Misplaced Pages

#214785

69-546: In 1963, the RCPD began the use of radar to enforce speed limit compliance. In 1968, the RCPD hired its first black policeman, Richard "Gene" Eugene Dyson. By 1972, the RCPD only had 9 policemen. In 1976, the RCPD and the Montgomery County P.D. formed a burglary prevention unit to help deter and investigate burglaries in the city. In June 1976, Dennis Dempsey became the RCPD's first captain. Under Chief Charles Wall,

138-448: A "double-dipping" probe. The accused officers were alleged to have improperly billed Grady Management, a Silver Spring real estate firm, for more than 8,900 hours for which they also were compensated by the police. The accused improperly earned more than $ 200,000. Each officer involved in the scheme were either fired, resigned, forced to retire or otherwise disciplined depending on their individual involvement. From its founding until 2008,

207-565: A communications center, or the communications unit of a public safety agency, with a process to systemically review and internally assess its operations and procedures. Since the first CALEA Communication Accreditation Award was granted in 1999, the program has become the primary method for a communications agency to voluntarily demonstrate its commitment to excellence. The standards upon which the Public Safety Communications Accreditation Program

276-585: A former New Jersey police chief, a Burglary Prevention Unit composed of RCPD patrol officers and Montgomery County Police detectives was created. Jared Stout, a former Fairfax County Police media director, was chief from 1979 through 1989. Under Chief Stout, relations were formalized to allow Rockville City officers to respond to 911 calls. On March 26, 1994, the RPCD was accredited by the Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies (CALEA). In 1996,

345-459: A gang of armed robbers at a Silver Spring business.Security guard David Myers was also killed by the robbers. On September 24, 1991, Clarence Edwards became the chief of the MCPD, becoming the department's first African American chief as well as the first African American chief of a Maryland county-level police department. He was a former U.S. Park Police (USPP) officer for 21 years and had joined

414-513: A light blue stripe running down the side of each pant leg. RCPD officers who act as K-9 handlers wear dark blue BDUs. The Maryland state coat of arms is worn on the collars, except for high ranking officers like the chief, who wear rank insignia there instead. In the 1970s, the RCPD had a captain rank. However, it no longer does, having replaced the rank with major. The RCPD uses the sixth-generation Ford Taurus Police Interceptor Sedan and second-generation Dodge Charger as its primary patrol cars;

483-495: Is "accountability with reasonable assistance." As the "eyes and ears" of the Commission, assessors must maintain objectivity and report on the agency's ability to comply with the requisite number of applicable standards. For every accreditation on-site assessment, one assessor is designated as the team leader. Team leaders must hold a senior level executive or management position in their agency. Team leaders are selected from

552-470: Is a credentialing authority (accreditation), based in the United States, whose primary mission is to accredit public safety agencies, namely law enforcement agencies, training academies, communications centers, and campus public safety agencies. The Commission was created in 1979 as an independent accrediting authority by the four major law enforcement membership associations: The primary purpose of

621-494: Is associated with gender diversity. A 2005 study aimed to assess whether involvement in the CALEA accreditation process positively impacts the representation of sworn women, including women of color, in large police agencies. Comparing 193 non-CALEA agencies with 201 CALEA agencies, the results indicate significant differences, suggesting that CALEA accreditation encourages the recruitment and promotion of women. A 2014 study evaluated

690-450: Is based reflect the current thinking and experience of public safety communications executives and accreditation experts. APCO International (Association of Public-Safety Communications Officials International, Inc.), the leading communications membership association, was a partner in the development of CALEA's Standards for Public Safety Communications Agencies© and its Accreditation Program. This relationship continues today as APCO recognizes

759-419: Is designed for educational campus security agencies or departments that primarily employ non-sworn security officers and identify themselves as a "campus security force." Eligible campus security agencies are defined as those having legal authority to perform security and public safety related functions in an educational campus-based setting, or those providing security or public safety services whose eligibility

SECTION 10

#1732772487215

828-411: Is given to the governing body(s) and agencies that have concurrent CALEA accreditation for their law enforcement, public safety communications and public safety training agencies. CALEA Assessors are contractual employees who follow the policies and procedures of the Commission. CALEA Assessors must have the ability to evaluate public safety management policies, procedures, practices, and activities. It

897-418: Is important for an assessor to have a firm understanding of modern public safety personnel, administrative, legal, and operational concepts and be able to interact, at a peer level, with the assessed agency CEO and command staff. While on assignment, CALEA Assessors must exemplify the highest levels of professionalism at all times and foster a non-adversarial climate. The CALEA Philosophy concerning assessments

966-399: Is presented to Chief Executive Officers who have commanded a CALEA Accredited agency for fifteen or more continuous years. The James V. Cotter Award is for Chief Executive Officers who have successfully brought three or more new agencies into CALEA Accredited status. CALEA Accredited Agencies are recognized for having been CALEA Accredited for 15 or more continuous years. The Tri-Arc Award

1035-424: Is to promote superior public safety training services and recognize professional excellence. The program's standards are derived from the best practices of professional public safety training academies, and do not conflict with any organizations that are recognized training authorities. The standards prescribe "what" academies should be doing, but not "how" they should do it. That decision is left up to each academy and

1104-659: Is verified by the Commission. The CALEA Accreditation Process is a proven modern management model; once implemented, it presents the Chief Executive Officer (CEO), on a continuing basis, with a blueprint that promotes the efficient use of resources and improves service delivery - regardless of the size, geographic location, or functional responsibilities of the agency. The CALEA Campus Security Accreditation Program provides agencies an opportunity to voluntarily demonstrate that they meet an established set of professional standards which: Studies have found that CALEA

1173-728: The Metropolitan Police Department of the District of Columbia , and in neighboring jurisdictions such as the District of Columbia , Howard County , Baltimore City , and Prince George's County as requested by authority. The MCPD was established in early July 1922, absorbing some responsibilities from the Montgomery County Sheriff's Office (MCSO) through Chapter 259 of the Acts of 1922. At

1242-722: The Montgomery County Department of Police ( MCP ), is a nationally accredited agency and the primary law enforcement agency of Montgomery County, Maryland , providing the full spectrum of policing services to the entire county, including the Potomac River . Established in July 1922, the MCPD is headquartered in Gaithersburg, Maryland , and in addition to its primary duties, it also provides aid and assistance to other police departments including

1311-519: The county seat of Rockville until the early 2010s. The Office of the Chief is responsible for the day-to-day activities of the MCP. This section also contains Community Services, Internal Affairs, Legal and Labor, Media Services, and Stress Management. The current chief of police is long-time MCP officer Marc Yamada, who was sworn in on July 2, 2024. He was preceded in office by Marcus Jones, who had held

1380-592: The 1990s, the MCPD faced numerous allegations of abuse, excessive force, and misconduct, including fatal officer-involved shootings in Wheaton and Silver Spring in April 1999 and March 1999, respectively. These accusations resulted in the U.S. Justice Department investigating the department for three years. Although there had been certain public scrutiny about specific police shootings involving MCP officers, it has been determined that they were all justified under

1449-528: The Baltimorean police. In December 2015, an MCP officer was struck and killed in Rockville by an automobile being driven by an inebriated person. That officer, Noah Leotta, was working a DUI enforcement assignment at the time. Maryland legislature later passed Noah's Law which provides enhanced penalties for persons arrested for driving under the influence. In April 2019, J. Thomas Manger retired as

SECTION 20

#1732772487215

1518-758: The CEO, on a continuing basis, with a blueprint that promotes the efficient use of resources and improves service delivery—regardless of the size, type, or geographic location of the academy. The standards upon which the Public Safety Training Academy Accreditation Program is based reflect the current thinking and experience of training academy practitioners and accreditation experts. CALEA's Standards for Public Safety Training Academies© and its Accreditation Program are seen as benchmarks for today's public safety training programs. The CALEA Campus Security Accreditation Program

1587-410: The Chief Executive Officer. The program standards cover nine topic areas: (1) credentialing; (2) organization; (3) direction and authority; (4) human resources; (5) recruitment, selection, employment, and promotion; (6) instructional systems; (7) training administration; (8) instructors; and (9) students. The CALEA Accreditation Process is a proven modern management model; once implemented, it presents

1656-424: The Commission as an indication of superlative performance within these accreditation programs. Additionally, these programs are open to all types of law enforcement agencies, on an international basis. And, these programs provide specific standards to support law enforcement agencies functioning in the college/university environment. They provide a process to systematically conduct an internal review and assessment of

1725-479: The Commission is to improve law enforcement service by creating a national body of standards developed by law enforcement professionals. Furthermore, it recognizes professional achievements by establishing and administering an accreditation process through which a law enforcement agency can demonstrate that it meets those standards. CALEA derives its general authority from the four major law enforcement membership associations whose members represent approximately 80% of

1794-528: The Constitution, federal and state laws, and department policy. The only exception is when an on duty MCP officer shot and wounded a romantic rival in the Wheaton area. The MCP and the state's attorney's office have a long-standing practice of investigating, prosecuting and terminating corrupt MCP officers, although it is a very uncommon occurrence within MCP compared to other large police departments across

1863-582: The K-9 Unit, Emergency Services Unit, Police Community Action Team, Special Events Response Team, and Tactical Unit. The Investigative Services Bureau is responsible for providing specialized police services such as (but not limited to) the following: Criminal Investigations Division (CID), Auto Theft, Fraud, Family Crimes, Major Crimes, and Special Investigations Division. Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies The Commission on Accreditation for Law Enforcement Agencies, Inc. ( CALEA )

1932-404: The MCP played a major role in the ensuing investigation. In June 2003, Moose resigned amid controversy over a book he helped author alongside Charles Fleming , that detailed Moose's experiences during the D.C. sniper attacks. The county government objected in stating that the MCPD chief was not allowed to profit privately from official duties; the book itself was released on September 15, 2003. In

2001-400: The MCP's chief of police. He was succeeded by Marcus Jones a few months later. On March 26, 2021 the department released January 14, 2020 body camera footage showing two officers screaming at and handcuffing a five-year-old special needs child in crisis at Silver Spring and threatening that he should be beaten, and confirmed that the officers remained employed. In January 2021, members of

2070-504: The MCPD was headquartered at 2350 Research Boulevard in the county seat of Rockville . In 2012, the MCPD moved its headquarters from Rockville, where it had been headquartered for forty years, to the Montgomery County Public Safety Headquarters, located at 100 Edison Park Drive in Gaithersburg, Maryland , located around four miles from the former MCPD headquarters. The process of transferring

2139-670: The MCPD was headquartered at the lower level of the Montgomery County Courthouse . In February 1939, Charles M. Orme became the MCPD's chief. He fought as a soldier in World War I and previous served in the Montgomery County Sheriff's Office as a deputy from 1925 to 1939. Under his tenure the MCPD grew from 35 policemen to 177 policemen. By 1955, the MCPD had grown to have 177 policemen. In April 1955, James Stephen McAuliffe Sr. became

Rockville City Police Department - Misplaced Pages Continue

2208-577: The MCPD was to address and correct the misconduct and abuses committed by its officers. On March 12, 2002, John A. King, on Moose's recommendation, was unanimously approved as the MCPD's assistant chief by the county council, after Alan G. Rodbell retired on December 23, 2001, to fill a law enforcement job position in Arizonan city of Scottsdale . In October 2002, several of the D.C. sniper attacks occurred in Montgomery County. Moose and

2277-688: The MCPD wore khaki-colored uniforms. However, in 2008, the MCPD switched to its current black-colored uniforms. These uniforms are usually worn with a ballistic vest on top of the uniform's shirt, with the word "POLICE" embroidered onto the back. However, formal uniforms for ceremonial occasions are still khaki and olive-colored. In 2010, the MCPD shot and killed an armed hostage-taker at the Discovery Communications building in Silver Spring after he attempted to chase after his hostages when they attempted to flee. An MCP officer that

2346-464: The MCPD's SERT unit were present at the U.S. Capitol during the riot there by supporters of outgoing U.S. President Donald Trump. The MCPD is divided into four bureaus and the Office of the Chief. The MCPD is headquartered at the J. Thomas Manger Public Safety Headquarters at 100 Edison Park Drive, Gaithersburg, Maryland , near Lake Placid. It was formerly headquartered at 2350 Research Boulevard in

2415-626: The MCPD's assistant chief previously; he himself retired from the MCPD on August 1, 2006. On January 30, 2004, J. Thomas Manger , a former officer of the Fairfax County Police Department (FCPD), became the sixteenth MCPD chief. Manger is a graduate of the FBI National Academy and served as the FCPD's acting chief before becoming its chief. On October 5, 2007, ten MCPD officers were charged in

2484-477: The MCPD's chief, intending to brings new changes to the department. However, he became unpopular with many officers in the department as they believed he was too sharply critical and demanding of them. As a result, he was removed from his position by the county executive in December 1978. Donald E. Brooks became the MCPD's acting chief after DiGrazia was dismissed. In 1979, a computerized fingerprinting system

2553-407: The MCPD's chief. He was the 11th policeman ever hired by the MCPD. Over the course of several decades, the MCPD would eventually grow to over a thousand officers. In 1971, Kenneth Winstead Watkins became the MCPD's chief. Serving with the department since 1946, he was the last policeman to serve as the MCPD's head when it was still known as "superintendent". After his retirement, the title of

2622-538: The MCPD's chief. He was the Sheriff of Montgomery County from 1917 to 1919. In 1927, the department was enlarged to twenty officers by Chapter 299 of the Acts of 1927. From 1922 until 1935, the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners designated one police officer from within the MCPD's ranks to serve as its chief. In 1935, through Chapter 9 of the Acts of 1935, the regulations were changed so that

2691-412: The MCPD's head policeman was changed to "chief". On March 29, 1971, Carol A. Mehrling joined the MCPD as its first female police officer. She would eventually become its first female police chief in 1995, more than two decades later. In 1976, the title of the head of the MCPD was changed from superintendent to chief. Also that same year, Robert DiGrazia , a former Boston Police Commissioner, became

2760-566: The MCPD's headquarters to its new location took around two years at a cost of 108.5 million dollars. The remodeling and moving phases took an extended period of time due to the legal requirements of housing a police district station along with administrative offices in the same building. The MCPD shares the building with other county agencies, such as the Montgomery County Fire and Rescue Service (MCFRS) and Montgomery County Office of Homeland Security. The MCP's 1st District station

2829-405: The RCPD also uses the second-generation Ford Explorer Police Interceptor Utility . The RCPD also uses motorcycles. The RCPD's patrol cars are painted grey with their liveries consisting of black and blue stripes on the sides with the words "ROCKVILLE POLICE" inscribed near the hood and on the front doors, with the Rockville city seal emblazoned on the rear doors. Inscribed on both front fenders are

Rockville City Police Department - Misplaced Pages Continue

2898-491: The RCPD began the use of license plate-reading cameras on their cars. In 2012, the RCPD transitioned to an electronic, computerized method of issuing traffic citations. In 2012, the RCPD moved to a new headquarters building. In June 2013, the RCPD had 57 sworn policemen on duty and 36 unsworn civilian employees for a total of 93 members. In 2016, the RCPD made 678 arrests, gave 95 drunk driving citations, issued 13,603 parking tickets, and gave 8,996 traffic warnings. For 2016,

2967-698: The RCPD was awarded the Excellence in Community Policing Award by the National League of Cities. In 1998, the City of Rockville annexed 900 acres of land, increasing the RCPD's jurisdiction by the same. In 1999, the RCPD had 45 sworn policemen and 18 unsworn civilian employees. In 2000, the RCPD had 45 sworn policemen and 18 unsworn civilian employees. In 2001, the RCPD had 50 sworn policemen and 20 unsworn civilian employees. In 2011,

3036-411: The RCPD's budget was 12,181,400$ . In 2017, the RCPD's policemen began wearing body cameras. The current chief of police is Victor Brito, since mid-2018. The RCPD is divided into three bureaus: Falling under the Office of the Chief, the RCPD also has the following sections: The RCPD's headquarters building is located at 2 West Montgomery Avenue in Rockville, Maryland. RCPD uniforms are dark blue with

3105-684: The USPP in September 1963. He also served in the Maryland-National Capital Park Police . However, in December 1994, Edwards was relieved of his position by Montgomery County Executive Douglas Duncan , who had taken office that same month, a move which angered the local chapter of the NAACP . Edwards was succeeded by interim MCPD chief Carol A. Mehrling, who joined the MCPD on March 29, 1971. On February 2, 1995, Mehrling

3174-493: The United States. On August 2, 1999, Charles A. Moose became the fifteenth MCP chief, during a time when the MCP was nearing the end of a three-year-long U.S. Department of Justice investigation into allegations of misconduct and abuse committed by its officers. Moose was a U.S. Air Force commissioned officer and was the former chief of the Portland Bureau of Police . By the end of 1999, crime in Montgomery County

3243-472: The achievements of CALEA Accredited Public Safety Communications agencies and supports accreditation. CALEA Accreditation requires the communications center or unit to develop a comprehensive, well thought out uniform set of written directives. This is one of the most successful methods for reaching administrative and operational goals, while also providing direction to personnel. The Public Safety Training Academy Accreditation Program began in 2002. Its purpose

3312-507: The aftermath, Moose eventually became a police officer in Honolulu, Hawaii. During the sniper case, he was frequently criticized for his lack of public speaking abilities during interviews with the news media. After resigning as the MCPD's chief in June 2003, Moose was succeeded by William C. "Bill" O'Toole, who served as the MCPD's acting chief until a new chief could be found. O'Toole was

3381-436: The agencies it serves. CALEA Assessors must have: Local assistance and in-house support with CALEA Accreditation Programs are provided by a network of organizations called Police Accreditation Coalitions, or PAC for short. PACs are formed on a local (state) or regional (multi-state) basis and made up of experienced Accreditation Managers. New accreditation managers can join their local PAC for training, guidance, and support at

3450-510: The agencies’ policies and procedures, and make adjustments wherever necessary to meet a body of internationally accepted standards. Since the first CALEA Accreditation Award was granted in 1984, the program has become the primary method for an agency to voluntarily demonstrate their commitment to excellence in law enforcement. The standards upon which the Law Enforcement Accreditation Program is based reflect

3519-411: The assessor pool based on their performance, the recommendations of their past team leaders and assessed agencies, and a CALEA Staff review. Team leader certification requires additional CALEA training, as well as maintaining an active assessor certificate. Re-certification is required every three years for assessor and team leader. CALEA maintains a pool of assessors that represents the demographics of

SECTION 50

#1732772487215

3588-510: The chief could be appointed from any source, at the discretion of the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners. In 1948, when Montgomery County transitioned to a charter government, the responsibilities of appointing chiefs for the MCPD was transferred to the Montgomery County Executive. In 1927, the MCPD had 20 policemen. In 1931, the MCPD had 27 policemen, and by 1939, the MCPD had 35 policemen. From 1927 to 1954,

3657-466: The current thinking and experience of law enforcement practitioners and researchers. Major law enforcement associations, leading educational and training institutions, governmental agencies, as well as law enforcement executives internationally, acknowledge CALEA's Standards for Law Enforcement Agencies© and its Accreditation Programs as benchmarks for professional law enforcement agencies. The CALEA Public Safety Communications Accreditation Program provides

3726-404: The department's 10-digit phone number, "301-340-7300", inscribed on the front fenders, with the words "ROCKVILLE CITY POLICE" pasted on the rear quarter panels. In the early mid-2000s the RCPD used Chevrolet Blazers and eighth-generation Chevrolet Impala 9C1s with a very similar livery design as the current one used presently in the 2010s, however the cars were painted white instead of grey and

3795-489: The effects of various factors on women's representation in law enforcement across over 4,000 agencies. Results showed that higher female officer representation is associated with agencies that are CALEA-accredited. A 2023 study found that CALEA police accreditation improves organizational learning by developing knowledge brokers, establishing communities of practice, supporting knowledge repositories and managers, and increasing transparency. Significant, positive associations with

3864-492: The law enforcement profession in the United States. Members to the Commission are appointed by the Executive Directors of these four associations. A majority vote is required for each appointment. Commissioners are appointed to a term of three years. The Commission is composed of 21 members: The Law Enforcement Accreditation Program was the first credentialing program established by CALEA after its founding. It

3933-428: The motto on the front fenders were omitted. In the mid-2000s, the RCPD used Chevrolet Tahoes and Ford Crown Victoria Police Interceptors with the cars' paint schemes were changed from white to grey. 39°4′53″N 77°9′6″W  /  39.08139°N 77.15167°W  / 39.08139; -77.15167 Montgomery County Police Department The Montgomery County Police Department ( MCPD ), officially

4002-532: The office since November 8, 2019. He is the MCPD's 17th chief. In 2019, the public safety headquarters was renamed honoring former Chief J. Thomas Manger. Until 1976, the MCP's head policeman was known as its "superintendent", after which it was changed to its present title of "chief". The Field Services Bureau contains the general policing districts and the Special Operations Division. The Special Operations Division (SOD), consists of

4071-466: The time, the department was designated to consist of three to six officers that were appointed to two-year terms by the Montgomery County Board of Commissioners, with one officer designated as the chief. The first chief of the MCPD was Charles T. "Chas" Cooley, who was from Frederick County, Maryland and served as a soldier in the Spanish–;American War . In July 1924, William L. Aud became

4140-461: The use of crime analysis and the use of resident surveys to prioritize crime/disorder problems have also been found. Research has also found that approximately two-thirds of the U.S. adult population supports having their local police department earn accreditation as long as their local police department supports it, and adopting CALEA does not require a tax increase. CALEA offers several awards of recognition and achievement. The Egon Bittner Award

4209-417: The words "If You SEE Something, SAY Something", with the words "EMERGENCY 911" emblazoned on the rear quarter panels. In the 1990s, the RCPD's patrol cars were for the most part white Chevrolet Luminas and first-generation Ford Crown Victorias with a single blue stripe on the side running the entire length of the car from front to back. The Rockville city seal was emblazoned on both of the front doors, with

SECTION 60

#1732772487215

4278-549: Was also consolidated into this new headquarters. The building which houses the headquarters, located near Lake Placid, was built in the 1960s and was originally used by the National Geographic Society , and later by General Electric (GE). The building was leased to the county government before a purchase date of 2014 was finalized. Since the building officially opened as the county public safety HQ, at least two incidents have occurred (a small explosive device

4347-458: Was chosen by Duncan to be the MCPD's fourteenth chief, becoming the department's first female chief. The MCPD was, at the time, the second-largest police department in the United States to be headed by a woman. On February 17, 1997, the local Fraternal Order of Police (FOP) body voted overwhelmingly in passing a resolution of no confidence in Mehrling's abilities as chief, claiming that she

4416-483: Was detonated, and a separate incident of an entranceway glass door being shattered). The county is seeking ways to improve security at the location. On the evening of January 30, 2014, an MCPD officer shot and killed his son at their home in Gaithersburg as the latter was stabbing the officer's wife, who later died. In early 2015, during the riots in Baltimore , the MCPD dispatched a Lenco BearCat to assist

4485-420: Was in the area of the building at the time was awarded for his actions for placing himself inside of the building, communicating with on duty officers and saving multiple lives. The MCPD's total number of personnel declined from 2010 to 2012 due to the recession and budget county problems. In 2010, the MCPD had an authorized strength of 1,200 sworn officers, but by January 2012 it only had 1,159. Until 2012,

4554-491: Was installed for use by the MCPD. In April 1979, Bernard Crooke, a former MPDC officer, became the MCPD's chief. He would serve in that capacity before dying in office in February 1988. After Crooke died, Donald E. Brooks became the MCPD's acting chief. By the 1980s, the MCPD had 750 officers, and by September 1991 it had 849 officers. In March 1981, MCPD policeman Philip Carl Metz was shot and killed while confronting

4623-406: Was lower than at the start of the decade, with total violent crime down 16 percent, rapes down 23 percent, robberies down 8 percent, aggravated assaults down 19 percent, and overall crime down 9 percent. On January 14, 2000, a Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) was signed between the U.S. Department of Justice and the MCP regarding abuses and misconduct committed by the latter. The agreement detailed how

4692-548: Was not doing enough to defend MCPD officers against accusations of misconduct and abuse by the NAACP. As a result of these allegations, the United States Department of Justice (DOJ) launched an investigation into the operations of the MCPD. On November 17, 1998, Mehrling announced that she would retire from the MCPD and did so on February 3, 1999, with Thomas Evans becoming the acting chief. Throughout much of

4761-468: Was originally developed to address what was seen as a need to enhance law enforcement as a profession and to improve law enforcement service delivery. That mission continues today through a tiered law enforcement accreditation program. Participating agencies may enroll in either CALEA Law Enforcement Accreditation or CALEA Advanced Law Enforcement Accreditation, without regard to agency size. Agencies may apply for and be awarded Accreditation with Excellence by

#214785