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28-2277: Robert or Bob Carter may refer to: Entertainers [ edit ] Robert Carter (ballet dancer) , African-American ballet dancer Bob Carter (musician) (1922–1993), American jazz bassist and arranger born Robert Kahakalau Robert "Bob" Carter (1929–2013), aka Sammy Terry , Indianapolis horror host television personality Politicians [ edit ] Robert Carter I (1663–1732), American businessman and colonist in Virginia Robert Carter III (1727/8–1804), United States founding father Robert Wormeley Carter (1734-1797), Virginia planter, patriot and politician Robert W. Carter (1792–1861), Virginia planter and politician Robert Carter (magistrate) (1791–1872), naval officer and magistrate in colonial Newfoundland Robert Meek Carter (1814–1882), English politician, member of parliament for Leeds Bobby Carter (1939–2015), American politician Bob Carter (American politician) Soldiers [ edit ] Robert Carter (RAF officer) (1910–2012), British military pilot Robert G. Carter (1845–1936), U.S. cavalry officer and Medal of Honor recipient Robert Randolph Carter (1825–1888), American naval officer Sportsmen [ edit ] Robert Carter (basketball) (born 1994), American basketball player Robert Carter (cricketer, born 1960) , English cricketer for Northamptonshire, and for Canterbury in New Zealand Robert Carter (footballer) (1880–1928), English pre-war football player Bob Carter (cricketer, born 1937) , English cricketer for Worcestershire Others [ edit ] Robert Carter (editor) (1819–1879), United States editor Robert Carter (priest) (1927–2010), Roman Catholic priest and gay rights activist Robert B. Carter (born 1960), American business executive with FedEx Robert Brudenell Carter (1828–1918), British physician and ophthalmic surgeon Robert L. Carter (1917–2012), civil rights activist, NAACP lawyer, and U.S. District Court judge Robert L. Carter (Illinois judge) , former justice of

56-646: A KGB lineup, and as Yuri, he supposedly was in the Kirov Ballet . These personas use "cod-Russian stage names ," according to one British critic. The names used by the "Trocks" are "fake ballerina names" that are part of the joke. Carter was born and was raised in Charleston, South Carolina . He started dancing at age eight, and first saw the Trocks at age ten, which inspired him to dance like them, en pointe , at age eleven or twelve. He trained at

84-401: A cell splits itself in half. From a strict numbers perspective, a species that is half males/half females can produce half the offspring an asexual population can, because only the females are having offspring. Being male can also carry significant costs, such as in flashy sexual displays in animals (such as big antlers or colorful feathers), or needing to produce an outsized amount of pollen as

112-513: A female sex vary between different species, having different female reproductive systems , with some species showing characteristics secondary to the reproductive system , as with mammary glands in mammals. In humans, the word female can also be used to refer to gender in the social sense of gender role or gender identity . The word female comes from the Latin femella , the diminutive form of femina , meaning " woman ", by way of

140-545: A few species. Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example female Volvocales (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type . Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint when females evolved. Female sex organs (genitalia, in animals) have an extreme range of variation among species and even within species. The evolution of female genitalia remains poorly understood compared to male genitalia, reflecting

168-530: A now-outdated belief that female genitalia are less varied than male genitalia, and thus less useful to study. The difficulty of reaching female genitalia has also complicated their study. New 3D technology has made female genital study simpler. Genitalia evolve very quickly. There are three main hypotheses as to what impacts female genital evolution: lock-and-key (genitals must fit together), cryptic female choice (females affect whether males can fertilize them), and sexual conflict (a sort of sexual arms race). There

196-428: A plant in order to get a chance to fertilize a female. Yet despite the costs of being male, there must be some advantage to the process. The advantages are explained by the evolution of anisogamy , which led to the evolution of male and female function. Before the evolution of anisogamy, mating types in a species were isogamous : the same size and both could move, catalogued only as "+" or "-" types. In anisogamy,

224-691: Is female ( symbol : ♀ ) if it produces the ovum (egg cell), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete (sperm cell) during sexual reproduction . A female has larger gametes than a male . Females and males are results of the anisogamous reproduction system , wherein gametes are of different sizes (unlike isogamy where they are the same size). The exact mechanism of female gamete evolution remains unknown. In species that have males and females, sex-determination may be based on either sex chromosomes , or environmental conditions. Most female mammals , including female humans , have two X chromosomes . Characteristics of organisms with

252-406: Is also a hypothesis that female genital evolution is the result of pleiotropy , i.e. unrelated genes that are affected by environmental conditions like low food also affect genitals. This hypothesis is unlikely to apply to a significant number of species, but natural selection in general has some role in female genital evolution. The symbol ♀ ( Unicode : U+2640 Alt codes : Alt+12), a circle with

280-517: Is also possible in a variety of species, including humans, to have other karyotypes . During reproduction , the male contributes either an X sperm or a Y sperm, while the female always contributes an X egg. A Y sperm and an X egg produce a male, while an X sperm and an X egg produce a female. The ZW sex-determination system , where females have ZW (as opposed to ZZ in males) sex chromosomes, is found in birds, reptiles and some insects and other organisms. The young of some species develop into one sex or

308-421: Is called trioecy . In Thor manningi (a species of shrimp), females coexist with males and protandrous hermaphrodites . A distinguishing characteristic of the class Mammalia is the presence of mammary glands . Mammary glands are modified sweat glands that produce milk, which is used to feed the young for some time after birth. Only mammals produce milk . Mammary glands are obvious in humans , because

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336-435: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Robert Carter (ballet dancer) Carter has performed female roles under the name of "Olga Supphozova" a "glamorous" and "feisty platinum blonde " who is, in his own words, "fastidiously delicate and pretty." He also performs under the male persona known as Yuri Smirnov. As Olga, he claims to have started in

364-462: Is the default sex, while in the poplar genus Populus the default is male. The sex of a particular organism may be determined by genetic or environmental factors, or may naturally change during the course of an organism's life. The sex of most mammals, including humans, is genetically determined by the XY sex-determination system where females have XX (as opposed to XY in males) sex chromosomes . It

392-434: The 21st century, the noun female is primarily used to describe non-human animals, to refer to biologically female humans in an impersonal technical context (e.g., "Females were more likely than males to develop an autoimmune disease"), or to impartially include a range of people without reference to age (e.g., girls ) or social status (e.g., lady ). As an adjective, female is still used in some contexts, particularly when

420-523: The Illinois Supreme Court Robert M. Carter (1942–2016), Australian geologist and palaeontologist Rob Carter (born 1949), American professor of typography and graphic design Robert H. Carter III (1847–1908), American pharmacist Robert H. Carter (rheumatologist) , American rheumatologist and physician-scientist See also [ edit ] Robert Carver (disambiguation) [REDACTED] Topics referred to by

448-689: The Ivey Ballet School and the Joffrey Ballet School . He performed with a number of dance groups, including the Florence Civic Ballet, Bay Ballet Theater, and the Dance Theater of Harlem . Carter joined the "Trocks" in 1995. He started with "the easier stuff" like Go for Barocco , followed by "harder stuff" such as Paquita and Swan Lake , especially works by Balanchine . Dancing with

476-535: The Old French femelle . It is not etymologically related to the word male , but in the late 14th century the English spelling was altered to parallel that of male . It has been used as both noun and adjective since the 14th century. Originally, from its first appearance in the 1300s, female exclusively referred to humans and always indicated that the speaker spoke of a woman or a girl. A century later,

504-664: The Trocks, was his life dream, says Carter: I didn't want to be a girl, but I knew I could do a lot of the same stuff and some of the stuff they couldn't do because I had the strength being a boy.... I could do the stuff en pointe and it's fun. Carter has received many kudos from significant critics. These include Jennifer Dunning and Gia Kourlas of The New York Times , Robert Gottlieb of The New York Observer , Joan Acocella of The New Yorker , Sanjoy Roy of The Guardian , and Susan Reiter of Newsday . ABC News said, "And it's more than just hilarious -- it's hilariously impressive." Female An organism 's sex

532-478: The corresponding plugs male . Females produce ova , the larger gametes in a heterogamous reproduction system , while the smaller and usually motile gametes, the spermatozoa , are produced by males. Generally, a female cannot reproduce sexually without access to the gametes of a male, and vice versa, but in some species females can reproduce by themselves asexually , for example via parthenogenesis . Patterns of sexual reproduction include: Other than

560-417: The defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by chytrids , diatoms , water moulds and land plants , among others. In land plants, female and male designate not only the egg- and sperm-producing organisms and structures, but also

588-416: The female human body stores large amounts of fatty tissue near the nipples, resulting in prominent breasts . Mammary glands are present in all mammals, although they are normally redundant in males of the species. Most mammalian females have two copies of the X chromosome , while males have only one X and one smaller Y chromosome ; some mammals, such as the platypus , have different combinations. One of

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616-654: The female's X chromosomes is randomly inactivated in each cell of placental mammals while the paternally derived X is inactivated in marsupials. In birds and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome while the male carries two Z chromosomes. In mammals, females can have XXX or X . Mammalian females bear live young , with the exception of monotreme females, which lay eggs. Some non-mammalian species, such as guppies , have analogous reproductive structures; and some other non-mammals, such as some sharks , also bear live young. In sex determination for mammals, female

644-496: The mating cells are called gametes. The female gamete is larger than the male gamete, and usually immotile. Anisogamy remains poorly understood, as there is no fossil record of its emergence. Numerous theories exist as to why anisogamy emerged. Many share a common thread, in that larger female gametes are more likely to survive, and that smaller male gametes are more likely to find other gametes because they can travel faster. Current models often fail to account for why isogamy remains in

672-405: The meaning was expanded to include non-human female organisms. For several centuries, using the word female as a noun was considered more respectful than calling her a woman or a lady and was preferred for that reason; however, by 1895, the linguistic fashion had changed, and female was often considered disparaging, usually on the grounds that it grouped humans with other animals. In

700-462: The other depending on local environmental conditions, e.g. the sex of crocodilians is influenced by the temperature of their eggs. Other species (such as the goby ) can transform, as adults, from one sex to the other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a brief shortage of males). The question of how females evolved is mainly a question of why males evolved. The first organisms reproduced asexually, usually via binary fission , wherein

728-407: The same term This disambiguation page lists articles about people with the same name. If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robert_Carter&oldid=1256648922 " Category : Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description

756-500: The sex of the person is relevant, such as female athletes or to distinguish a male nurse from a female one. Biological sex is conceptually distinct from gender , although they are often used interchangeably. The adjective female can describe a person's sex or gender identity . The word can also refer to the shape of connectors and fasteners , such as screws, electrical pins, and technical equipment. Under this convention, sockets and receptacles are called female, and

784-449: The structures of the sporophytes that give rise to male and female plants . Species that are divided into females and males are classified as gonochoric in animals, as dioecious in seed plants and as dioicous in cryptogams . In some species, female and hermaphrodite individuals may coexist, a sexual system termed gynodioecy . In a few species, female individuals coexist with males and hermaphrodites ; this sexual system

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