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35-721: Mignan entered the Bombay Army in 1819 and became a lieutenant of the 1st European Regiment on 3 May 1820. In January 1821, he was part of an expeditionary force of 2,695 men under the command of General Lionel Smith sent on a punitive campaign against the Bani Bu Ali tribe in Oman . In the 1820s, Mignan commanded the escort attached to the resident of the British East India Company . Between 1826 and 1828, Mignan made several archaeological excursions into

70-601: A Quarter"). Twelve Maratha chiefs, known as the Baarbhai and led by Nana Phadnavis , directed an effort to install the infant as the new Peshwa and to rule in his name as regents . Raghunathrao , unwilling to give up his position of power, sought help from the British at Bombay and signed the Treaty of Surat on 6 March 1775. According to the treaty, Raghunathrao ceded the territories of Salsette and Bassein (Vasai) to

105-591: A conspicuous part of the Bombay Army for the remainder of its separate existence. By 1864 the Bombay Army had been reorganised as follows: With brigades at Bombay, Belgaum, Neemuch, Poona, Ahmednuggur, Nusseerabad and Deesa; as well as a garrison in Aden. During the remainder of the 19th century Bombay Army units participated in the 1868 Expedition to Abyssinia , the Second Afghan War of 1878–80, and

140-404: A few troops of irregular horse. One brigade of Bombay Horse Artillery comprising both British and Indian personnel had been established by 1845, plus three battalions of foot artillery. The Bombay Presidency's Army was also supplemented by regular British Army Regiments and in 1842 one cavalry and four infantry regiments were deployed on the "Bombay Establishment". The Indian Rebellion of 1857

175-702: A force under Col. Egerton reached Khopoli and made its way through the Western Ghats at Bhor Ghat and onwards toward Karla, which was reached on 4 January 1779 while under Maratha attacks. Finally the British were forced to retreat back to Wadgaon, but were soon surrounded. The British surrendered and were forced to sign the Treaty of Wadgaon on 16 January 1779, a victory for the Marathas. Reinforcements from northern India, commanded by Colonel (later General) Thomas Wyndham Goddard, arrived too late to save

210-545: A grenadier company in full dress; two sepoys in cold weather dress; two sepoys in hot weather dress; a sepoy's blue soft cap and three sketches of grenadier uniform details can be seen at the National Army Museum. In addition, a surviving officers uniform to the 3rd Bombay Light Cavalry Regiment can also be seen at the NAM, the uniform with provenance to John Grant Malcolmson VC. For a brief time after January 1856,

245-606: A majority of indigenous sepoys, initially employed as irregulars for particular campaigns. The first two regular sepoy battalions were raised in 1768, a third in 1760 and a fourth ten years later. The non-Indian (mostly British but also including Swiss and German mercenaries) element was organized in a single Bombay European Regiment. In 1796 the Bombay Native Infantry was reorganized into four regiments, each of two battalions. The Bombay Foot Artillery, which traced its history back nearly 50 years prior to this date,

280-611: A new Peshwa and Maratha accepted not to recognise existence of French in India. The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunath Rao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but the revenues of Salsette and Broach districts were retained by the British. Following a treaty between France and the Poona Government in 1776, the Bombay Government decided to invade and reinstate Raghoba. They sent

315-493: A single organisational sequence and the presidency affiliations disappeared. As with many of the Indian infantry fighting regiments, the Bombay Native Infantry mostly adhered to British army regulations - the officers prior to 1856 having worn coatees with gold lace, shakos with a regimental plate and buckskin breeches. Studies of two British officers: one mounted, in service dress, the other in cold weather uniform; an officer from

350-712: Is described in Mignan's travelogue A Winter Journey through Russia, the Caucasian Alps, and Georgia , published in London in 1839. Mignan was promoted to captain on 11 September 1830 and major of the right wing on 15 August 1847. His last commission was brevet lieutenant colonel on 7 June 1849. He died in Poonah in 1852. Bombay Army The Bombay Army was the army of the Bombay Presidency , one of

385-526: The Persian War of 1856-57 . The Bombay Army had acquired responsibility for garrisoning Aden, and The 1st Bombay European Regiment, The Bombay Marine Battalion and the 24th Bombay Native Infantry all saw service there in 1839. As of 1 January 1842 the Bombay Army's disposition was as follows: The Bombay native infantry establishment continued to expand until it reached 26 regiments in 1845. Three Bombay Light Cavalry regiments were raised after 1817, plus

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420-602: The Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885–87. In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies were abolished and the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including the North West Frontier), Bengal and Bombay (including Aden). In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies began a process of unification which

455-576: The Battle of Adas (Gujarat) included 150 killed. Warren Hastings estimated that direct actions against Pune would be detrimental. Therefore, the Supreme Council of Bengal condemned the Treaty of Surat , sending Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. An agreement between Upton and the ministers of Pune called Treaty of Purandar was signed on 1 March 1776. The Treaty of Purandar (or Treaty of Purandhar )

490-517: The Bombay force. The British Governor-General in Bengal , Warren Hastings , rejected the treaty on the grounds that the Bombay officials had no legal power to sign it, and ordered Goddard to secure British interests in the area. Goddard with 6,000 troops stormed Bhadra Fort and captured Ahmedabad on 15 February 1779. There was a garrison of 6,000 Arab and Sindhi infantry and 2,000 horses. Losses in

525-867: The Bombay infantry regiments transitioned to tunics with Carman denoting tunics were for those 'who are at the present without dress coatee'. 1856 pattern officers tunics were scarlet with light yellow facings and gold braid. Following the re-organisation in 1861, many of the Bombay Native Infantry regiments were reformed to rifle regiments adopting green cloth uniforms with red facings. These were: These were: 4 European Troops These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: These were: Commanders-in-Chief included: Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Army Commander-in-Chief, Bombay Command The following data has been retrieved from The Quarterly Indian Army List for 1 January 1901. This date

560-530: The British suspicions of a global anti-British front increased, since the American War of Independence was also going up around this same period. The British Calcutta Council condemned the Treaty of Surat, sending Colonel Upton to Pune to annul it and make a new treaty with the regency. The Treaty of Purandhar (1 March 1776) annulled that of Surat, Raghunathrao was pensioned and his cause abandoned, but

595-577: The British, along with part of the revenues from Surat and Bharuch districts. In return, the British promised to provide Raghunathrao with 2,500 soldiers. At the same time, the Marathas tried to form a military alliance with the French. Two Frenchmen, Saint-Lubin and M. Montigny acted as intermediaries between the France and the Poona Regency. However, the alliance proposals reached nowhere, while

630-495: The city of Bombay. The Mahars served in both Bombay Army and Marine battalions. Prior to the Indian Rebellion of 1857 they were heavily recruited and constituted between a fifth and a quarter of the entire Bombay Army. By 1783 the Bombay Army had grown to 15,000 men, a force that was still significantly smaller than the other two Presidency armies. Recruitment from the 1750s on had however been expanded to include

665-528: The death of Madhavrao Peshwa in 1772, his brother Narayanrao became peshwa (prime minister) of the Maratha Empire. His palace guards murdered Narayanrao in August 1773, and his uncle Raghunathrao (Raghoba) became Peshwa. However, Narayanrao's wife, Gangabai , gave birth to a posthumous son, who was the legal heir to the throne. The newborn infant was named 'Sawai' Madhavrao (Sawai means "One and

700-682: The fight totalled 108, including two British. Goddard also captured Bassein on 11 December 1780. Another Bengal detachment led by Captain Popham and assisted by the Rana of Gohad, captured Gwalior on 4 August 1780, before Mahadji Scindia could make preparations. Skirmishes took place between Mahadji Scindia and General Goddard in Gujarat, but indecisively. Hastings sent yet another force to harass Mahadji Shinde , commanded by Major Camac. After capturing Bassein , Goddard marched towards Pune . But he

735-617: The little known regions of Iraq , visiting such sites as Ctesiphon and Babylon . He published Travels in Chaldæa: Including a Journey from Bussorah to Bagdad, Hillah, and Babylon, Performed on Foot in 1827 in 1829. In 1829 Mignan departed, with his family, from London to return to his military duties in India. Travelling through St. Petersburg , the Russian capital, he joined Prince Khosrow Mirza , Persian envoy extraordinary, returning to Persia after conveying regrets at

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770-560: The loss through the Battle of Durdah on 24 March 1781. Colonel Murre arrived with fresh forces in April 1781 to assist Popham and Camac. After his defeat at Sipri, Mahadji Shinde got alarmed. Therefore, Shinde proposed a new treaty between the Peshwas and the British which came to be known as "Treaty of Salbai". This treaty, known as the Treaty of Salbai , was signed on 17 May 1782, and

805-746: The murder of the Russian diplomat Alexander Griboedov in Teheran . While in St. Petersburg, Mignan met the Prussian scholar Alexander von Humboldt who convinced him to explore the western coastline of the Caspian Sea . His winter journey on a difficult route via Novocherkassk and through the Caucasus to Tiflis , the capital of Russian Georgia , and further south into northwestern Persia in 1829 and 1830

840-564: The repression of the rebellion in Central India. Following the transfer from East India Company rule to that of the British government in 1861 the Bombay Army underwent a series of changes. These included the disbandment of three regiments of Bombay Native Infantry and the recruitment of replacement units from the Beluchi population. Originally created as irregular units, the three "Belooch" regiments in their red trousers were to remain

875-748: The revenues of Salsette and Bharuch districts were retained by the British. The Bombay government rejected this new treaty and gave refuge to Raghunathrao. In 1777, Nana Phadnavis violated his treaty with the Calcutta Council by granting the French a port on the West coast. The English retaliated by sending a force towards Pune. British troops under the command of Colonel Keating, left Surat on 15 March 1775, for Pune. But they were checked by Haripant Phadke at Adas and were totally defeated on 18 May 1775. Casualties for Keating's force, accompanied by Raghunathrao , included 96 killed. The Marathas casualties in

910-671: The three presidencies of British India . It was established in 1668 and governed by the East India Company until the Government of India Act 1858 transferred all presidencies to the direct authority of the British Crown . On 1 April 1895 the army was incorporated into the newly created Indian Army , and became known as the Bombay Command until 1908. In the early stages of Company rule in India , Bombay

945-521: Was a doctrine signed on 1 March 1776 by the peshwa of the Maratha Empire and the British East India Company 's Supreme Council of Bengal in Calcutta . Based on the terms of the accord, the British were able to secure Salsette . Treaty was signed between the then Governor General Warren Hasting who sent Colonel Upton and Nana Fadnavis of Peshwa in which British accepted Sawai Madhav Rao as

980-634: Was almost entirely confined to the Bengal Army . Of the thirty-two Bombay infantry regiments in existence at the time only two mutinied. After some initial uncertainty as to the loyalty of the remainder, it was deemed possible to send most of the British troops in the Presidency to Bengal, while the Bombay sepoy and sowar (cavalry) units held the southern districts of the North-West Frontier. Some Bombay units saw active service during

1015-683: Was brought up to six companies in strength in 1797. The Bombay Army was heavily involved in the First Maratha War and the defeat of Tipu Sultan of Mysore in 1799. Prior to the cessation of Company rule in 1861, the Bombay Army played a substantial role in campaigns against the Bani Bu Ali in 1821 , in North-Western India, notably the 1st Afghan War of 1838–1842, the Sind War of 1843, the 2nd Sikh War of 1848–49 and

1050-525: Was chosen for being in a suitable time period at the end of the Bombay Army. 4 Squadron Commanders 5 Squadron Officers Adjudant Medical Officer 3 Risaldars 5 Ressaidars (including 1 Wardi-Major) 8 Jamadars 32 Daffadars Farrier-Major, 40 Naiks 8 Trumpeters 4 Subalterns First Maratha War Maratha victory [REDACTED] United Kingdom [REDACTED] Maratha Confederacy 93,000 troops total Around 146,000 troops total The First Anglo-Maratha War (1775–1782)

1085-461: Was not to be concluded until the Kitchener reforms of eight years later. As an initial step the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Bombay (including Aden), Madras (including Burma), Punjab (including the North West Frontier) and Bengal. In 1903 the separately numbered regiments of the Bombay, Madras and Bengal Armies were unified in

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1120-485: Was rated as an unhealthy and unprofitable region. Accordingly, only a small garrison was maintained while emphasis was placed on creating a local navy (the " Bombay Marine ") to control piracy. In 1742 the Bombay Army consisted of eight companies of European and Eurasian garrison troops, numbering 1,593 of all ranks. These had evolved from independent companies dating back as far as 1668 when the Company took over control of

1155-415: Was routed in the Battle of Bhor Ghat in April 1781 by Parshurambha, Haripant Phadke and Tukoji Holkar . In central India, Mahadji stationed himself at Malwa to challenge Camac. Initially, Mahadji had an upper hand and British forces under Camac, being harassed and reduced, had to retreat to Hadur. In February 1781, the British beat Shinde to the town of Sipri, but every move they made after that

1190-400: Was shadowed by his much larger army, and their supplies were cut off, until they made a desperate night raid in late March, capturing not only supplies, but even guns and elephants . Thereafter, the military threat from Shinde's forces to the British was much reduced. The contest was equally balanced now. Where Mahadji scored a significant victory over Camac at Sironj , the British avenged

1225-442: Was the first of three Anglo-Maratha Wars fought between the British East India Company and Maratha Confederacy in India. The war began with the Treaty of Surat and ended with the Treaty of Salbai . The war, fought in between Surat and Poona , saw British defeat and restoration of positions of both the parties before the war. Warren Hastings , the first Governor-General of Bengal decided not to attack Pune directly. After

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