian name, Pola – remained in Austria-Hungary until the latter's defeat and dissolution in 1918. Under Austrian rule, Pola regained prosperity. Its large natural harbour became Austria's main naval base and

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4672-651: The Kingdom of Italy . Pula became the seat of the elective counts of Istria until 1077. The town was taken in 1148 by the Venetians and in 1150 Pula swore allegiance to the Republic of Venice , thus becoming a Venetian possession. For centuries thereafter, the city's fate and fortunes were tied to those of Venetian power. It was conquered by the Pisans in 1192 but soon reconquered by the Venetians. In 1238 Pope Gregory IX formed an alliance between Genoa and Venice against

4818-472: The Mausoleum of Galla Placidia at Ravenna . The wall over the door contains a Byzantine carved stone panel. The 15th-century wall paintings may be restorations of Early Christian paintings. When the Venetians raided Pula in 1605, they removed many treasures from this chapel to Venice, including the four columns of oriental alabaster that stand behind the high altar of St Mark's Basilica . The Cathedral of

4964-536: The Middle Ages . The building was constructed under Austro-Hungarian rule and was the former k.u.k. Staatsgymnasium , the Austrian high school. The Aquarium Pula is the biggest aquarium in Croatia, located in the Austro-Hungarian fortress Verudela, which was built in 1886 on the peninsula 3 km (2 mi) from the centre of the city of Pula. Transforming the fortress into the aquarium has been in progress since 2002. The installation encompasses about 60 tanks on

5110-573: The Navy of the Independent State of Croatia . Towards the end of the war, the Allies transferred a corvette to Yugoslav control. At the end of the war, the few remaining vessels were transferred to the control of the new Federal People's Republic of Yugoslavia . As the post-war Yugoslav Navy drew its lineage from the naval forces of the wartime Yugoslav Partisans rather than the KM, few of

5256-864: The Slovene Lands since the 1830s: the traditional bohoričica , named after Adam Bohorič , who codified it; the dajnčica , named after Peter Dajnko ; and the metelčica , named after Franc Serafin Metelko . The Slovene version of Gaj's alphabet differs from the Serbo-Croatian one in several ways: As in Serbo-Croatian, Slovene orthography does not make use of diacritics to mark accent in words in regular writing, but headwords in dictionaries are given with them to account for homographs . For instance, letter ⟨e⟩ can be pronounced in four ways ( /eː/ , /ɛ/ , /ɛː/ and /ə/ ), and letter ⟨v⟩ in two ( [ʋ] and [w] , though

5402-697: The Socialist Republic of Croatia , a federal state within SFR Yugoslavia , upon the ratification of the Paris Peace Treaties on 15 September 1947 – which also created the Free Territory of Trieste . Initially, Pola's population of 45,000 was largely made up of ethnic Italians, however, between December 1946 and September 1947, the vast majority of Italians fled to Italy. Subsequently, the city's Croatian name, Pula, became

5548-642: The plague , malaria and typhoid ravaged the city. By the 1750s there were only 3,000 inhabitants left in ancient city, an area now covered with weeds and ivy. With the collapse of the Venetian Republic in 1797 following Napoleon 's Treaty of Campo Formio , the city became part of the Habsburg monarchy . It was invaded again in 1805 after the French had defeated the Austrians. It was included in

5694-612: The 14th century. The cloisters display some antique Roman artefacts. The Archaeological Museum of Istria is situated in the park on a lower level than the Roman theatre and close to the Twin Gates. Its collection was started by Marshall Marmont in August 1802 when he collected the stone monuments from the temple of Augustus. The present-day museum was opened in 1949. It displays treasures from Pula and surroundings from prehistory until

5840-401: The 1st century BC, close to the sea. In Roman times it was surrounded by temples of Jupiter , Juno and Minerva . This Roman commercial and administrative centre of the city remained the main square of classical and medieval Pula. It is still the main administrative and legislative centre of the city. The temple of Augustus is still preserved today. A part of the back wall of the temple of Juno

5986-513: The 6th century, but was partially rebuilt in the 10th century. In 1583 it was assigned to the Orthodox community of Pula, mainly immigrants from Cyprus and Nauplion . The church owns several icons from the 15th and the 16th century and an iconostasis from the Greek artists Tomios Batos from the 18th century. The star-shaped castle with four bastions is situated on top of the central hill of

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6132-639: The Adriatic and despite heavy anti-aircraft fire attacked it twice without result. Another three KM Do 22s raided Durazzo in Italian-controlled Albania, but were driven off. To prevent a bridgehead being established at Zara , an Italian enclave on the Dalmatian coast, Beograd , four 250t-class torpedo boats and six MTBs were dispatched to Šibenik, 80 kilometres (50 mi) to the south of Zara, in preparation for an attack. The attack

6278-478: The Adriatic coast from late 1942, so few of the traditions of the KM were carried over to the post-war navy. The British government gave the personnel of the KM-in-exile the choice of being repatriated or remaining in exile. Of these, 93 men chose to stay abroad. The British government briefly housed them in military camps before allowing them to move to countries of their choosing. The peacetime organisation of

6424-652: The Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary was built in the 6th century, when Pula became the seat of a bishopry, over the remains of the original site where the Christians used to gather and pray in Roman times. It was enlarged in the 10th century. After its destruction by Genoese and Venetian raids, it was almost completely rebuilt in the 15th century. It got its present form when a late Renaissance façade

6570-624: The Austro-Hungarian Navy, and included Tivat in the Bay of Kotor. It was home to the Tivat Arsenal, a naval yard which was expanded to repair and overhaul larger vessels; it included two floating docks, one of 2,000 long tons (2,032  t ) and one of 7,000-long-ton (7,100 t) capacity. The apprentice school and diving school were also established there, along with the main supply base. A 2000-long ton-capacity floating dock

6716-719: The Axis, by the partisans who together with the Yugoslav communists killed many soldiers and civilians, in the first episodes of what would have been named, later on, the Foibe massacres . After World War II , the Istrian Italians of Pula left Yugoslavia towards Italy ( Istrian-Dalmatian exodus ). For two years after 1945, Pola was administered by the Allied Military Government for Occupied Territories (AMG). Pola formed an enclave within south Istria that

6862-457: The Berlitz School; his students were mainly Austro-Hungarian naval officers who were stationed at the Naval Shipyard . While he was in Pola he organised the local printing of his broadsheet The Holy Office , which satirised both William Butler Yeats and George William Russell . Pula's surrounding natural environment, countryside and the turquoise water of the Adriatic have made the city popular summer holiday destination. The pearl nearby

7008-430: The British Mediterranean Fleet from bases in Malta and Alexandria. A number of the captured Yugoslav warships, notably Dubrovnik , Beograd and the repaired Ljubljana , were employed by the Italian Regia Marina until the armistice in 1943, whereupon the German Kriegsmarine , and to a lesser extent the Navy of the Independent State of Croatia , appropriated the surviving vessels for their own fleets. Ljubljana

7154-500: The Croatian-Slavonic orthography"), which was the first common Croatian orthography book. It was not the first ever Croatian orthography work, as it was preceded by works of Rajmund Đamanjić (1639), Ignjat Đurđević and Pavao Ritter Vitezović . Croats had previously used the Latin script, but some of the specific sounds were not uniformly represented. Versions of the Hungarian alphabet were most commonly used, but others were too, in an often confused, inconsistent fashion. Gaj followed

7300-401: The Empire, and consequently against Pisa too. As Pula had sided with the Pisans, the city was sacked by the Venetians in 1243. It was destroyed again in 1267 and again in 1397 when the Genoese defeated the Venetians in a naval battle. Pula then slowly went into decline. This decay was accelerated by the infighting of local families: the ancient Roman Sergi family and the Ionotasi (1258–1271) and

7446-406: The Italians finally disembarked all remaining crew from former Austro-Hungarian vessels, leaving the nascent KSCS Navy without any ships. In April, Koch's office was moved to the capital, Belgrade . The final fate of the former Austro-Hungarian vessels was determined by the Allied powers during the Paris Peace Conference , which also decided territorial disagreements between Italy and the KSCS. While

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7592-476: The KM remained essentially unchanged from 1929 until the invasion of Yugoslavia. The Naval Command in Zemun formed part of the Ministry of Army and Navy, and controlled Navy Headquarters. Navy Headquarters consisted of the staff, archives, main naval radio station and the navy newspaper, and controlled six branches; the fleet, River and Lake Forces, Maritime Air Force, Coastal Defence Command, Naval Surveillance Command, and shore establishments. The exact composition of

7738-447: The KM struggled with logistical difficulties associated with foreign-made ships and naval armament. The KM grew from slightly over 3,000 officers and men soon after its establishment to a strength of more than 9,000 immediately prior to World War II. Ship crews ranged from 240 for the flotilla leader Dubrovnik and 145 for the Beograd -class destroyers, to just five for the Uskok -class MTBs. Gaj%27s Latin alphabet The alphabet

7884-404: The KM was largely captured by Italian forces during the German -led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia in April 1941, a few of its vessels, aircraft and their crews escaped and served in the Mediterranean under Royal Navy control during the remainder of World War II. When the Italians sued for peace in September 1943, most of the remaining vessels were taken over by the German Kriegsmarine or

8030-426: The KSCS reduced its claims to two ageing cruisers, six destroyers, 24 torpedo boats and four submarines. Even this more modest demand was rejected. In October 1920, the question was finally settled when the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye provided for the transfer of the obsolete coastal defence ship SMS  Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf , eight 250t-class torpedo boats , four older Kaiman -class torpedo boats ,

8176-437: The Kingdom of Italy and learn the Italian language. Many left the city and went back to the newly created Yugoslavia . After the collapse of Fascist Italy in 1943, the city was occupied by the German Wehrmacht and remained a base for U-boats. Consequently, the city was subjected to repeated Allied bombing from 1942 to 1944. In the last phase of the war, Pola saw the arrest, deportation, and execution of people suspected of aiding

8322-437: The Maritime Air Force was divorced from Royal Yugoslav Army control, and the naval air arm began to develop significantly, including the establishment of bases along the Adriatic coast. The following year, a British-made flotilla leader was commissioned with the idea that the KM might be able to operate in the Mediterranean alongside the British and French navies. In the same year, five locally-built minelayers were added to

8468-486: The Ministry of Army and Navy, with the navy commander holding the rank of admiral, and his deputy with the rank of vice-admiral. By that time, the Yugoslav fleet consisted of the light cruiser Dalmacija , the eight 250t-class seagoing torpedo boats, the two Uskok -class MTBs, four submarines, six Galeb -class minetenders, one minesweeper, the submarine depot ship Hvar , the training ship Sitnica , two yachts Vila and Lada , and five tugs. The riverine flotilla consisted of

8614-418: The Navy Commissioner and Captain Janko Vuković de Podkapelski as fleet commander. The Italians were extremely uneasy about the rise of a new naval power in the Adriatic Sea , and on the night of 31 October, two Royal Italian Navy personnel penetrated the base at Pola and set naval mines under the keel of SMS  Viribus Unitis , the 20,000-long-ton (22,000-short-ton) dreadnought battleship which

8760-469: The Royal Navy Flower -class corvette Mallow was transferred to the KM-in-exile as Nada . In August 1945, following the end of World War II in Europe, the British government ordered the navy to disband. Its assets were transferred to the newly constituted post-war Yugoslav Navy, where they continued their service. The post-war Yugoslav Navy drew its insignia and traditions from the Partisan naval forces that evolved from armed fishing vessels operated along

8906-420: The Serbian Ministry of Army was dissolved, and a new Ministry of Army and Navy was created. By January 1919, there were a total of 35 former Austro-Hungarian vessels in port which had a total of 600 Yugoslav crew members aboard. The National Council dissolved the Navy Commissioner's office in February and Koch was appointed as the head of the Navy Department within the Ministry of Army and Navy. During that month,

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9052-436: The Tivat Arsenal, suffering three aircraft damaged in the attack. On the same day, three KM Dornier Do 22s and Rogožarski SIM-XIV-Hs provided air cover while the Galeb -class minelayer Jastreb laid a minefield off Budva harbour. The following day, three Italian bombers became lost in cloud and emerged over the Bay of Kotor where two were damaged and one shot down by anti-aircraft fire. On 8 April, there were Italian attacks on

9198-630: The Tivat Arsenal. In 1937, the Naval Command was renamed the Naval Staff, and a Naval Staff College was established at Dubrovnik. Considerable effort was made to bring the fleet to sound seagoing condition, with a refit of Dalmacija . Dubrovnik was considered to be in good repair, but the two French-built submarines needed constant work. The eight new Orjen -class MTBs were found to be unseaworthy in rough conditions, but satisfactory in fair weather. Dubrovnik visited Istanbul , Mudros and Piraeus in August, and Zmaj , Hrabri and Smeli visited Crete , Piraeus and Corfu in August and September. In 1938,

9344-429: The World War I Royal Navy V and W-class destroyers . In the interwar French Navy , these ships were known as contre-torpilleurs , and were intended to operate with smaller destroyers, or as half-flotillas of three ships. The KM decided to build three such flotilla leaders, ships that would have the ability to reach high speeds and with a long endurance. The long endurance requirement reflected Yugoslav plans to deploy

9490-421: The alphabet are used to represent the equivalent Cyrillic letters. Also, Macedonian uses the letter dz , which is not part of the Serbo-Croatian phonemic inventory. As per the orthography, both lj and ĺ are accepted as romanisations of љ and both nj and ń for њ. For informal purposes, like texting, most Macedonian speakers will omit the diacritics or use a digraph- and trigraph-based system for ease as there

9636-416: The area around Pula. The type of materials found in Bronze Age sites in Istria connects these with sites along the Danube. The inhabitants of Istria in the Bronze Age are known as Proto Illyrians. Greek pottery and a part of a statue of Apollo have been found, attesting to the presence or influence of Greek culture . Greek tradition attributed the foundation of Polai to the Colchians , mentioned in

9782-399: The arena and move it to mainland Italy, which were quickly abandoned due to the costs involved. Two other notable and well-preserved ancient Roman structures are the 1st-century BC triumphal arch , the Arch of the Sergii and the co-eval Temple of Augustus , built in the 1st century AD built on the forum during the reign of the Roman emperor Augustus . The Twin Gates ( Porta Gemina )

9928-410: The base of the 2nd and 3rd Torpedo Divisions in Šibenik, and three Do J flying boats were destroyed by Italian fighters at Jadrtovac . A number of Do 22s and SIM-XIV-Hs also flew reconnaissance missions on that day. The next day, Italian bombers struck a number of Yugoslav naval and seaplane bases along the coast, destroying and damaging several aircraft. One Do 22 pilot located an Italian convoy crossing

10074-403: The bearded head of Hercules , carved in high-relief , and his club on the adjoining voussoir . A damaged inscription, close to the club, contains the names of Lucius Calpurnius Piso and Gaius Cassius Longinus who were entrusted by the Roman senate to found a colony at the site of Pula. Thus it can be deduced that Pula was founded between 47 and 44 BC. The Augustan Forum was constructed in

10220-401: The centre of a diocese, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings. After the fall of the Western Roman Empire , the city and region were attacked by the Ostrogoths , Pula being virtually destroyed by Odoacer , a Germanic foederati general in 476 AD. The town was ruled by the Ostrogoths from 493 to 538 AD. When their rule ended, Pula came under the rule of

10366-441: The civil war of 42 BC of the triumvirate of Octavian , Mark Antony and Lepidus against Caesar's assassins Brutus and Cassius , the town took the side of Cassius, since the town had been founded by Cassius Longinus , brother of Cassius. After Octavian's victory, the town was demolished. It was soon rebuilt at the request of Octavian's daughter Iulia and was then called Colonia Pietas Iulia Pola Pollentia Herculanea . The colony

10512-586: The clash between Venice and Genoa for the control of the city and its harbour (late 13th and 14th centuries). In 1291, by the Peace of Treviso, Patriarch Raimondo della Torre gained the city as part of the secular realm of the Patriarchate of Aquileia , only to lose it to Venice in 1331, which then held it until its downfall in 1797. Pula is quoted by the Italian poet Dante Alighieri , who had visited Pula, in

10658-533: The commissioning of two motor torpedo boats (MTBs) and a small submarine flotilla over the next few years. When the name of the state was changed to Yugoslavia in 1929, the name of its navy was changed to reflect this. In the late 1920s, several of the original vessels were discarded. Throughout the interwar period , elements of the fleet conducted visits to ports throughout the Mediterranean , but few fleet exercises occurred due to budget pressures. In 1930,

10804-535: The conclusion of World War I and transferred to the new nation state under the terms of the Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye . The only modern sea-going warships transferred to the new state were twelve steam-powered torpedo boats , although it did receive four capable river monitors for use on the Danube and other large rivers. Significant new acquisitions began in 1926 with a former German light cruiser , followed by

10950-460: The context of the story of Jason and Medea , who had stolen the golden fleece . The Colchians, who had chased Jason into the northern Adriatic, were unable to catch him and ended up settling in a place they called Polai , signifying "city of refuge". In classical antiquity, it was inhabited by the Histri , a Venetic or Illyrian tribe . Strabo , Pomponius Mela and Lycophron wrote that it

11096-571: The customs and traditions of the KM survived in the successor force. In mid-to-late 1918, as World War I drew to a close, the Austro-Hungarian Empire began to break apart, and local committees began assuming responsibility for administration from the central government. In October 1918, the self-proclaimed National Council of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs was established in Zagreb , and later that month there were discussions between

11242-409: The difference is not phonemic ). Also, it does not reflect consonant voicing assimilation: compare e.g. Slovene ⟨odpad⟩ and Serbo-Croatian ⟨otpad⟩ ('junkyard', 'waste'). Romanization of Macedonian is done according to Gaj's Latin alphabet with slight modification. Gaj's ć and đ are not used at all, with ḱ and ǵ introduced instead. The rest of the letters of

11388-695: The duration of the invasion in dry-dock. However, Zagreb was blown up and scuttled at the Bay of Kotor by two junior officers, Sergej Mašera and Milan Spasić , to prevent her capture. The submarine Nebojša and two Orjen -class MTBs escaped to Alexandria to join the Allied cause. A fourth destroyer, Split , was captured while under construction in the Kotor shipyard, but the Italians were not able to complete her before they sued for peace in September 1943. She

11534-480: The end of that year, the KM consisted of 27 surface combatants, four submarines, and around a dozen auxiliary vessels, crewed by a total of 487 officers and about 5,000 men. The yacht Lada had been disposed of, as had the minesweeper D2 . The training ship Sitnica had been converted into a second submarine depot ship, and the Galeb -class mine tenders had been reclassified as minelayers. The river flotilla consisted of

11680-619: The example of Pavao Ritter Vitezović and the Czech orthography , making one letter of the Latin script for each sound in the language. Following Vuk Karadžić 's reform of Cyrillic in the early nineteenth century, in the 1830s Ljudevit Gaj did the same for latinica , using the Czech system and producing a one-to-one grapheme-phoneme correlation between the Cyrillic and Latin orthographies, resulting in

11826-610: The first two submarines were purchased, the British-built Hrabri class — Hrabri and Nebojša . Over the next two years, two further submarines were brought into service, the French-built Osvetnik class , which consisted of Osvetnik and Smeli . The submarine flotilla was based at Tivat, supported by the depot ship Hvar (ex- Solun ), acquired in 1927. Between 1928 and 1930, a number of former Austro-Hungarian vessels were discarded, including

11972-559: The fleet varied considerably as vessels were added and disposed of, but from 1938 it usually comprised three torpedo divisions, a submarine division and a training squadron, reaching its maximum strength during the summer training period each year. The minelayers were usually part of the Coastal Defence Command, but were detached to the fleet during naval exercises, as were naval aviation squadrons. The Maritime Air Force consisted of three seaplane commands each of two groups,

12118-541: The fleet was significantly strengthened by the acquisition of three 1,240-long-ton (1,390-short-ton) Beograd -class destroyers , the French-built Beograd , and the locally-built Zagreb and Ljubljana . Naval communication via teletype was established to connect Naval Command in Zemun with bases at Selce, Split, Šibenik and Novi Sad. Split was also connected to Divulje, and Đenovići was connected with

12264-477: The fleet. A hiatus of several years followed, and it was not until 1936 that any further major acquisitions were made, with the purchase of eight German-built MTBs. Over the next two years, the fleet was significantly strengthened by the acquisition of three French-designed destroyers , marking the high point of Yugoslav naval strength. On the eve of World War II , the navy consisted of 611 officers and 8,562 men, operating 41 combatant ships and 19 auxiliaries. While

12410-593: The former Austro-Hungarian Navy. By 1922, the KM consisted of 124 officers and about 3,000 men. The number of officers had more than halved since the end of 1919, largely due to disillusionment. To fill the looming shortfall, around 20 graduates from each of the 1921 and 1922 classes of the Yugoslav Military Academy in Belgrade were sent to the KM. In 1923, the new Naval Academy at Gruž accepted its first class of 40 midshipmen , who were to undergo

12556-460: The four Kaiman -class torpedo boats. In 1929, the salvage ship Moćni was scrapped, and the German-built 740-long-ton (830-short-ton) Spasilac was acquired to replace her. In late 1928, the naval aviation school was transferred from Đenovići to Divulje near Split, where a new seaplane station was established. In the same year, the 1,870-long-ton (2,090-short-ton) seaplane depot ship Zmaj

12702-440: The four monitors and the river auxiliary Srbija . In total, the navy comprised 256 officers and 2,000 men, with a naval reserve consisting of 164 officers and 570 men. Less than half of the officers were former members of the Austro-Hungarian Navy, and 49 officers had graduated from the Naval Academy. In October, Prica retired as navy commander and was replaced by Vice-Admiral V. Wickerhauser. In January 1929, King Alexander changed

12848-495: The four monitors, the royal yacht Dragor , two patrol boats— Graničar and Stražar , and three river tugs; Cer , Triglav and Avala . However, in 1936 the only vessels ready for war service were Dubrovnik and the four submarines, and the navy was only considered capable of patrol duties and coastal surveillance, minelaying and minor raids against enemy shipping. Despite this, the United States naval attaché observed that

12994-515: The ground floor, the moat, and the first floor of the fortress. In an area of approximately 2,000 m (21,528 sq ft), visitors can view inhabitants of the Northern and Southern Adriatic Sea, tropical marine and freshwater fish, and representatives of European rivers and lakes. From the roof of the fort, visitors may view the entire city of Pula. It is also possible to see the first marine turtle rescue centre in Croatia. Fort Bourguignon

13140-419: The initial attacks came from the air. From early morning, Italian and German aircraft attacked the naval facilities at Split and the Bay of Kotor. In the afternoon, Italian dive bombers attacked the Bay of Kotor. Their attack damaged a Do J flying boat, but one of the Italian aircraft was shot down by anti-aircraft fire, while another two were damaged. Shortly after this more Italian bombers unsuccessfully attacked

13286-543: The line remains disconnected from the rest of the Croatian Railways network. Plans to tunnel the 'missing link' between this line and from Rijeka have existed for many years, and despite work commencing on this project previously, have never seen completion. People traveling to Rijeka or Zagreb by train must get off in Lupoglav and take a bus to Rijeka. Pula Bus Terminus/Terminal is the main hub for Istria and

13432-400: The morale and discipline of the navy was very good. He further stated that higher-level commanders appeared discouraged at the poor position of the navy due to its inadequate budget. He concluded that the fleet was in very good condition considering its funding. During 1936, Nebojša and Osvetnik visited Corfu, and Zmaj and three Galeb -class mine tenders also visited Corfu. In 1936–1937,

13578-591: The morning of 12 April, a squadron of German dive bombers attacked the Yugoslav monitors on the Danube. Drava was hit by several of them but they were unable to penetrate her 300-millimetre (12 in) thick deck armour, until by chance, one put a bomb straight down the funnel, killing 54 of the 67 crew. During the attack, the monitors' anti-aircraft gunners claimed three dive bombers shot down. The remaining three monitors were scuttled by their crews later on 12 April as German and Hungarian forces had occupied their bases and

13724-469: The mosaics. The windows of the aisles underwent reconstruction in Gothic style after a fire in 1242. The belfry in front of the church was built between 1671 and 1707 using stones from the amphitheatre. There also used to stand a baptistery from the 5th century in front of the church, but it was demolished in 1885. The Orthodox Church of St. Nicholas with its Ravenna-style polygonal apse originally dates from

13870-528: The name of the country to the Kingdom of Yugoslavia, and the navy became the Royal Navy (Serbo-Croatian Latin: Kraljevska Mornarica , Краљевска Морнарица, KM). In April 1930, the salvage vessel Spasilac was added to the fleet, and the following month the submarine Nebojša was damaged when she collided with a steamer. In July, the two Hrabri -class submarines and Sitnica made a Mediterranean cruise, visiting Alexandria and Beirut . The appointment of

14016-649: The naval aviation school and the seaplane depot ship Zmaj . In case of war or national emergency, the Naval Staff was to become directly subordinate to the Supreme Command . The Naval Staff would command the fleet, river flotilla, Maritime Air Force and Naval Coastal Command. All other naval establishments would remain under the control of the Navy Section of the Ministry of Army and Navy. There were

14162-571: The navy consisted of 611 officers and 8,562 men. A Balkan Naval Conference was conducted in the same year, during which the Chief of the Naval Staff declared that in case of war, the Yugoslav fleet would concentrate on coastal defence, except for occasional submarine forays. The Maritime Air Force could field a total of 40 aircraft, but only the 12 Dornier Do 22s and 12 Dornier Do Js were considered to be of any value in modern warfare. Dubrovnik visited Alexandria, Beirut and Corfu in August 1938. In 1939,

14308-414: The navy was able to make its first significant acquisition, the former Imperial German Navy light cruiser SMS  Niobe , which was renamed Dalmacija . She was refitted at the Tivat Arsenal prior to commissioning. The following year, two British-built Thornycroft Uskok -class motor torpedo boats (MTBs) were acquired, named Uskok and Četnik , and a base was built for them at Šibenik. In 1927,

14454-411: The navy was hampered by severe budget limitations and a lack of interest from the general staff which consisted of former Royal Serbian Army generals with little appreciation for naval matters. A Navy League ( Serbo-Croatian : Jadranska Straža ) was established to promote public interest in the navy. In 1925, Prica conducted exercises off the Dalmatian coast, involving the majority of vessels. In 1926,

14600-430: The official name. Today the city of Pola or Pula is officially bilingual, Croatian and Italian, hence both Pula and Pola are official names. Since the collapse of Yugoslavia in 1991, Pula has been part of the Republic of Croatia . The city lies on and beneath seven hills on the inner part of a wide gulf and a naturally well-protected port (depth up to 38 m (125 ft)) open to the northwest with two entrances: from

14746-523: The old city. It was built, over the remains of the Roman capitolium , by the Venetians in the 17th century, following the plans of the French military architect Antoine de Ville . Since 1961 it now houses the Historical Museum of Istria . Close by, on the north-eastern slopes, one can see the remains of a 2nd-century theatre. The Church of St. Francis dates from the end of the 13th century. It

14892-502: The only modern sea-going vessels left to the KSCS were the 12 torpedo boats, the new nation had to build its naval forces from scratch. Many former Austro-Hungarian naval personnel were incorporated into the new navy, 90 per cent of whom were of Croatian or Slovene ethnicity. The remainder were Serbs , or non-Slavs such as Germans . Their former ranks were recognised and, initially at least, rank insignia and regulations were adopted from

15038-583: The political discussions that were ongoing. On 30 October, the Austro-Hungarian naval staff directed its commanders to hand over all naval and riverine vessels to representatives of the National Council. The following day, the Emperor Charles ordered the handover of all naval vessels, establishments and fortresses to the National Council. By 4:30 pm that day, the orders had been carried out. The National Council appointed Rear Admiral Dragutin Prica as

15184-456: The port was the main base for Austro-Hungarian dreadnoughts and other naval forces of the Empire. During this period many inhabitants were Italian speaking. The 1910 Austrian census recorded a city population of 58,562 (45.8% Italian speaking; 15.2% Croatian, the rest were mostly German-speaking military). Following the collapse of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Pola and the whole of Istria – except

15330-649: The remainder being training aircraft. The combat aircraft were mainly Do 22s, Do Js and Do D types. Although torpedo-capable aircraft were in service, no air-launched torpedoes were available. There were significant weaknesses in the KM prior to the invasion. One was the failure to subordinate the Naval Surveillance Command to respective sectors of Naval Coastal Command, and another was giving responsibility for two sectors of Naval Coastal Command to what were essentially training establishments. When Germany and Italy attacked Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941,

15476-411: The repair ship Cyclop , the water carriers Najade and Nixe , the salvage vessel Gigant , three tugs, the yacht Dalmat , four hulks , four river monitors ( Bosna , Enns , Körös and Bodrog ), one motor launch, three river tugs, 16 small tenders, and a significant number of coal and oil lighters . All of these vessels were formally taken over by the KSCS at the beginning of March 1921. As

15622-459: The river systems upon which they operated. The crews then gathered on a tugboat and attempted to flee to the Black Sea. While the boat was passing under a bridge near Zemun, it was attacked by Axis aircraft. Several bombs struck the bridge, causing it to collapse on the tug, and killing all but three of the crew. The Italians captured most of the KM in port, including Ljubljana , which had spent

15768-564: The same year, Dubrovnik sailed to the Black Sea then visited several ports in the Mediterranean with King Alexander and Queen Marie aboard. During 1932, the Maritime Air Force had bases at Divulje and Đenovići, with two bomber squadrons and one reconnaissance squadron at each base, each squadron consisting of 12 aircraft. In 1934, the British naval attaché reported that the French had significant influence on Yugoslav naval policy. In

15914-521: The same year, the 250t-class torpedo boat T2 was broken up for scrap. In January 1940, Ljubljana struck a reef off Šibenik and sank. She was raised and placed in dry dock at the Tivat Arsenal for repairs. On the eve of the German -led Axis invasion of Yugoslavia , the KM comprised 41 combatant ships and 19 auxiliaries, effectively divided into ships capable of offensive and defensive tasks, and ships intended for peacetime training, logistics and minelaying tasks. The former category included Dubrovnik ,

16060-457: The same year, the KM comprised 517 officers and 6,461 men, and Stanković retired and was replaced by Rear-Admiral M. L. Polić. In October, Hrabri and Smeli conducted visits to various Mediterranean ports. Despite the fact that a half-flotilla of large destroyers was not going to be built, the idea that Dubrovnik might operate with a number of smaller destroyers persisted. In 1934, the KM decided to acquire three such destroyers to operate in

16206-405: The sea and through Fažana channel. Today, Pula's geographical area amounts to 5,165 ha (12,760 acres), 4,159 ha (10,280 acres) on land and 1,015 ha (2,510 acres) at sea, bounded from the north by islands Sv. Jerolim and Kozada, city areas Štinjan/Stignano, Veli Vrh/Monte Grande and Sianna with its 'Kaiserwald' forest; from the east area Monteserpo, Valmade, Busoler and Valdebek; from

16352-487: The ships into the central Mediterranean , where they would be able to operate alongside French and British warships. The onset of the Great Depression meant that only one ship of the planned half-flotilla was ever built. Five locally-built Malinska -class minelayers were also added to the fleet in 1931. The following year, a new German-built 720-long-ton (810-short-ton) brigantine sail training ship, Jadran

16498-612: The south with the old gas works, commercial port Veruda and island Veruda; and from the west Verudela, Lungomare and Musil. Protected from the north by the mountain chain of Alps as well the inner highland, the climate is humid subtropical ( Köppen climate classification : Cfa ), with the highest air temperature averaging 23 °C (73 °F) during July and August and lowest averaging 6 °C (43 °F), in January and February. Summers are usually quite hot, although some unusual heat wave patterns are also common. Normally, it

16644-424: The table below, However, these are included chiefly for backwards compatibility with legacy encodings which kept a one-to-one correspondence with Cyrillic; modern texts use a sequence of characters. Since the early 1840s, Gaj's alphabet was increasingly used for Slovene . In the beginning, it was most commonly used by Slovene authors who treated Slovene as a variant of Serbo-Croatian (such as Stanko Vraz ), but it

16790-582: The territorial questions in Dalmatia were largely decided in favour of the KSCS, Italy was more successful in denying the KSCS most of the former Austro-Hungarian fleet. The unrealistic demands of the KSCS in this regard contributed to their lack of success. For example, in April 1919, the KSCS asked for control over four cruisers , 17 destroyers, 27 ocean-going torpedo boats , and 20 submarines. Rebuffed, in May 1920

16936-689: The territory of Castua Kastav – went to Italy. Pola became the capital of the Province of Pola . The decline in population after World War I was mainly due to economic difficulties caused by the withdrawal of Austro-Hungarian military and bureaucratic facilities and the dismissal of workers from the shipyard. Under the Italian Fascist government of Benito Mussolini , non-Italians, especially Croatian residents who came to Pola under Austro-Hungarian rule, faced stringent political and cultural repression because they had now to integrate themselves into

17082-553: The three Beograd -class destroyers (although Ljubljana was in dry dock being repaired), the four submarines, eight Orjen -class MTBs and two Uskok -class MTBs. Of the submarines, only the two French-built ones were considered fully combat-ready. The latter category consisted of Dalmacija , six Galeb -class minelayers, six 250t-class torpedo boats, five Malinska -class minelayers, and the training and auxiliary ships Jadran , Zmaj , Hvar and Sitnica . The Maritime Air Force consisted of 150 seaplanes, of which 120 were combat-capable,

17228-467: The toponym Vizače with ancient Nesactium. As a result of its rich political history, Pula is a city with a cultural mixture of people and languages from the Mediterranean and Central Europe, ancient and contemporary. Pula's architecture reflects these layers of history. Residents are commonly fluent in both Croatian and Italian but also in foreign languages like German and English. From 30 October 1904 to March 1905 Irish writer James Joyce taught English at

17374-505: The triumphal Arch of the Sergii , the Gate of Hercules (in which the names of the founders of the city are engraved), and the Twin Gates. During the reign of the emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed to "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of an execution of two reigning caesares , Crispus in 326 AD and Constantius Gallus in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became

17520-584: The water carrier Perun (ex- Cyclop ), the yachts Vila (ex- Dalmat ) and Lada (ex- Quarnero ), the training ship Vila Velebit , the salvage vessel Moćni (ex- Gigant ), and four tugs. Kumbor (ex- Kronprinz Erzherzog Rudolf ) had been sold for scrap in 1922, and three of the minesweepers were disposed of in 1924, as were the four hulks. The four river monitors remained in service, as Vardar , Drava , Morava and Sava respectively. They were supported by two motor patrol boats and three river tugs. The shore establishments were developed from those inherited from

17666-492: The whole year and several other large airports in Western Europe during summer. On 9 April 2015 European Coastal Airlines established a daily seaplane service from the downtown seaplane terminal at the city's main waterfront. Destinations as of April 2015 are Rijeka , the island of Rab and Mali Lošinj . The airline ceased operation in 2016. A train service operates north from Pula through to Slovenia, however,

17812-715: Was acquired for the private Yarrow Adriatic shipyard at Kraljevica , and a subsidiary of the French Ateliers et Chantiers de la Loire shipyard was established at Split , equipped with two more floating docks, one of 1,800-long-ton (1,829 t), and one of 8,000-long-ton (8,100 t) capacity. The riverine vessels were usually repaired at the Novi Sad subsidiary of the Arsenal, and overhauls were completed at Sartid Works in Smederevo . The early development of

17958-468: Was acquired from Germany. In May and June 1929, a squadron, under the command of Prica and consisting of Dalmacija , Hvar and the two Hrabri -class submarines, visited Malta , Corfu and Bizerte . Also in 1929, the former Austro-Hungarian water carrier Najade , now named Sitnica , was re-employed as an auxiliary for the submarine flotilla, despite its lack of a workshop for repair work. In late 1929, Navy Command and Navy Section were combined as part of

18104-469: Was acquired, and Wickerhauser retired and was replaced by Vice-Admiral N.N. Stanković. The 250t-class torpedo boat T4 ran aground and was broken up in 1932. In 1932, Stanković assured the British naval attaché that Yugoslav naval policy was focused on the defence of her coastline, but he also opined that this task would require significant expansion of the navy, including the acquisition of six cruisers and five more flotilla leaders similar to Dubrovnik . In

18250-413: Was added in the early 16th century. The church still retains several Romanesque and Byzantine characters, such as some parts of the walls (dating from the 4th century), a few of the original column capitals and the upper windows of the nave. In the altar area and in the room to the south one can still see fragments of 5th- or 6th-century floor mosaics with memorial inscriptions from worshippers who paid for

18396-550: Was also Vuković's flagship . When it exploded, the ship sank, with the loss of 400 crew, including Vuković. As Prica was ill, the National Council appointed Captain Metodije Koch as Navy Commissioner and promoted him to rear admiral on 2 November. The Armistice of Villa Giusti between the Allies, the United States and Austria-Hungary was signed on 3 November, and came into force the following day. Its naval provisions included

18542-436: Was built in 1314 in the late Romanesque style with Gothic additions such as the rose window . The church consists of a single nave with three apses . An unusual feature of this church is the double pulpit , with one part projecting into the street. A 15th-century wooden polyptych from an Emilian artist adorns the altar. The west portal is decorated with shell motifs and a rose window . The adjoining monastery dates from

18688-471: Was built in the 6th century (before 546) in the form of a Greek cross, resembling the churches in Ravenna . It was built by Maximianus of Ravenna , then a deacon , but later Archbishop of Ravenna . It was, together with another chapel, part of a Benedictine abbey that was demolished in the 16th century. The floors and the walls are decorated with 6th-century mosaics. The decoration bears some resemblance to

18834-638: Was completed by the Yugoslav Navy after the war. Ten Maritime Air Force aircraft escaped to Greece, with nine eventually making it to Egypt, where they formed a squadron under Royal Air Force command. The three Yugoslav ships that escaped capture were used to create a KM-in-exile. The force was led by Captain Ivan Kern , who was attached to the Yugoslav government-in-exile in London, and operated with

18980-570: Was denied by the Allied Naval Council. Later that month, the Italians convinced the Allied Naval Council to force the remaining crews off most of the vessels. On 1 December 1918, the new South Slav state, the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (KSCS, later Kingdom of Yugoslavia) was created, joining the Kingdom of Serbia with those South Slav lands formerly part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Later that month,

19126-495: Was established at Meljine in the Bay of Kotor. Šibenik was also the home of the main coastal radio station, the signals school and the basic and specialist training school for seamen. In September 1923, new regulations were promulgated, dividing the navy into a fleet, a river flotilla, and naval aviation. Later that month a Naval Command was established, based in Zemun , near Belgrade. The Navy Department, now known as Navy Section,

19272-694: Was eventually revised, but only the digraph ⟨dj⟩ has been replaced with Daničić's ⟨đ⟩ , while ⟨dž⟩ , ⟨lj⟩ and ⟨nj⟩ have been kept. The following table provides the upper and lower case forms of Gaj's Latin alphabet, along with the equivalent forms in the Serbo-Croatian Cyrillic alphabet and the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) value for each letter. The letters do not have names, and consonants are normally pronounced as such when spelling

19418-430: Was in the Bay of Kotor on the southern Adriatic coast. It encompassed the Tivat Arsenal and several schools and other establishments. Other bases were located at Šibenik in central Dalmatia and Selce in the northern Adriatic. The Yugoslav coastline extended for 560 kilometres (350 mi), and there were over 600 Yugoslav islands in the Adriatic. The main riverine port was at Novi Sad on the Danube. Throughout its existence,

19564-500: Was inhabited by Colchians . The Istrian peninsula was conquered by the Romans in 177 BC, starting a period of Romanization. The town was elevated to colonial rank between 46 and 45 BC as the tenth region of the late Roman Republic , under Julius Caesar . During that time the town grew and had at its zenith a population of about 30,000. It became a significant Roman port with a large surrounding area under its jurisdiction. During

19710-661: Was initially devised by Croatian linguist Ljudevit Gaj in 1835 during the Illyrian movement in ethnically Croatian parts of the Austrian Empire . It was largely based on Jan Hus 's Czech alphabet and was meant to serve as a unified orthography for three Croat-populated kingdoms within the Austrian Empire at the time, namely Croatia , Dalmatia and Slavonia , and their three dialect groups, Kajkavian , Chakavian and Shtokavian , which historically utilized different spelling rules. A slightly modified version of it

19856-558: Was integrated into the Communal Palace in the 13th century. Two Roman theatres have withstood the ravages of time: the smaller one (diameter c. 50 m; 2nd century AD) near the centre, the larger one (diameter c. 100 m; 1st century AD) on the southern edge of the city. The city's old quarter of narrow streets, lined with Medieval and Renaissance buildings, are still surfaced with ancient Roman paving stones. The Byzantine chapel of Santa Maria del Canneto (or St. Mary Formosa)

20002-586: Was later accepted by a large spectrum of Slovene-writing authors. The breakthrough came in 1845, when the Slovene conservative leader Janez Bleiweis started using Gaj's script in his journal Kmetijske in rokodelske novice ("Agricultural and Artisan News"), which was read by a wide public in the countryside. By 1850, Gaj's alphabet (known as gajica in Slovene) became the only official Slovene alphabet , replacing three other writing systems that had circulated in

20148-512: Was later adopted as the formal Latin writing system for the unified Serbo-Croatian standard language per the Vienna Literary Agreement . It served as one of the official scripts in the unified South Slavic state of Yugoslavia alongside Vuk's Cyrillic alphabet . A slightly reduced version is used as the alphabet for Slovene , and a slightly expanded version is used for modern standard Montenegrin. A modified version

20294-514: Was mostly designed by Ljudevit Gaj , who modelled it after Czech (č, ž, š) and Polish (ć), and invented ⟨lj⟩ , ⟨nj⟩ and ⟨dž⟩ , according to similar solutions in Hungarian (ly, ny and dzs, although dž combinations exist also in Czech and Polish). In 1830 in Buda , he published the book Kratka osnova horvatsko-slavenskog pravopisanja ("Brief basics of

20440-587: Was occupied by Yugoslavia since 1945 with the help of Churchill. The AMG was occupied by a company of the United States 351st Infantry and a British battalion of the 24th Guards Brigade . Istria was partitioned into occupation zones until the region became officially united with the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia ( SFR Yugoslavia ) on 15 September 1947, under terms of the Paris Peace Treaties . The city became part of

20586-401: Was part of Venetia et Histria , a region of Roman Italy . Great classical constructions were built of which a few remain. A great amphitheatre , Pula Arena , was constructed between 27 BC and 68 AD, much of it still standing to this day. The Romans also supplied the city with water and sewage systems. They fortified the city with a wall with ten gates. A few of these gates remain:

20732-473: Was put out of action, after which she limped to the Bay of Kotor, escorted by the remainder of the force, for repairs. The Italian aerial bombardment of Kotor badly damaged the minelayer Kobac , which had to be beached to prevent its sinking. On 10 April, the 2nd Hydroplane Command at Divulje began to disintegrate, with some pilots flying their aircraft to the Bay of Kotor to join the 3rd Hydroplane Command. One Do 22 attacked an Italian tanker off Bari , claiming

20878-723: Was the administrative centre of Istria from ancient Roman times until superseded by Pazin in 1991. Evidence of the presence of Homo erectus one million years ago has been found in the cave of Šandalja near Pula. Pottery from the Neolithic period (6000–2000 BC), indicating human settlement , has been found around Pula. In the Bronze Age (1800–1000 BC), a new type of settlement appeared in Istria, called 'gradine', or hill-top fortifications. Many late Bronze Age bone objects, such as tools for smoothing and drilling, sewing needles, as well as spiral bronze pendants, have been found in

21024-411: Was then only responsible for purely administrative matters, with Naval Command responsible for all operational questions. The service's initially unrealistic expansion goals of 24 destroyers and 24 submarines were soon shelved, and by the end of 1923 the fleet consisted of eight 250t-class torpedo boats, four Kaiman -class torpedo boats, six Galeb -class minelayers , four Schichau -class minesweepers ,

21170-654: Was to be coordinated with the 12th Infantry Division Jadranska and two combined regiments (Serbo-Croatian Latin: odredi ) of the Royal Yugoslav Army attacking from the Benkovac area, supported by the Royal Yugoslav Air Force 's 81st Bomber Group. The Yugoslavs launched their attack on 9 April, but the naval prong of this attack faltered when Beograd was damaged by near misses from Italian aircraft off Šibenik with her starboard engine

21316-522: Was wrecked on a shoal near the Gulf of Tunis whilst in Italian service in April 1943, and Dalmacija entered German service with her previous German name Niobe , but was soon transferred to the Croatian navy as Zniam . Beached on Silba island, she was destroyed by British MTBs in December 1943. Dubrovnik and Beograd were not sunk by Allied forces until April and May 1945 respectively. In early 1944,

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