105-850: Admiral of the Red Robert Roddam (1719 – 31 March 1808) was an officer of the Royal Navy who saw service during the War of the Austrian Succession , the Seven Years' War , and the American War of Independence . He survived to see the French Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars , but was not actively employed during them. Robert Roddam was born to a gentry family in northern England, and entered
210-792: A Bristol -based privateer that a fleet of some 30 ships were assembled at Cedeiro Bay , near Cape Ortegal , loaded with naval stores. The entrance to the anchorage was very narrow, and was defended by two shore batteries. With the odds against any attack, Sir Peter decided that there was little point in risking an assault. At this time Captain Henry Harrison, Roddam's old commander on Monmouth , suggested to Warren that Roddam make an attempt in Viper , adding that 'He would answer for that young man effecting all that human nature could perform'. Impressed with Harrison's confidence, Warren ordered Roddam to make an attack. Roddam sailed that evening, and
315-477: A State of Defense (Verteidigungsfall) or against soldiers abroad or at sea. The existence of military courts, naval courts and air courts is provided for in the Constitution of Greece, which in article 96 paragraph 4 states that: "Special laws define: a. Those related to military courts, naval courts and air courts, to the jurisdiction of which private individuals cannot be subject". The first chapter of
420-511: A broad band with three narrower bands. In 2001 the number of stars on the shoulder board was increased to four, reflecting the equivalence to the OF-9 four-star ranks of other countries. Prior to 1864 the Royal Navy was divided into coloured squadrons which determined his career path. The command flags flown by an Admiral changed a number of times during this period, there was no Admiral of
525-473: A court martial during WWI, which he receives at the end of the story for disobeying orders and cowardice in the face of the enemy. Several courts-martial occur in the British naval TV series Warship , including notably that of Lieutenant Palfrey, a Royal Marines officer accused of killing a foreign officer during a military exercise, and that of Fleet Air Arm pilot Edward Glenn, brother of Alan Glenn, one
630-625: A court martial. Courts martial are provided for in the Constitution of Ireland , which states in Article 38.4.1 that: "Military tribunals may be established for the trial of offences against military law alleged to have been committed by persons while subject to military law and also to deal with a state of war or armed rebellion." There are three classes of courts martial in the Irish Defence Forces: Outside of
735-669: A court-martial, are explained in detail based on each country and/or service. In Canada, there is a two-tier military trial system. Summary trials are presided over by superior officers, while more significant matters are heard by courts martial, which are presided over by independent military judges serving under the independent Office of the Chief Military Judge. Appeals are heard by the Court Martial Appeal Court of Canada . Capital punishment in Canada
840-607: A daring attack on a French force at Cedeira . Appointed to larger and more powerful ships, Roddam continued to win praise, and spent some time in North American waters, where he became embroiled in local power struggles. Sent to the Caribbean shortly after the outbreak of the Seven Years' War, Roddam encountered a powerful French squadron, and after a hard-fought struggle, was captured and taken prisoner. Released after
945-545: A desire to stop a fleet, then at Plymouth, from sailing. The commanders of the various ships in the fleet argued against sending a ship, owing to the strong south-westerly wind, but Roddam, despite having a brand-new ship, not fully fitted and trialled at sea, offered to make the attempt. Impressed, Anson wrote to the Admiralty , and requested that Roddam be placed under his command. Anson was later superseded by Vice-Admiral Sir Peter Warren , who in mid-1747 received word from
1050-550: A fleet of transport ships, with an escort of 16 frigates, moored there, believed to be preparing to carry troops to invade Ireland. Lacking sufficient ships to engage the frigates, Roddam gave orders that if possible the French were to be engaged so as to target the transport ships and shoot away their masts, but to avoid the frigates. When questioned by his subordinates that ordering his ships not to engage would leave them open to accusations of cowardice, Roddam replied that since he gave
1155-407: A major's rank. The Supreme Court of Finland has, in military cases, two general officers as members. Courts-martial proper are instituted only during a war, by decree of the government. Such courts-martial have jurisdiction over all crimes committed by military persons. In addition, they may handle criminal cases against civilians in areas where ordinary courts have ceased operation, if the matter
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#17327874214161260-583: A passenger aboard HMS Montagu to join the fleet off Ushant under Sir Edward Hawke . Hawke gave him command of the 50-gun HMS Colchester on 7 December 1759. After taking her to Plymouth to fit her out, he was sent by Hawke to cruise off Brest , watching the French fleet there in company with HMS Monmouth , under Captain Augustus Hervey , and HMS Montagu under Captain Joshua Rowley . Three French warships came out, which
1365-528: A period of time spent imprisoned in poor conditions, Roddam was tried by court martial and honourably acquitted. He spent some time with the Channel Fleet watching the French coast, and was briefly employed as senior officer of one of the blockading squadrons, where he again showed his willingness to fight against heavy odds. He was employed briefly escorting convoys before the end of the war, after which he went ashore. Returning to active service during
1470-403: A squadron of French warships under Joseph de Bauffremont , consisting of the 84-gun Tonnant , the 74-gun ships Diadème and Desauncene , the 64-gun ships Éveillé and Inflexible , the frigates Sauvage and Brune , and a 20-gun storeship. The French were to windward, and Bauffremont, unsure of Greenwich ' s identity, sent one of his frigates to examine her. Realising that with
1575-566: A superior force, if any man could point out the admiral's flagship, he hoped to engage her and fight on for another hour or two. His officers, among whom was Lieutenant James Wallace , pledged to follow their captain, but pointed out that they had done all in their power to defend their ship. At 9.30 p.m., Roddam agreed to surrender his ship, as further resistance would only cause further casualties among his men. The colours were then struck to Éveillé , upon which her commander demanded Roddam come aboard his ship. Roddam refused, answering that if he
1680-592: Is general ; and in the Royal Air Force , it is air chief marshal . The title admiral was not used in Europe until the mid-13th century and did not reach England before the end of that century. Similarly, although some royal vessels are attested under King John , the English long depended upon levies of their subjects' vessels for any major naval expeditions. Nonetheless, historians have sometimes extended
1785-445: Is a postpositive adjective ) is a military court or a trial conducted in such a court. A court-martial is empowered to determine the guilt of members of the armed forces subject to military law , and, if the defendant is found guilty, to decide upon punishment. In addition, courts-martial may be used to try prisoners of war for war crimes . The Geneva Conventions require that POWs who are on trial for war crimes be subject to
1890-532: Is one of the Military Courts of the United Kingdom . The Armed Forces Act 2006 establishes the court martial as a permanent standing court. Previously courts-martial were convened on an ad hoc basis with several traditions, including usage of swords . The court martial may try any offence against service law . The court is made up of a judge advocate, and between three and seven (depending on
1995-557: Is urgent. Such courts-martial have a learned judge as a president and two military members: an officer and an NCO, warrant officer or a private soldier. The verdicts of a war-time court-martial can be appealed to a court of appeals. The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) (adopted after the Second World War in 1949) establishes in Art. 96 para. 2 that courts-martial can be established by federal law. Such courts-martial would take action in
2100-865: The Armed Forces Act 2006 for members of the British Military. Regulations for the Canadian Forces are found in the Queen's Regulations and Orders as well as the National Defence Act . For members of the United States Armed Forces offenses are covered under the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ). These offences, as well as their corresponding punishments and instructions on how to conduct
2205-645: The Falklands Crisis in 1770, he commanded ships until 1773, and was again recalled to active service, this time with the outbreak of the American War of Independence. He was promoted to flag rank not long afterwards, and became commander-in-chief at the Nore . His final period of active service came during the Spanish armament of 1790, when he was commander-in-chief at Portsmouth , and readied ships for
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#17327874214162310-555: The Falklands Crisis in 1770, with an appointment to command the 74-gun HMS Lenox on 7 December. The crisis died down without breaking into open conflict, and Roddam remained in command of Lenox , which was used as the Portsmouth guardship, until 19 December 1773, when he was relieved by Captain Matthew Moor. With the outbreak of the American War of Independence Roddam again returned to active service, taking command of
2415-569: The Israeli settlements , the West Bank remains under direct Israeli military rule , and under the jurisdiction of martial law in the form of military courts . The international community maintains that Israel does not have sovereignty in the West Bank, and considers Israel's control of the area to be the longest military occupation in modern history. The military court system for
2520-618: The Netherlands , members of the military are tried by a special military section of the civilian court in Arnhem . This section consists of a military member and two civilian judges. The decision whether or not to prosecute is primarily made by the (civilian) attorney general . Service members of the New Zealand Defence Force are tried under a court martial for offences pertaining to the most serious offences against
2625-488: The Spanish armament in 1790. During the crisis he received orders from the Admiralty to prepare the guardships for sea. He had them fitted and ready for manning within five days, and on being ordered to fit a further five ships for sea, completed the task in fourteen days. His rapid response attracted French attention, who reported in their newspapers that 'British ships of war [have] sprung up complete like mushrooms.' With
2730-663: The Thames to Scotland. This was part of an effort by Edward I to establish a permanent official staff, even if a permanent naval force was not yet considered necessary. Leybourne's immediate purview was subsequently divided into the roles of Admiral of the West and Admiral of the South while Botetourt's became the Admiral of the North ; the first and last merged as the Admiral of
2835-422: The occupied territories , modeled partially on the British military court system set up in 1937, was established in 1967. Sociology professor Lisa Hajjar argues that Israeli military courts criminalize not only Palestinian violence, but also certain forms of expression deemed to threaten Israeli security. She states the incarceration rate of Palestinians is high compared to other states, and that Palestinians in
2940-557: The 18th century, the original nine ranks began to be filled by more than one man per rank, although the rank of admiral of the red was always filled by only one man and was known as Admiral of the Fleet . After the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 the rank of admiral of the red was introduced. The number of officers holding each rank steadily increased throughout the 18th and early 19th centuries. In 1769 there were 29 admirals of various grades; by
3045-543: The 74-gun HMS Cornwall at Chatham on 17 March 1777, and took her to Spithead . Here he was to command her as one of 12 ships sent to the Mediterranean, but he received his promotion to rear-admiral of the white on 23 January 1778 and was succeeded as captain of Cornwall by Captain Timothy Edwards. Roddam then became Commander-in-Chief, The Nore in 1778. He held the command for the remainder of
3150-550: The Armed Forces Discipline Act 1971. Offences such as mutiny, murder, sexual offences, serious assaults, drug offences, or offences where the maximum punishment exceeds a 7-year prison term will be heard by court martial. Below this 7-year threshold the accused is dealt with by their commanding officer in what is known as a summary trial. During court martial the appointed judge is either a New Zealand High Court or District Court judge and they preside over
3255-476: The British ships chased back under the guns of the shore batteries, and ran one of them ashore. Having carried this out, Roddam was sent to relieve Robert Duff , who was cruising off Belle Île . To do so he sailed Colchester through Le Ras, a narrow channel separating the Saints from the mainland, and entered Audierne Bay , and became the first known English ship to do so. On arriving he received orders to watch
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3360-465: The Caribbean had, as early as October 1740, led the port admiral to recommend that he be relieved of command, but the Admiralty declined to act. b. The controversy eventually involved a number of colonial leaders, including Chief Justice James DeLancey , Governor George Clinton , who was also Roddam's father-in-law, and John Russell, 4th Duke of Bedford , the Secretary of State for
3465-781: The Dutch coast and in the North Sea . During this time he escorted Thomas Pelham-Holles, 1st Duke of Newcastle , who was on a diplomatic mission to the Dutch Republic . Roddam's time in the North Sea came to an end with the signing of the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle in 1748, which brought the War of the Austrian Succession to a close. He retained command of Greyhound and went out to North America to serve under Admiral Charles Watson at Louisbourg , who based Roddam at New York for
3570-415: The Fleet rather than Algernon Frederick Rous de Horsey , who as senior active admiral nearing the age limit would customarily have received the promotion; John Baird became an Admiral; James Erskine a vice-admiral; and Harry Rawson a rear-admiral. Ironically, all these younger men would die at least a decade before de Horsey. In the time before squadron distinctions were removed or age limits instituted,
3675-501: The French coast, and travelling as far south as the Canary Islands . While off Tenerife at midnight one day, Roddam, as master of the watch, was ordered to put the ship about. Three times he attempted it, but each time it proved impossible to do so, though there was no apparent obstacle to the manoeuvre. When relieved by Lieutenant Hamilton, Roddam related the strange behaviour of the ship, suggesting that some sort of witchcraft
3780-610: The General Court Martial (GCM), District Court Martial (DCM), Summary General Court Martial (SGCM) and Summary Court Martial (SCM). According to the Army Act, army courts can try personnel for all kinds of offenses, except for murder and rape of a civilian, which are primarily tried by a civilian court of law. The President of India can use the judicial power under Article 72 of the constitution to pardon, reprieve, respite or remission of punishment or sentence given by
3885-550: The NZDF, or being sent to military or civilian prison. In Poland, military courts are military garrison courts and military district courts. They are criminal courts with jurisdiction over offences committed by soldiers in active military service, as well as certain offences committed by civilian military personnel and soldiers of the armed forces of foreign countries (Article 647 of the Code of Criminal Procedure ). Garrison courts rule in
3990-565: The North and West in 1364; and from 1408–1414 they were all reunited as the High Admiral of England, Ireland, and Aquitaine , the forerunner to the present Lord High Admiral . (During this process, the short-lived post of Admiral of the Narrow Seas was used in 1412 and 1413. It was subsequently revived from 1523 to 1688.) The first royal commission as Admiral to a naval officer was granted in 1303 to Gervase Alard . By 1344, it
4095-902: The People's Republic of China within the Chinese People's Liberation Army with jurisdiction over the nation's armed forces (including the People's Liberation Army and the People's Armed Police ), organized as a unit under the dual leadership of the Supreme People's Court and the Political and Legal Committee of the Central Military Commission . In Finland, the military has jurisdiction over two types of crimes: those that can be committed only by military personnel and those normal crimes by military persons where both
4200-589: The Red rank until that post was introduced in 1805 prior to this the highest rank an admiral could attain to was Admiral of the White who then flew the Cross of St George . The next promotion step up from that was to Admiral of the Fleet. [REDACTED] Media related to Admirals of the United Kingdom at Wikimedia Commons Court martial A court-martial (plural courts-martial or courts martial , as "martial"
4305-462: The Rules for Courts-Martial, Military Rules of Evidence, and other guidance. There are three types: Special, Summary, and General. In Herman Melville 's novella Billy Budd (first published 1924), the title character is convicted at a drumhead court-martial of striking and killing his superior officer on board HMS Indomitable , is sentenced to death, and is hanged. The novella has been adapted for
Robert Roddam - Misplaced Pages Continue
4410-594: The Southern Department . Part of the debate revolved around the rights of the civil authorities to intervene in the military's judicial process, with Clinton criticising DeLancey's attempts to extend his authority at the expense of military discipline. c. Greenwich enjoyed only a brief career with the French. She was taken into their service under Captain Foucault, and saw action with Guy François de Coetnempren, comte de Kersaint 's squadron at
4515-460: The U.S. military for violations of the Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), which is the U.S. military's criminal code. However, they can also be convened for other purposes, including military tribunals and the enforcement of martial law in an occupied territory . Courts-martial are governed by the rules of procedure and evidence laid out in the Manual for Courts-Martial , which contains
4620-411: The West Bank are being treated as "foreign civilians". In Indonesia, any criminal offense conducted by military personnel will be held in trial by military court. There are four levels of military jurisdiction: The judges will receive temporary rank the same as the defendant if the rank of the defendant is higher than the judges. In Luxembourg, there are three levels of military jurisdiction: In
4725-694: The adjudicatory supervision of the Supreme Court (which, by the way, follows from Article 183(1) of the Constitution of the Republic of Poland ), and the Minister of Justice has superior organizational and administrative supervision. In 2005, ex-AFP Major General Carlos Garcia ( PMA Class of 1971, assigned comptroller of the AFP was court martialled for violating two articles of the Articles of War for
4830-668: The alleged Php 303 million Peso Money Laundering/Plunder and direct Bribery against him. Under the Singapore Armed Forces Act, any commissioned officer is allowed to represent servicemen when they are tried for military offences in the military courts. The cases are heard at the Court-Martial Centre at Kranji Camp II. Some of the courts martial in Singapore include that of Capt. G. R. Wadsworth in 1946 due to use of insubordinate language and, in
4935-466: The anticipated war with Spain. He continued to be promoted, reaching the rank of admiral of the red in 1805. He inherited the family seat at Roddam Hall , but though he married three times, he died without issue in 1808. Robert Roddam was born in 1719 at the family seat of Roddam Hall , in Northumberland . He was the second of three sons born to Edward Roddam, and his wife, Jane. Roddam entered
5040-424: The captaincy of Henry Harrison, and two years later, on 7 June 1746, was promoted to his first command, that of the 14-gun sloop HMS Viper , which was nearing completion at Poole . Viper was launched at Poole on 11 June, and having got her ready for sea, Roddam sailed to join the Channel Fleet at Spithead , arriving on 26 July. Shortly after his arrival, the commander-in-chief, George Anson expressed
5145-464: The close of the Napoleonic Wars in 1816 there were 190 admirals in service. Thereafter the number of admirals was reduced and in 1853 there were 79 admirals. Although admirals were promoted according to strict seniority, appointments to command were made at the discretion of the Board of Admiralty . As there were invariably more admirals in service than there were postings, many admirals remained unemployed, especially in peacetime. The organisation of
5250-410: The concept of yellow admirals (formally known as granting an officer the position of "Rear-Admiral without distinction of squadron"), being captains promoted to flag rank on the understanding that they would immediately retire on half-pay . This was the navy's first attempt at superannuating older officers. During the Interregnum , the rank of admiral was replaced by that of general at sea . In
5355-451: The concept of an English navy and its supposed admirals and lord high admirals back as far as Alfred the Great , counting several kings as themselves admirals, along with various dukes and earls who commanded fleets at prominent engagements such as Hubert de Burgh off Sandwich in 1217 . Other lists begin their count at King Henry III 's appointment of Sir Richard de Lucy on 28 August 1223 or 29 August 1224. A similar commission
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#17327874214165460-431: The convoy, when off Dover . Pocock gave the order to lie-to, but Roddam, seeing that some of the convoy were in danger of running onto South Foreland , signalled for the ships to bear away to the Downs . In both instances Pocock deferred to Roddam's judgement, and thanked him for his efforts. Colchester was then ordered to Portsmouth, and on peace being declared, went ashore. Roddam was recalled to active service during
5565-437: The court consists of a civilian legally trained judge and two military members: an officer and a warrant officer, an NCO or a private soldier. The verdict and the sentence are decided by a majority of votes. However, the court cannot give a more severe sentence than the learned member supports. The appeals can be made as in civilian trials. If a court of appeals handles a military matter, it will have an officer member with at least
5670-480: The crew left unfed. Roddam protested, and demanded to be taken to see Bauffremont. After Roddam had expressed his grievances, Bauffremont asked Roddam why he had refused to come to present his surrender in his own boat. Roddam replied that he would have considered it a disgrace, and that his sword would have been delivered through the body of the person demanding it, had it happened to him. Roddam and his men were taken to Hispaniola and imprisoned there. At first Roddam
5775-448: The death of James Hawkins-Whitshed resulted in ten men moving up to higher ranks. In 1996, the rank of admiral of the fleet was put in abeyance in peacetime, except for members of the Royal family but was resurrected on an honorary basis in 2014 for the appointment of Lord Boyce . Admirals of the fleet continue to hold their rank on the active list for life. The current ranks are rear admiral, vice admiral, admiral and admiral of
5880-461: The defendant and the victim are military persons or organizations and the crime has been defined in law as falling under military jurisdiction. The former category includes military offences such as various types of disobedience and absence without leave , while the latter category includes civilian crimes such as murder, assault, theft, fraud and forgery. However, war crimes and sexual crimes are not under military jurisdiction. In crimes where
5985-402: The first instance, appeals against their decisions and orders are heard by district courts, which also have first-instance jurisdiction in the most serious cases. The Criminal Chamber of the Supreme Court then acts as the second instance; in addition, cassation appeals against judgments rendered in the second instance are heard in the Criminal Chamber. The military courts are therefore subject to
6090-462: The fleet his deputy, the vice admiral , would be in the leading portion or van . Below him was another admiral at the rear of the fleet, called rear admiral . Promotion up the ladder was in accordance with seniority in the rank of post-captain , and rank was held for life, so the only way to be promoted was for the person above on the list to die or resign. In 1747 the Admiralty restored an element of merit selection to this process by introducing
6195-413: The fleet into coloured squadrons was finally abandoned in 1864. The Red Ensign was allocated to the Merchant Navy , the White Ensign became the flag of the Royal Navy, and the Blue Ensign was allocated to the naval reserve and naval auxiliary vessels. The 18th- and 19th-century Royal Navy also maintained a positional rank known as port admiral . A port admiral was typically a veteran captain who served as
6300-417: The fleet, also known as flag ranks because admirals, known as flag officers , are entitled to fly a personal flag . An admiral of the fleet flies a Union Flag at the masthead, while an admiral flies a St George's cross (red cross on white). Vice admirals and rear admirals fly a St George's cross with one or two red discs in the hoist, respectively. The rank of admiral itself is shown in its sleeve lace by
6405-615: The governor of New York at the time of Roddam's posting there, on 24 April 1749. Lucy died on 9 December 1750. He then married Alithea Calder, the daughter of Sir James Calder, 3rd Baronet, and a sister of Robert Calder , who would become an admiral in the wars with France, in March 1775. Alithea died on 21 July 1799, with Roddam marrying a third time, this time to Ann, daughter of Elizabeth Harrison of Killingworth, Northumberland. None of Roddam's marriages produced any children, and he left his estates to his distant relative William Spencer Stanhope, of Cannon Hall near Barnsley in south Yorkshire,
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#17327874214166510-404: The great-grandson of his first cousin Mary Roddam, wife of Edward Collingwood, and cousin to Admiral Lord Collingwood . Robert Roddam had succeeded to the family estates in 1776, on the death without issue of his elder brother Edward Roddam, and settled at the family seat of Roddam Hall in Northumberland where he had been born. He appears to have spent his time improving the house and grounds, and
6615-399: The indecisive Battle of Cap-Français on 21 October 1757. She survived the action and escorted a convoy to France, but was wrecked in a gale as she neared the French coast on 1 January 1758. Admiral (Royal Navy) Admiral is a senior rank of the Royal Navy , which equates to the NATO rank code OF-9 , outranked only by the rank of admiral of the fleet . Royal Navy officers holding
6720-411: The loss of the ship be made part of the official record. Most military forces maintain a judicial system that tries defendants for breaches of military discipline. Some countries like France have no courts-martial in times of peace and use civilian courts instead. Court-martial is hyphenated in US usage, whether used as a noun or verb. However, in British usage, a hyphen is used to distinguish between
6825-545: The men were paroled back to Jamaica. On arriving back at Jamaica Roddam was tried by court martial for the loss of his ship. The court martial was held aboard HMS Marlborough on 14 July 1757. After hearing evidence from the crew, the court honourably acquitted him, and Roddam had the minutes printed at Kingston for circulation. He had hoped for similar success to the minutes printed from Admiral Sir John Byng's court martial, which had been held earlier that year, but found they did not sell as well as he had expected. He
6930-416: The military has jurisdiction, the military conducts the investigation. In non-trivial cases, this is done by the investigative section of Defence Command or by civilian police, but trivial cases are investigated by the defendant's own unit. The civilian police has always the right to take the case from the military. If the case does not warrant a punishment greater than a fine or a disciplinary punishment,
7035-441: The modern day, misbehaviour by conscripted servicemen. The governing law in Thailand's military courts is the Military Court Organisation Act 1955 ( Thai : พระราชบัญญัติธรรมนูญศาลทหาร พ.ศ. ๒๔๙๘ ). The act allows the Judge Advocate General of Thailand ( Thai : เจ้ากรมพระธรรมนูญ ) to establish court regulations. In wartime or during the imposition of martial law , military courts may adopt special procedures. The court martial
7140-415: The navy in 1735, joining the 20-gun HMS Lowestoffe as a midshipman under Captain Drummond, with whom he served in the West Indies for the next five years. He then transferred in succession to the 80-gun ships HMS Russell , HMS Cumberland and HMS Boyne During this time, he served with Sir Chaloner Ogle and Sir Edward Vernon at the Battle of Cartagena de Indias , and
7245-427: The navy some years before the outbreak of the War of Jenkins' Ear . He worked his way up through the ranks during this war, and the wider War of the Austrian Succession , distinguishing himself in several actions and gaining promotions which eventually led to his first command in 1746. He impressed his superior officers, including George Anson and Sir Peter Warren , with his ability and enthusiasm, particularly during
7350-414: The next three years until 1751. While at New York in 1750, one of Greyhound ' s lieutenants accidentally shot a woman. A civil trial and court martial resulted, causing Roddam considerable trouble, and hinting at an anti-English mood among some sections of colonial society. Roddam was appointed to command the 50-gun HMS Bristol , which was then the Plymouth guardship , on 30 January 1753. He
7455-466: The next twelve hours Greenwich was constantly engaged with one or other of the French ships. Roddam still hoped to carry his plan of capturing one of them into execution, and assembled his men in an attempt to board the 64-gun Éveillé , but several of her consorts bore up and opened fire, damaging Greenwich ' s rigging and leaving her unmanageable. Roddam gathered his officers together, and told them that though they had no hope of winning against such
7560-598: The noun, "court martial", and the verb, "to court-martial". Usually, a court-martial takes the form of a trial with a presiding judge, a prosecutor and a defense attorney (all trained lawyers as well as officers). The precise format varies from one country to another and may also depend on the severity of the accusation. Courts-martial have the authority to try a wide range of military offences, many of which closely resemble civilian crimes like fraud, theft or perjury. Others, like cowardice, desertion, and insubordination, are purely military crimes. Military offences are defined in
7665-588: The occupation of Cumberland Bay in 1741. He distinguished himself during these encounters, and narrowly escaped being killed, when a cannonball shot off part of his coat. He was promoted to third lieutenant of the 60-gun HMS Superb on 2 November 1741, and served under her commander, Captain William Hervey. Roddam was present when Superb encountered a Spanish ship off the Irish coast during her voyage back to Britain. The Spanish ship, measuring 400 tons,
7770-411: The official ranks became admiral of the white and so forth, however each admiral's command flags were different and changed over time. The Royal Navy has had vice and rear admirals regularly appointed to the post since at least the 16th century. When in command of the fleet, the admiral would be in either the lead or the middle portion of the fleet. When the admiral commanded from the middle portion of
7875-480: The order, only he could be accused, and he would take Colchester and engage all the frigates single-handedly, trusting that 'some of them would be sent to the bottom.' Before long Commodore John Reynolds arrived aboard HMS Firm and superseded Roddam as senior officer. Reynolds assessed the possibility of attacking the convoy lying in the river, but was advised by his captains that it could not be done. Roddam requested permission to try anyway, as Colchester
7980-490: The passing of the crisis Roddam struck his flag in 1792. With the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars Roddam received a promotion to admiral of the blue on 1 February 1793. He was promoted to admiral of the white on 12 April 1794, and admiral of the red on 9 November 1805. Roddam married three times in his life. His first marriage was to Lucy Mary Clinton, the daughter of George Clinton ,
8085-594: The play on which it was based ) deals almost entirely with the court martial of two enlisted Marines. In the 2008 to 2014 sci-fiction animated TV show " Star Wars: The Clone Wars 's 2011 fourth season's episode "Plan of Dissent" clone troopers Fives and Jesse, both serving in the Grand Army of the Republic, act against orders from their acting superior in a war situation and in revenge are threatened with court-martial and consequent execution. They found themselves court-martialed and about to be executed by firing squad in
8190-568: The principal characters, charged with a range of offences relating to a dangerous flight manœuvre. In the Star Trek: The Next Generation episode "The Battle" it was stated that, as the loss of a starship was a court martial offense, Picard was court-martialled for the loss of the Stargazer , zealously prosecuted by Phillipa Louvois. In the end, he was absolved of all charges. The 1992 movie A Few Good Men (and
8295-770: The procedural part of the Military Penal Code (MPC) regulates the matters related to the courts and judicial persons that make up the Military Justice. Specifically in article 167 of the MPC, it is defined that criminal justice in the Army is awarded by the military courts (military courts, air courts, naval courts, review court) and the Supreme Court . There are four kinds of courts-martial in India. These are
8400-429: The punishment is given summarily by the company, battalion or brigade commander, depending on severity of the crime. If the brigade commander feels that the crime warrants a punishment more severe than he can give, he refers the case to the local district attorney who commences prosecution. The crimes with military jurisdiction are handled by the civilian district court which has a special composition. In military cases,
8505-481: The ranks of rear admiral , vice admiral and admiral of the fleet are sometimes considered generically to be admirals. The rank of admiral is currently the highest rank to which a serving officer in the Royal Navy can be promoted, admiral of the fleet being in abeyance except for honorary promotions of retired officers and members of the royal family. The equivalent rank in the British Army and Royal Marines
8610-416: The same procedures as would be the holding military 's own forces. Finally, courts-martial can be convened for other purposes, such as dealing with violations of martial law , and can involve civilian defendants. Most navies have a standard court-martial which convenes whenever a ship is lost; this does not presume that the captain is suspected of wrongdoing, but merely that the circumstances surrounding
8715-485: The seriousness of the offence) officers and warrant officers. Rulings on matters of law are made by the judge advocate alone, whilst decisions on the facts are made by a majority of the members of the court, not including the judge advocate, and decisions on sentence by a majority of the court, this time including the judge advocate. Most commonly, courts-martial in the United States are convened to try members of
8820-471: The shore commander of a British naval port and was in charge of supplying, refitting, and maintaining the ships docked at harbour. The problem of promoting strictly by seniority was well illustrated by the case of Provo Wallis who served (including time being carried on the books while still a child) for 96 years. When he died in 1892 four admirals under him could immediately be promoted. By request of Queen Victoria , John Edmund Commerell became Admiral of
8925-546: The squadron, and finding Colchester in need of repairs, Roddam was sent back to Plymouth, to refit and re-provision. Roddam returned to Plymouth, with Colchester leaking badly, but the port admiral , Commodore Hanaway, merely sent some caulkers on board, and sent her back to sea to join Sir Edward Hawke off Vans with a convoy. On joining the fleet, Hawke asked who had sent him a ship in such poor condition, and sent Roddam back to Plymouth to properly refit. Roddam
9030-561: The stage, film and television; notably in Benjamin Britten 's 1951 opera Billy Budd . In C.S. Forester 's 1938 novel Flying Colours , Captain Horatio Hornblower is court-martialled for the loss of HMS Sutherland . He is "most honourably acquitted". In Michael Morpurgo 's novel Private Peaceful , the main character of "Tommo" reflects on the childhoods of himself and his brother, Charlie as Charlie awaits
9135-450: The trial. Defendants are assigned legal counsel, and for the prosecution, a lawyer is assigned who generally comes from a military background. The judge advocate is usually made up of senior NZDF officers and warrant officers who hear the defence and prosecution evidence during court martial. Punishment on guilty findings of a defendant will see them face being charged with a punishment such as serious reprimand, loss of rank, dismissal from
9240-428: The war, being promoted to vice-admiral of the blue on 19 March 1779 and vice-admiral of the white on 26 September 1780. He was without active employment for a time after the end of the war, but was promoted to vice-admiral of the red on 24 September 1787, and on 20 April 1789 he became Commander-in-Chief at Portsmouth . He was commander there for three years, flying his flag aboard the 84-gun HMS Royal William during
9345-536: The wind in the Frenchman's favour, he could not escape, Roddam attempted to lure the frigate towards him, hoping to capture her before the rest of the fleet could intervene, and then send her immediately to Rear-Admiral George Townshend , the commander at Jamaica, with news of the French movements. On assessing Greenwich ' s strength, the frigate kept close to the squadron, which then came up and attacked, action commencing at 9 a.m. when Diadème opened fire. For
9450-443: Was 'an old man of war, not worth much, and the loss of her would be trifling for the good of the service.' Reynolds forbade Roddam from trying, whereupon Roddam suggested that Reynolds cruise off one of the channels of Belle Île, while Roddam covered the other. Reynolds agreed to this, but that night the French were able to elude Reynolds, and escaped into the river Vans. On Duff's return aboard HMS Rochester to resume command of
9555-495: Was 'not interested in politics or in a political route to professional advancement.' Certain incidents during his career hinted to Crimmin of a 'certain naïvety towards the non-naval world', and he noted that Roddam's 'closest connections and friendships were service ones.' Roddam was buried in the Roddam Mausoleum in the churchyard of St Michael's, Ilderton , in north Northumberland. a. Hervey's actions in
9660-466: Was abolished generally in 1976, and for military offences in 1998. Harold Pringle was the last Canadian soldier executed pursuant to a court martial, in 1945, having been convicted of murder. The Military Court of the Chinese People's Liberation Army is the highest level military court (High Military Court, a special people's court executing the authority of the High People's Court) established by
9765-456: Was allowed to visit his men everyday, but after some time, this was refused. His men became concerned that he had been murdered, and on not getting a satisfactory answer to their queries, seized their guards and took up arms. The prison governor sent for Roddam and asked him to restore order among his men, which Roddam only agreed to do once he had received promises of better treatment for them. Their treatment improved, and after two months in prison
9870-474: Was also brought to court martial. Roddam gave evidence to support the charges against Hervey, who was found guilty and cashiered , while Hardy was honourably acquitted. With Superb paid off at Plymouth, Roddam was appointed third lieutenant of the 64-gun HMS Monmouth on 7 September 1742, serving under Captain Charles Wyndham. He was with Monmouth for the next four years, spent cruising off
9975-469: Was armed with 20 guns and manned by a crew of 60, was captured, and later valued at £200,000. Hervey had gained a reputation for ill treatment of his officers, and on Superb ' s return to Plymouth in August 1742, Hervey was tried by court martial on charges of 'cruelty, ill usage of his officers, and neglect of duty'. In response, Hervey made accusations against his first lieutenant, John Hardy, who
10080-579: Was embraced by Warren, who thanked him personally for his skill and gallantry. Warren wrote to the Admiralty strongly recommending Roddam for promotion, and as a result of his efforts, Roddam was advanced to post captain on 9 July 1747, and given command of the 24-gun HMS Greyhound . Meanwhile, Roddam had, on his return to Britain after his action off Cedeira, been petitioned by the constituents of Portsmouth to represent them as their Member of Parliament . Roddam turned down their offer, and went on to serve at sea under Commodore Mitchell, cruising off
10185-615: Was given to Sir Thomas Moulton in 1264, who held the formal title of Keeper of the Sea and the Sea Ports. On 8 March 1287, Sir William de Leybourne was specifically commissioned as the Admiral of the Seas of England ( Latin : Admirallus Maris Angliae ) and, in 1294, captain of all sailors and mariners of the king's dominions. Sir John de Botetourt served under him as warden at sea from
10290-612: Was in position the following morning. He stormed the first battery, carrying it and destroying all its guns, as well as capturing a Spanish privateer which emerged from the bay. He then entered the bay, burnt twenty-eight merchant ships and captured five of them, the most he could provide sailors to man from his small crew. The inhabitants of the town of Cedeira offered to surrender to Roddam on his terms, but were told that Roddam 'did not come there to aggrandize himself or crew by distressing harmless individuals, but only such as armed against Great Britain...' On his return to England Roddam
10395-404: Was moved to the 50-gun HMS Greenwich in 1755. Roddam was ordered to the Caribbean shortly after the outbreak of the Seven Years' War and departed for Jamaica on 23 January 1757. While cruising off Cape Cabron, San Domingo on 18 March 1757, mysterious sails were sighted, which were at first assumed to be a small fleet of merchant ships being conveyed by two frigates. They were in fact
10500-424: Was only used as a rank at sea for a captain in charge of one or more fleets. In Elizabethan times the fleet grew large enough to be organised into squadrons . The squadron's admiral flew a red ensign , the vice admirals white , and the rear admirals blue on the aft mast of his ship. As the squadrons grew, each was eventually commanded by an admiral (with vice admirals and rear admirals commanding sections) and
10605-414: Was probably responsible for adding the late eighteenth-century wings to the hall. He also planted an avenue of trees, which are still extant today, named on Ordnance Survey maps as Admiral's Avenue, which leads to Boat Wood. Admiral Robert Roddam died at Morpeth on 31 March 1808. His biographer, P. K. Crimmin, described him as a 'brave and competent sailor and a diligent administrator', but noted that he
10710-426: Was responsible. In Hamilton's presence, Roddam attempted to repeat the procedure, and for the fourth time the ship missed stays. At daybreak a strange sail was sighted ahead of Monmouth , which was chased down and captured. She proved to be a Spanish ship, valued at £100,000, which would otherwise have been missed had Monmouth come about during the night. Roddam was advanced to second lieutenant on 14 July 1744, during
10815-569: Was then sent to Saint Helena , with Captain Jeekill's 60-gun HMS Rippon under his orders, to bring home the East Indies convoy. They were joined for their return voyage by Sir George Pocock's squadron. As the squadron and the convoy passed the Isles of Scilly , Roddam became concerned that they were too close to the land, and gave the signal to tack. Roddam had a second occasion to warn
10920-509: Was told by the printer that 'if you had been condemned to be shot, your trial would have sold as well; but the public take no interest in an honourable acquittal'. Roddam returned to England aboard a packet , and had to work to save the ship when the master pressed on too much sail in a gale, and again when a mysterious sail appeared to be attempting to catch the packet. Roddam was exchanged shortly after his arrival in England, and went out as
11025-464: Was wanted on the French ship, a boat must be sent for him, or else he would rehoist the colours and defend the ship until she sank. A lieutenant was then sent over in a boat from the French ship, and Roddam came aboard. The French commander, Captain Merville, gave Roddam the bedding of the ordinary ship's company and a dirty rug, and did not allow him to change his clothes. Greenwich was ransacked, and
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