48-549: Robert Adam FRSE FRS FSAScot FSA FRSA (3 July 1728 – 3 March 1792) was a British neoclassical architect , interior designer and furniture designer . He was the son of William Adam (1689–1748), Scotland's foremost architect of the time, and trained under him. With his older brother John , Robert took on the family business, which included lucrative work for the Board of Ordnance , after William's death. In 1754, he left for Rome, spending nearly five years on
96-410: A desire to design everything down to the smallest detail, ensuring a sense of unity in their design. In Adam interiors, all the furnishings were custom designed to accord with the decoration of the room in a unified harmony. Often the carpets were woven to match the intricate patterns of the ceiling above, while every fitting including sconces, mirrors, and doorknobs also received a custom design emulating
144-733: A few days in London, where they visited the Mansion House, London , St Stephen Walbrook , St Paul's Cathedral , Windsor, Berkshire, in the company of Thomas Sandby who showed them his landscaping at Windsor Great Park and Virginia Water Lake . They sailed from Dover arriving in Calais on 28 October 1754. He joined Charles Hope-Weir , brother of the Earl of Hopetoun in Brussels and together they travelled to Rome. Hope agreed to take Adam on
192-642: A more severe, Greek phase of the classical revival, as practised by James "Athenian" Stuart . The Adam brothers employed several draughtsmen who would go on to establish themselves as architects, including George Richardson , and the Italian Joseph Bonomi , who Robert originally hired in Rome. During their lifetime Robert and James Adam published two volumes of their designs, Works in Architecture of Robert and James Adam (in 1773–1778 and 1779;
240-508: A new style of architectural decoration, one which was more archaeologically accurate than past neoclassical styles, but nonetheless innovative and not bound only by ancient precedents. In Works in Architecture , co-authored by Robert and James, the brothers stated that Graeco-Roman examples should "serve as models which we should imitate, and as standards by which we ought to judge." The discoveries being made in Herculaneum and Pompeii at
288-510: A part of the Blair Adam estate which included Dowhill Castle , to Robert. From his father, Robert inherited an extensive library and extended it. On William Adam's death, John Adam inherited both the family business and the position of Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance. He immediately took Robert into partnership, later to be joined by James Adam. The Adam Brothers' first major commission
336-460: A series of legal disputes further impoverished the Lindsays, the thirteenth feudal baron, James Lindsay, was forced to sell much of his estates; in 1731 the land surrounding the castle was purchased by the architect William Adam so that he could build up his own estate. The castle itself was purchased by Adam in 1740. While the castle was still "fit for the habitation of a Gentleman's family" at
384-698: A square). However, the project became a white elephant for Robert and his brothers, with uncertain financing and costs spiralling out of control. The houses were built on a huge artificial terrace resting on vaulted substructures on the level of the Thames, which Robert Adam was certain could be leased to the British government as warehouses. However, this intention failed to materialize; the Adam brothers were left with huge debts and, in 1772, had to lay off 3,000 workmen and cease building. Robert Adam himself moved into one of
432-675: A third volume was published posthumously, in 1822). Adam had long suffered from stomach and bowel problems, probably caused by a peptic ulcer and irritable bowel syndrome . While at home – 11 Albemarle Street , London – on 1 March 1792, one of the ulcers burst, and on 3 March Adam died. The funeral was held on 10 March; he was buried in the south aisle of Westminster Abbey . The pall-bearers were several of his clients: Henry Scott, 3rd Duke of Buccleuch ; George Coventry, 6th Earl of Coventry ; James Maitland, 8th Earl of Lauderdale ; David Murray, 2nd Earl of Mansfield ; Lord Frederick Campbell and Sir William Pulteney, 5th Baronet . Knowing he
480-408: A total change in the architecture of this country: and his fertile genius in elegant ornament was not confined to the decoration of buildings, but has been diffused to every branch of manufacture. His talents extend beyond the lie of his own profession: he displayed in his numerous drawings in landscape a luxuriance of composition, and an effect of light and shadow, which have scarcely been equalled...to
528-478: Is a ruined castle in Perth and Kinross , Scotland. Sited on a hill near Loch Leven , the oldest part of the castle was built in around 1500 as a tower house . The main structure was extended in around 1600 with additional living space, as well as a tower and turret. The castle had a fortified courtyard ( barmkin ) to the north with a separate tower. There were probably four storeys but only two still survive. The site
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#1732772608447576-766: The Harewood House collection of Chippendale's work. In North America, the Federal style owes much to neoclassicism as practised by Adam. In Europe, Adam notably influenced Charles Cameron , the Scotsman who designed apartments in the Catherine Palace , Tsarskoye Selo and other Russian palaces for Catherine the Great . However, by the time of his death, Adam's neoclassicism was being superseded in Britain by
624-833: The Society of Antiquaries in 1761, the same year he was appointed Architect of the King's Works (jointly with Sir William Chambers ). His younger brother James succeeded him in this post when he relinquished the role in 1768 to devote more time to his elected office as member of Parliament for Kinross-shire . Adam rejected the Palladian style, as introduced to England by Inigo Jones , and advocated by Lord Burlington , as "ponderous" and "disgustful". However, he continued their tradition of drawing inspiration directly from classical antiquity , during his four-year stay in Europe. Adam developed
672-645: The French architect and artist Charles-Louis Clérisseau , and the Italian artist Giovanni Battista Piranesi . Here, he became acquainted with the work of the pioneering classical archaeologist and art historian, theorist Johann Joachim Winckelmann . On his return journey, Adam and Clerisseau spent time intensively studying the ruins of Diocletian's Palace at Spalatro in Dalmatia (now known as Split , in modern Croatia ). These studies were later published as Ruins of
720-573: The Lindsay Laird of Dowhill warned Mary, Queen of Scots , of a plot to kidnap her and Lord Darnley as they travelled nearby in June 1565. The Lindsays still occupied the castle in 1592 when James Lindsay and Elizabeth Colville married there. The family was persecuted for their support of the Covenanters in the seventeenth century and thereafter their affluence severely decreased. After
768-740: The Palace of the Emperor Diocletian at Spalatro in Dalmatia in 1764. He returned to Britain in 1758 and set up in business in London with his brother James Adam. They focused on designing complete schemes for the decoration and furnishing of houses. Palladian design was popular, and Robert designed a number of country houses in this style, but he evolved a new, more flexible style incorporating elements of classical Roman design alongside influences from Greek , Byzantine and Baroque styles. The Adam brothers' success can also be attributed to
816-680: The architect John Soane and are now at the Soane Museum in London. Works include: Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh Too Many Requests If you report this error to the Wikimedia System Administrators, please include the details below. Request from 172.68.168.133 via cp1102 cp1102, Varnish XID 542900174 Upstream caches: cp1102 int Error: 429, Too Many Requests at Thu, 28 Nov 2024 05:43:28 GMT Dowhill Castle Dowhill Castle
864-399: The architectural ideals of Adam's son, Robert Adam , who was given the castle by his father at the age of 11. Robert sketched the castle in 1744, at the age of 16 and later styled himself "Robert Adam of Dowhill". Dowhill has been cited as one of the inspirations behind his designs of the castles of Seton , Dalquharran , and Culzean . In 1817 his son, William Adam , showed the castle to
912-485: The arrival of Bonnie Prince Charlie and his Highlanders, who occupied Edinburgh during the Jacobite rising of 1745 . At the end of the year, Robert fell seriously ill for some months, and it seems unlikely that he returned to university, having completed only two years of study. On his recovery from illness in 1746, he joined his elder brother John as apprentice to his father. He assisted William Adam on projects such as
960-601: The building of Inveraray Castle and the continuing extensions of Hopetoun House . William's position as Master Mason to the Board of Ordnance also began to generate much work, as the Highlands were fortified following the failed Jacobite revolt. Robert's early ambition was to be an artist rather than architect, and the style of his early sketches in the manner of Salvator Rosa are reflected in his earliest surviving architectural drawings, which show picturesque gothic follies . William Adam died in June 1748, and left Dowhill,
1008-529: The building through a chimney. Much of the lower levels of the castle were lit only with holes and slits in the walls while higher levels had glazed windows. During the 1600 extension a number of quatrefoil holes were added between the existing ground-floor windows. The masonry throughout the building, including the windows and vaulted ceilings, has been praised as superior in style to most examples found in Scotland. The land on which Dowhill Castle stands
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#17327726084471056-497: The castle itself, with some stonework from the castle thought to have been reused during the construction of Blairadam House. Dowhill became an attraction of architectural interest, with it by the end of the nineteenth century being included on annual excursions of the Edinburgh Architectural Association. The castle was made a scheduled monument in 1936 and a category B listed building in 1971;
1104-416: The castle was extended by 12.8 metres (42 ft) westwards. A round tower was built on the south-west corner of the extended structure and a short wing survives projecting northwards from the west end of the building that formed part of a fortified barmkin enclosing that side of the structure. At some point a rubble-built tower was constructed on the north-east corner of the barmkin and a pepperbox turret
1152-399: The concept of movement to his interiors also. His style of decoration, described by Pevsner as "Classical Rococo ", drew on Roman " grotesque " stucco decoration. Adam's work had influenced the direction of architecture and design across the western world. In England his collaboration with Thomas Chippendale resulted in some of the finest neoclassicist designs of the time, most notably in
1200-402: The continent studying architecture under Charles-Louis Clérisseau and Giovanni Battista Piranesi . On his return to Britain he established a practice in London, where he was joined by his younger brother James . Here he developed the " Adam Style ", and his theory of "movement" in architecture, based on his studies of antiquity and became one of the most successful and fashionable architects in
1248-724: The country. Adam held the post of Architect of the King's Works from 1761 to 1769. Robert Adam was a leader of the first phase of the classical revival in England and Scotland from around 1760 until his death. He influenced the development of Western architecture, both in Europe and in North America . Adam designed interiors and fittings as well as houses. Much of his work consisted of remodelling existing houses, as well as contributions to Edinburgh's townscape and designing romantic pseudo-mediaeval country houses in Scotland. He served as
1296-405: The first floor of the extension, to which the old hall acted as an antechamber. The stairs in the extension's south-west tower became the principal means of access, replacing the staircase in the south-east of the original tower house. The extension probably rose to four storeys but only the lower two survive. The castle had a vaulted basement which contained a large fire that heated the rest of
1344-642: The houses in the Adelphi, along with supportive friends like David Garrick and Josiah Wedgwood , who opened a showroom for his ceramics in one of the houses. In 1774, a public lottery authorised under the Adam Buildings Act 1772 ( 13 Geo. 3 . c. 75) was held to raise funds for the brothers, which allowed them to avert bankruptcy. Adam was elected a fellow of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1758 and of
1392-544: The last period of his life, Mr Adam displayed an increasing vigour of genius and refinement of taste: for in the space of one year preceding his death, he designed eight great public works, besides twenty five private buildings, so various in their style, and so beautiful in their composition, that they have been allowed by the best judges, sufficient of themselves, to establish his fame unrivalled as an artist. He left nearly 9,000 drawings, 8,856 of which (by both Robert and James Adam) were subsequently purchased in 1833 for £200 by
1440-505: The listed building status was removed in 2015 as current policy is not to list buildings on two registers. While the remains of the castle are in good condition and have even been investigated for renovation, the site is not generally open to the public due to health and safety risks. The castle continued to be owned by, and to be part of, the Blairadam estate into the late nineteenth century, but ownership has since changed, and as of 2002
1488-543: The member of Parliament for Kinross-shire from 1768 to 1774. Adam was born on 3 July 1728 at Gladney House in Kirkcaldy , Fife, the second son of Mary Robertson (1699–1761), the daughter of William Robertson of Gladney, and architect William Adam. As a child he was noted as having a "feeble constitution". From 1734 at the age of six Adam attended the Royal High School, Edinburgh where he learned Latin (from
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1536-610: The motifs of the room. The Adam practice was not without mishap, however. In 1768 the brothers purchased a 99-year lease for a marshy plot of land beside the Thames in Westminster , where they built a 24-house terrace development known as the Adelphi . The project was very ambitious and is the first instance where terraced houses were designed individually to give unified harmony to the whole development (previously terraced houses were built to one replicated design, side-by-side around
1584-524: The next 10 years, and, along with works at many other barracks and forts, provided Robert with a solid foundation in practical building. In the winter of 1749–1750, Adam travelled to London with his friend, the poet John Home . He took the opportunity for architectural study, visiting Wilton , designed by Inigo Jones , and the Queens Hermitage in Richmond by Roger Morris . His sketchbook of
1632-422: The north wall. Set into the floor of a closet in the north-east of the hall was a hatch that provided access to a pit in the thickness of the exterior wall that was used as a prison. This had a small opening for ventilation, a recess to hold a lamp and a urinal. There is evidence that the original castle was planned as a smaller structure but was increased in height mid-way through construction. In around 1600
1680-404: The poet Sir Walter Scott as part of the tour that influenced his novel The Abbott ; Adam described Dowhill at this time as "my own little castle". Later in the nineteenth century the ruins were used for quarrying, with a large hole being created in the south wall of the castle from which stone was taken. By 1888 all that remained of the castle was the vaulted basement and the first floor of
1728-779: The second year lessons were conducted in Latin) until he was 15, he was taught to read works by Virgil , Horace , Sallust and parts of Cicero and in his final year Livy . In autumn 1743, he matriculated at the University of Edinburgh , and compulsory classes for all students were: the Greek language , logic , metaphysics and natural philosophy . Students could choose three elective subjects, Adam attended classes in mathematics, taught by Colin Maclaurin , and anatomy, taught by Alexander Monro primus . His studies were interrupted by
1776-432: The time of his purchase, Adam did not want to become a Scottish laird and instead constructed his own house, Blairadam, and gave the castle over as accommodation for his labourers. After this the castle continued to decay, with a small house being built against the south wall and the north-east tower being used as a dovecote . The ruins of the castle were thought to be romantic, with the scene it created helping to form
1824-537: The time provided ample material for Robert Adam to draw on for inspiration. The Adam brothers' principle of "movement" was largely Robert's conception, although the theory was first written down by James. "Movement" relied on dramatic contrasts and diversity of form, and drew on the picturesque aesthetic. The first volume of the Adam brothers' Works (1773) cited Kedleston Hall , designed by Robert in 1761, as an outstanding example of movement in architecture. By contrasting room sizes and decorative schemes, Adam applied
1872-907: The tour at the suggestion of his uncle, the Marquess of Annandale , who had undertaken the Grand Tour himself. While in Brussels the pair attended a Play and Masquerade , as well as visiting churches and palaces in the city. Travelling on to Tournai , then Lille , where they visited the citadel designed by Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban . By 12 November 1754 Adam and Hope were in Paris where they took lodgings in Hotel de Notre Dame. Adam and Hope travelled on to Italy together, before falling out in Rome over travelling expenses and accommodation. Robert Adam stayed on in Rome until 1757, studying classical architecture and honing his drawing skills. His tutors included
1920-534: The trip also shows a continuing interest in Gothic architecture . Among his friends at Edinburgh were the philosophers Adam Ferguson and David Hume and the artist Paul Sandby whom he met in the Highlands. Other Edinburgh acquaintances included Gilbert Elliot, William Wilkie , John Home and Alexander Wedderburn . On 3 October 1754, Robert Adam in the company of his brother James (who went as far as Brussels) set off from Edinburgh for his Grand Tour , stopping for
1968-520: Was a castellated peel tower built in an approximate square shape. Its ruins stand on a hill overlooking Loch Leven and the surrounding countryside. The earliest part of the castle was a rectangular tower house of three or four storeys built in around 1500 that now makes up part of the east end of Dowhill Castle. The 1500 structure was oblong in shape, measuring 10.7 metres (35 ft) by 7.9 metres (26 ft). Its walls were 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) thick on average. The building's entrance
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2016-404: Was added to the west wall. During the extension works the existing entrance was bricked up and a new entrance provided in the north wall of the extension. The castle's original kitchen, situated in the western portion of the ground floor, was replaced by a larger facility in the eastern portion of the extension. The original tower's hall is also likely to have been replaced by a larger room on
2064-581: Was dying, he drafted his will on 2 March 1792. Having never married, Adam left his estate to his sisters Elizabeth Adam and Margaret Adam. His obituary appeared in the March 1792 edition of The Gentleman's Magazine : It is somewhat remarkable that the Arts should be deprived at the same time of two of their greatest ornaments, Sir Joshua Reynolds and Mr Adam: and it is difficult to say which of them excelled most in his particular profession... Mr Adam produced
2112-430: Was given by Adam to his son Robert Adam . The latter Adam, an architect, is thought to have been inspired by the castle in his designs for Seton , Dalquharran , and Culzean castles. The stonework at Dowhill was quarried in the nineteenth century until only the ground floor and part of the first floor remained. The castle received protection as an ancient monument in 1936 and a listed building in 1971. Dowill Castle
2160-415: Was on the southern wall and the staircase in the south-eastern corner. The ground floor was a large, vaulted room with a single slit window to the north, and a mezzanine floor, accessed off the turnpike stair . The first floor (the top surviving floor) was a single-room hall . Its fireplace was probably on the west side, with windows in the other three walls. A garderobe was provided at the eastern end of
2208-571: Was originally owned by the Crambeth family who lived there for many generations, including the thirteenth century bishop Matthew de Crambeth . The land passed into the ownership of a branch of the Lindsay family in around 1398, who built the castle and became the feudal barons of Dowhill in 1412 when that title was given to William Lindsay by the Crambeths. According to Adam Blackwood ,
2256-435: Was owned for many years by the Crambeth family before it passed to the Lindsay family , who built the castle, at the end of the fourteenth century. A series of legal decisions impoverished the Lindsays and they were forced to sell their estate and castle to William Adam in the mid eighteenth century. Though still fit for use as a gentleman's residence, Adam used the castle to house labourers. The structure decayed into ruin and
2304-406: Was the decoration of the grand state apartments on the first floor at Hopetoun House, followed by their first "new build" at Dumfries House . For the Board of Ordnance, the brothers were the main contractor at Fort George , a large modern fort near Inverness designed by military engineer Colonel William Skinner . Visits to this project, begun in 1750, would occupy the brothers every summer for
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