97-536: Roerich is a surname. People with that name include: Nicholas Roerich (1874–1947), Russian painter, writer, archaeologist and theosophist Helena Roerich (1879–1955), Russian philosopher, writer and public figure, wife of Nicholas Roerich George de Roerich (born Yuri Roerich) (1902–1960), Russian Tibetologist, son of Nicholas Roerich Svetoslav Roerich (1904–1993), Russian painter, son of Nicholas Roerich See also [ edit ] Röhrich 4426 Roerich ,
194-477: A general election which saw President Daniel Ortega re-elected to a fourth term in office. In a vote by the OAS Permanent Council, 25 member states voted in favour of a resolution condemning the election. Seven countries, including Mexico, Honduras and Bolivia, abstained. The motion stated that the election was "not free, fair or transparent and lack[s] democratic legitimacy" and also instructed
291-524: A European focus; resulting in the Canadian government seeing little value in pursuing OAS membership. From the 1960s to the 1980s, the Canadian government expressed some interest in joining the OAS, having successfully applied for permanent observer status in 1972 to evaluate potential membership. In the 1980s, the Canadian government incrementally increased its participation in OAS activities. Canada signed
388-677: A Style Committee shall be set up with representatives of the four official languages to review the General Assembly resolutions and declarations. Article 53 states that proposals shall be presented in the four official languages. The Rules of Procedure and Statutes of other bodies, such as the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CIDI), the Permanent Executive Committee of the Inter-American Council for Integral Development (CEPCIDI),
485-471: A common military, a mutual defense pact, and a supranational parliamentary assembly. The meeting was attended by representatives of Gran Colombia , comprising the present-day countries of Colombia , Ecuador , Panama , and Venezuela , Argentina , Peru , Bolivia , the United Provinces of Central America , and Mexico but the grandly titled "Treaty of Union, League, and Perpetual Confederation"
582-418: A constitutional monarchy. However, U.S. opposition to Canadian membership prevented their admittance, with the U.S. fearing the admittance of Canada to the OAS would bring with it British influence that could impede its freedom of action within the organization. The U.S. reversed its position on Canadian membership in 1947. However, by that time, Canadian foreign policy had adopted an Atlanticist position with
679-642: A coup. On 21 December, the Technical Mission of Electoral Experts sent by the European Union published a 67-page report made similar observations and conclusions to that of the OAS. They noted that "there were minutes with an unusually high number of null votes, blank votes and a hundred percent participation of voters in a series of polling stations" and highlighted the general failure of the TSE to declare these irregularities. Studies commissioned by
776-802: A director at the Art Institute of Chicago , offering to arrange for Roerich's art to tour the United States. In the autumn of 1920, the Roerichs traveled to America by sea. The Roerichs remained in the United States from October 1920 until May 1923. A large exhibition of Roerich's art, organized partly by the U.S. impresario Christian Brinton and partly by the Chicago Art Institute , began in New York in December 1920 and toured
873-769: A full member, Canada was instrumental in the creation of the Unit for the Promotion of Democracy, which provides support for the strengthening and consolidation of democratic processes and institutions in OAS member states. During the 6th Conference of Foreign Ministers of the Organization of American States (OAS) in Costa Rica , from 16 to 20 August 1960, a conviction against the State of the Dominican Republic
970-478: A lawyer, his main interests were literature, philosophy, archaeology , and especially art. Roerich was a dedicated activist for the cause of preserving art and architecture during times of war. He was nominated several times to the longlist for the Nobel Peace Prize . The so-called Roerich Pact (for the protection of cultural objects ) was signed into law by the United States and most other nations of
1067-498: A main-belt asteroid Nicholas Roerich Museum , a museum in New York City dedicated to the works of Nicholas Roerich Roerich Pact , an international treaty on the protection of artistic and scientific institutions and historic monuments Rerikhism , a spiritual and cultural movement centered on the teachings transmitted by Helena and Nicholas Roerich All pages with titles containing Roerich Topics referred to by
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#17327811726561164-542: A metallic oval in the sky over the Tibet; decades later, UFO enthusiasts would claim the Roerich expedition witnessed a " flying saucer ". Between the summer of 1927 and June 1928, the expedition was thought to have been lost, as communication with them had ceased. They had, in fact, been attacked in Tibet. Roerich wrote that only the "superiority of our firearms prevented bloodshed.... In spite of our having Tibet passports,
1261-719: A new appreciation of ancient myth and legend." After some months in Finland and Scandinavia , the Roerichs relocated to London, arriving in mid-1919. Engrossed with Theosophical mysticism, they now had millenarian expectations that a new age was imminent, and they wished to travel to India as soon as possible. They joined the English-Welsh chapter of the Theosophical Society. It was in London, in March 1920, that
1358-823: A number of authors, including two Russians, Vladimir Rosov and Alexandre Andreyev, two Americans (Andrei Znamenski and John McCannon), and the German Ernst von Waldenfels. A series of his studies on the Himalayan Ranges-donated by the artist's son (36 works specifically) are even showcased in the Nicholas Roerich Gallery of the Karnataka Chitrakala Parishath Museum based in Bangalore, India. The hypnotic, immersive nature of his works truly absorbs
1455-595: A serious possibility while the present government remained in power. Since 1960, the Cuban administration had repeatedly characterized the OAS as the "Ministry of Colonies" of the United States of America. Fidel Castro and his brother Raúl attacked the OAS as a "Yankee bordello" and "instrument of imperialist domination" and vowed that Cuba would never join, although OAS rescinded the nation's expulsion in 2009 and invited it to apply for readmission. Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez promised to veto any final declaration of
1552-503: A special envoy as representative to the OAS, lawyer Gustavo Tarre Briceño , who the OAS voted to recognize as Venezuela's delegate in April. In October 2022, a bloc of leftist OAS member states led a motion to remove Tarre's representation in the organization. Out of 35 members, 19 nations voted in favor of the motion and 4 against. The motion fell short of the 24 votes required for a two-thirds majority. On 7 November 2021, Nicaragua held
1649-451: A versatile curriculum, and the eventual home of the first Nicholas Roerich Museum ; and an American Agni Yoga Society. They also joined various theosophical societies; their activities with these groups dominated their lives. After leaving New York, the Roerichs, together with their son George and six friends began the five-year Roerich Asian Expedition that in Roerich's own words "started from Sikkim through Punjab , Kashmir , Ladakh ,
1746-667: Is an international organization founded on 30 April 1948 to promote cooperation among its member states within the Americas . Headquartered in Washington, D.C. , United States, the OAS is a "multilateral regional body focused on human rights, electoral oversight, social and economic development, and security in the Western Hemisphere", according to the Council on Foreign Relations . As of November 2023, 32 states in
1843-663: Is considered a major representative of Russian Symbolism in art. From an early period of his life, he was influenced by apocrypha and medieval sectarian writings such as the mysterious Dove Book . Another of Roerich's artistic subjects was architecture. His acclaimed publication "Architectural Studies" (1904–1905), consisting of dozens of paintings he made of fortresses, monasteries, churches, and other monuments during two long trips through Russia, inspired his decades-long career as an activist on behalf of artistic and architectural preservation. He also designed religious art for places of worship throughout Russia and Ukraine , most notably
1940-421: Is different from Wikidata All article disambiguation pages All disambiguation pages Nicholas Roerich Nikolai Konstantinovich Rerikh ( Russian : Николай Константинович Рерих ), better known as Nicholas Roerich ( / ˈ r ɛr ɪ k / ; October 9, 1874 – December 13, 1947), was a Russian painter, writer, archaeologist , theosophist , philosopher , and public figure . In his youth he
2037-520: Is often claimed that Roerich was a major candidate to direct a people's commissariat of culture (the Soviet equivalent of a ministry of culture), which the Bolsheviks considered establishing in 1917–1918, but he refused to accept the job. In fact, Benois was the most likely choice to direct any such commissariat. It seems that Roerich was a preferred choice to manage its department of artistic education;
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#17327811726562134-609: The 1924 British Everest Expedition , as well as Sonam Wangfel Laden La , Kusho Doring , and Tsarong Shape , influential Tibetans. According to British intelligence, lamas from the Moru monastery recognized Roerich as the incarnation of the Fifth Dalai Lama due to a mole pattern on his right cheek. It was during his stay in the Himalayas that Roerich learned about the flight of the 9th Panchen Lama , which he interpreted as
2231-449: The 2019 Bolivian general election , which opposition supporters argued was fraudulent. The OAS report contended that the results were marred by "clear manipulation" and significant irregularities leading to the 2019 Bolivian political crisis . Bolivian president Evo Morales resigned soon after, having lost the confidence of the country's military in what he described as a coup. Some media outlets debated whether it should be referred to as
2328-623: The American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man , the world's first general human rights instrument. The transition from the Pan American Union to OAS would have been smooth if it had not been for the assassination of Colombian leader Jorge Eliécer Gaitán . The Director General of the Pan American Union, Alberto Lleras Camargo , became the Organization's first Secretary General . The OAS conducted an audit of
2425-896: The Greater Khingan mountains and Bargan plateau in western Manchuria. In 1935, they explored parts of Inner Mongolia: the Gobi Desert , Ordos Desert , and Helan Mountains . The expedition found almost 300 species of xerophytes , collected herbs, conducted archeological studies, and found antique manuscripts of great scientific importance. Roerich was in India during World War II, where he painted Russian epic heroic and saintly themes, including Alexander Nevsky , The Fight of Mstislav and Rededia, and Boris and Gleb . In 1942, Roerich received Jawaharlal Nehru and his daughter, Indira Gandhi , at his house in Kullu . Together they discussed
2522-674: The Inter-American Commission of Women (CIM), the Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission (CICAD), the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) and the Inter-American Juridical Committee (CJI), technical bodies of the OAS, also mention the four official languages in which their meetings are to be conducted. Policy is therefore dictated through these instruments that require use of
2619-842: The Karakoram Mountains, Khotan , Kashgar , Qara Shar , Urumchi , Irtysh , the Altai Mountains , the Oyrot region of Mongolia, the Central Gobi , Kansu , Tsaidam , and Tibet " with a detour through Siberia to Moscow in 1926. The Roerichs' Asian expedition attracted attention from the foreign services and intelligence agencies of the Soviet Union, the United States, the United Kingdom, and Japan. In fact, prior to this expedition, Roerich had solicited
2716-744: The Pan-American Union in April 1935. Raised in late-19th-century St. Petersburg, Roerich enrolled simultaneously at St. Petersburg University and the Imperial Academy of Arts in 1893. He received the title of "artist" in 1897 and a degree in law the next year. He found early employment with the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts , whose school he directed from 1906 to 1917. Despite early tensions with
2813-760: The Queen of Heaven fresco for the Church of the Holy Spirit, which the patroness Maria Tenisheva built near her Talashkino estate, and the stained glass windows for the Datsan Gunzechoinei in 1913–1915. His designs for the Talashkino church were so radical that the Orthodox church refused to consecrate the building. During the first decade of the 1900s and in the early 1910s, Roerich, largely by
2910-584: The Soviet Union . However, his aversion to communism , "the impertinent monster that lies to humanity," changed in America. Roerich claimed that his spiritual masters, the "Mahatmas" in the Himalayas , were communicating telepathically with him through his wife, Helena, who was a mystic and a clairvoyant. The beings from an esoteric Buddhist community in India were said to have told Roerich that Russia
3007-516: The "occupation of Tibet by the British" by claiming that they "infiltrate in small parties... conduct extensive anti-Soviet propaganda" by talking about "anti-religious activity of the Bolsheviks." The plenipotentiary later pointed out to one of Roerich's old university classmates, Georgy Chicherin , that he had "absolutely pro-Soviet leanings, which looked somewhat Buddho-Communistic," and that his son, who spoke 28 Asian languages, helped him in gaining
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3104-463: The 1917 Russian Revolution to which the couple, like other many Russian intellectuals, accorded apocalyptic significance. The influence of Theosophy, Vedanta , Buddhism , and other mystical topics can be detected not only in many of Roerich's paintings but also in the many short stories and poems that Roerich wrote before and after the 1917 revolutions, including the Flowers of Morya cycle, which
3201-540: The 2009 Summit of the Americas due to Cuba's exclusion. On 17 April 2009, after a "trading of warm words" between the administrations of U.S. President Barack Obama and Cuban leader Raúl Castro , OAS Secretary General José Miguel Insulza said he would ask the 2009 General Assembly to annul the 1962 resolution excluding Cuba. On 3 June 2009, foreign ministers assembled in San Pedro Sula , Honduras , for
3298-506: The American left-leaning think tank CEPR argued that the OAS report's statistical analysis was inaccurate and unreliable. The author of the OAS's vote return analysis stated that the CEPR's explanation of the results was implausible. The organization has been criticized by Mexico and the CEPR for their perception of interference into the internal affairs of Bolivia. The OAS observed
3395-628: The American–Russian cultural Association (ARCA) was created in New York. Its active participants were Ernest Hemingway , Rockwell Kent , Charlie Chaplin , Emil Cooper , Serge Koussevitzky , and Valeriy Ivanovich Tereshchenko . Its activity was welcomed by scientists such as Robert Millikan and Arthur Compton . Roerich had a lengthy correspondence with Henry Wallace, the 1948 Progressive Party candidate for US president. Roerich died in Kullu on December 13, 1947. His wife, philosopher Helena Roerich , wrote about this day: “The day of cremation
3492-405: The Americas are OAS members. Luis Almagro of Uruguay was inaugurated as OAS secretary general in 2015. The notion of an international union in the American continent was first put forward during the liberation of America by José de San Martín and Simón Bolívar who, at the 1826 Congress of Panama , still being part of Colombia , proposed creating a league of American republics, with
3589-455: The Assembly's gesture, in light of the Organization's historical record "Cuba will not return to the OAS." Following the expulsion of its President Manuel Zelaya , Honduras' membership of the Organization was suspended unanimously at midnight on 5 July 2009. The de facto government had already announced it was leaving the OAS hours earlier; this was not, however, taken into account by
3686-495: The Bolshevik regime, prompted not so much by a dislike of communism as by his revulsion at Lenin 's ruthlessness and his fear that Bolshevism would result in the destruction of Russia's artistic and architectural heritage. He illustrated Leonid Andreyev 's anticommunist polemic "S.O.S." and had a widely-published pamphlet, "Violators of Art" (1918–1919). Roerich believed that "the triumph of Russian culture would come about through
3783-616: The British, led several scholars to place Nicholas Roerich as a participant in the British-Russian colonial Great Game . In 1923, Roerich, the "practical idealist," set out to the Himalayas with his wife and his son Yuri. Roerich initially settled in Darjeeling in the same house that the 13th Dalai Lama had stayed during his exile in India. Roerich spent his time painting the Himalayas with visitors such as Frederick Marshman Bailey , Lady Emily Bulwer-Lytton , and members of
3880-557: The Charter of the Organization of American States in 1989. Canada's membership in the OAS was formalized when the decision was ratified in 1990. In 2004 and 2005, Canada was the second largest contributor to the OAS, with an annual assessed contribution representing 12.36 percent of the OAS Regular Budget (US$ 9.2 million) and an additional C$ 9 million in voluntary contributions to specific projects. Shortly after joining as
3977-574: The Cuban nation was still technically a member state, but that the current government was denied the right of representation and attendance at meetings and of participation in activities. The OAS's position was that although Cuba's participation was suspended, its obligations under the Charter, the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man , etc. still hold: for instance, the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights continues to publish reports on Cuba's human rights situation and to hear individual cases involving Cuban nationals. However, this stance
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4074-441: The General Assembly on a rotating basis. The states are represented at its sessions by their chosen delegates: generally, their ministers of foreign affairs, or their appointed deputies. Each state has one vote, and most matters are settled by a majority vote, except for those for which the Charter or the General Assembly's own rules of procedure specifically require a two-thirds majority. The General Assembly's powers include setting
4171-582: The OAS included Canada and the newly independent nations of the Caribbean . Members with later admission dates (sorted chronologically): Although admission into OAS's predecessor, the Pan American Union, was initially restricted to republics, several overtures were still made for Canada to join the organization in 1928, 1933, 1936, and 1938. During the 1936 Pan American Union Conference, the organization extended its membership from only "American republics" to "American states" to accommodate Canada's admission as
4268-492: The OAS made major efforts to reinvent itself to fit the new context. Its stated priorities now include the following: The Organization of American States is composed of a General Secretariat, the Permanent Council , the Inter-American Council for Integral Development, and a number of committees. The General Secretariat of the Organization of American States consists of six secretariats . The various committees of
4365-696: The OAS on 19 November that year. As of 31 January 2014, there are 69 permanent observer countries including the four countries with territory or territories in the Americas—Denmark, France, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom; as well as the European Union and India . In March 2022, the OAS voted to suspend Russia as a permanent observer due to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine . The Organization's official languages are Spanish , Portuguese , French , and English . The Charter,
4462-550: The OAS on 29 July 1960. The current government of Cuba was excluded from participation in the Organization under a decision adopted by the Eighth Meeting of Consultation in Punta del Este , Uruguay , on 31 January 1962. The vote was passed by 14 in favor, with one against (Cuba) and six abstentions (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, and Mexico). The operative part of the resolution reads as follows: This meant that
4559-420: The OAS's 39th General Assembly , passed a vote to lift Cuba's suspension from the OAS. The United States had been pressuring the OAS for weeks to condition Cuba's readmission to the group on democratic principles and commitment to human rights. Ecuador's Foreign Minister Fander Falconí said there will be no such conditions. "This is a new proposal, it has no conditions—of any kind," Falconí said. "That suspension
4656-473: The OAS's general course and policies by means of resolutions and declarations; approving its budget and determining the contributions payable by the member states; approving the reports and previous year's actions of the OAS's specialized agencies; and electing members to serve on those agencies. Upon its foundation in 1948, the OAS had 21 members, most of them in Latin America : The later expansion of
4753-462: The OAS, which did not recognize that government as legitimate. An extraordinary meeting had been conducted by the OAS in Washington, D.C., with Zelaya in attendance. The suspension of Honduras was approved unanimously with 33 votes (Honduras did not vote). This was the first suspension carried out by the OAS since that of Cuba in 1962. After Zelaya's return to Honduras in 2011, the country
4850-729: The OAS. During the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis , the President of the National Assembly of Venezuela Juan Guaidó , who was recognized by the National Assembly as the acting president, sent a letter to the OAS Secretary General annulling the previous denunciation of the OAS Charter, and expressing his desire for Venezuela to remain a member of the OAS. The National Assembly designated
4947-429: The Organization of American States include: The various commissions of the Organization of American States include: The OAS has two funds, one for the General Secretariat, and one for specific programs and initiatives. The General Assembly asks for contributions from each member country based on its capacity to pay. In 2018 the General Secretariat's budget was $ 85 million of which the US contributed $ 50 million. In 2017
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#17327811726565044-427: The Permanent Council to undertake an assessment of the situation and "take appropriate action". In response to this statement, Nicaraguan Foreign Minister Denis Moncada [ es ] announced on 19 November that Nicaragua would leave the OAS. Moncada called the bloc "an instrument of interference and intervention" and accused it of "facilitating the hegemony of the United States with its interventionism over
5141-450: The Roerich Hall Estate in Naggar , India ; the Sree Chitra Art Gallery , Thiruvananthapuram , India; in various art museums in India; and a selection featuring several of his larger works in The Latvian National Museum of Art . A memorial plaque marks the house in Lahaul valley where Roerich lived during summers from 1929 to 1932. Roerich's biography and his controversial expeditions to Tibet and Manchuria have been examined recently by
5238-440: The Roerichs founded their own school of mysticism, Agni Yoga , which they described as "the system of living ethics." While in London, Roerich also contributed scenic designs for LAHDA , a cooperative group of Russian theatrical artists led by Theodore Komisarjevsky . To earn passage to India, Roerich worked as a stage designer for Thomas Beecham 's Covent Garden Theatre , but the enterprise ended unsuccessfully in 1920, and
5335-460: The Sacred Union of the East, a spiritual utopia that boiled down to Roerich's ambitious attempts to stir the Buddhist masses of inner Asia to create a highly spiritual co-operative commonwealth under the patronage of Bolshevik Russia. The official mission of his expedition, as Roerich put it, was to act as the embassy of Western Buddhism to Tibet. To the Western media, it was presented as an artistic and scientific enterprise. Roerich reported seeing
5432-414: The School of the Imperial Society for the Encouragement of the Arts. After the October Revolution and the acquisition of power of Lenin's Bolshevik Party , Roerich became increasingly discouraged about Russia's political future. During early 1918, he, Helena, and their two sons George and Svetoslav emigrated to Finland. Two unresolved historical debates are associated with Roerich's departure. First, it
5529-459: The State Museum of Oriental Arts in Moscow; the Roerich Museum at the International Centre of the Roerichs in Moscow; the Russian State Museum in Saint Petersburg, Russia; a collection in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow; a collection in the Art Museum in Novosibirsk , Russia; an important collection in the National Gallery for Foreign Art in Sofia , Bulgaria ; a collection in the Art Museum in Nizhny Novgorod Russia; National Museum of Serbia ;
5626-443: The US contributed $ 17 million to the fund for specific programs which was almost a third of the total contributions for that year. The General Assembly is the supreme decision-making body of OAS. It convenes once every year in a regular session. In special circumstances, and with the approval of two-thirds of the member states, the Permanent Council can convene special sessions. The Organization's member states take turns hosting
5723-456: The White House. In 1934–1935, the U.S. Department of Agriculture , then headed by the Roerich admirer Henry A. Wallace , sponsored an expedition conducted by Roerich, his wife Helena , and its scientists H. G. MacMillan and James F. Stephens to Inner Mongolia , Manchuria , and mainland China . The expedition's purpose was to collect seeds of plants which prevented soil erosion . The expedition consisted of two parts. In 1934, they explored
5820-406: The artist never received full payment for his work. Among the notable people Roerich befriended while in England were the famed British Buddhist Christmas Humphreys , the philosopher-author H. G. Wells , and the poet and Nobel laureate Rabindranath Tagore (whose grand-niece Devika Rani would later marry Roerich's son Svetoslav ). A successful exhibition in London resulted in an invitation from
5917-413: The attention of the Provisional Government and Petrograd Soviet on the need to form a coherent cultural policy and, most urgently, to protect art and architecture from destruction and vandalism. Meanwhile, illness forced Roerich to leave the capital and reside in Karelia , the district bordering Finland. He had already quit the presidency of the World of Art society, and he now quit the directorship of
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#17327811726566014-411: The basic instrument governing OAS, makes no reference to the use of official languages. These references are to be found in the Rules of Procedure governing the various OAS bodies. Article 51 of the Rules of Procedure of the General Assembly, the supreme body of the OAS, which meets once a year, states that English, French, Portuguese, and Spanish are the four official languages. Article 28 stipulates that
6111-399: The completion of its withdrawal process from the OAS initiated in November 2021. The OAS stated that, due to the terms of treaty, the withdrawal would not take effect until 2023. The move was completed on 19 November that year. Significant milestones in the history of the OAS since the signing of the Charter have included the following: In the words of Article 1 of the Charter, the goal of
6208-475: The countries of Latin America and the Caribbean." According to Article 143 of the OAS Charter, the process to withdraw from the organization takes two years after its announcement. In April 2022, Nicaragua announced that it had completed its withdrawal from the OAS. It said the OAS offices in Managua had been closed. The OAS stated that, due to the terms of treaty, the withdrawal would not take effect until 2023. Nicaragua eventually completed its withdrawal from
6305-495: The country, to San Francisco and back, in 1921 and early 1922. Roerich befriended acclaimed soprano Mary Garden of the Chicago Opera and received a commission to design a 1922 production of Rimsky-Korsakov 's The Snow Maiden for her. During the exhibition, the Roerichs spent significant amounts of time in Chicago, New Mexico, and California. Politically, Roerich was at first anti-Bolshevik. He gave lectures and wrote articles to White Russian populations in which he criticized
6402-437: The expedition was forcibly stopped by Tibetan authorities." They were detained by the government for five months and were forced to live in tents in sub-zero conditions and to subsist on meagre rations. Five men of the expedition died during this time. In March 1928 they were allowed to leave Tibet, and they trekked south to settle in India , where they founded a research center, the Himalayan Research Institute. In 1929 Roerich
6499-430: The fate of the new world: "We spoke about Indian–Russian cultural association [...] it is time to think about useful and creative co-operation." Indira Gandhi would later recall several days spent together with Roerich's family: "That was a memorable visit to a surprising and gifted family where each member was a remarkable figure in himself, with a well-defined range of interests.... Roerich himself stays in my memory. He
6596-418: The favor with the Indians and the Tibetans. The Roerichs settled in New York City, which became the base of their many American operations. They founded several institutions during these years: Cor Ardens ("Flaming Heart") and Corona Mundi ("Crown of the World"), both of which were meant to unite artists around the globe in the cause of civic activism; the Master Institute of United Arts, an art school with
6693-452: The forefront in 1889–1890, at the First International Conference of American States . Gathered together in Washington, D.C., 18 nations resolved to found the International Union of American Republics, served by a permanent secretariat called the Commercial Bureau of the American Republics (renamed the International Commercial Bureau at the Second International Conference in 1901–1902). These two bodies, in existence as of 14 April 1890, represent
6790-426: The fulfillment of the Matreiya prophecies and the bringing about of the Age of Shambhala. In 1924, the Roerichs returned to the West. On his way to America, Roerich stopped at the Soviet embassy in Berlin, where he told the local plenipotentiary about a Central Asian expedition he wanted to take. He asked for Soviet protection on his way, and shared his impressions of politics in India and Tibet. Roerich commented on
6887-673: The group, he became a member of Sergei Diaghilev 's " World of Art " society and was its president from 1910 to 1916. Artistically, Roerich became known as his generation's most talented painter of Russia's ancient past, a topic that was compatible with his lifelong interest in archeology. He also succeeded as a stage designer by achieving his greatest fame as one of the designers for Diaghilev's Ballets Russes . His best-known designs were for Alexander Borodin 's Prince Igor (1909 and later productions), and costumes and set for The Rite of Spring (1913), composed by Igor Stravinsky . Along with Mikhail Vrubel and Mikhail Nesterov , Roerich
6984-441: The help of the Soviet government and Bolshevik secret police to assist him in his expedition by promising in return to monitor British activities in the area, but he received only a lukewarm response from Mikhail Trilisser , the chief of the Soviet foreign intelligence. The Bolsheviks assisted Roerich with logistics while he was traveling through Siberia and Mongolia. However, they did not commit themselves to his reckless project of
7081-531: The influence of his wife, Helena, developed an interest in eastern religions, as well as alternative belief systems such as Theosophy . Both Roerichs became avid readers of the Vedantist essays of Ramakrishna and Vivekananda , the poetry of Rabindranath Tagore , and the Bhagavad Gita . The Roerichs' commitment to occult mysticism increased steadily. It was especially intense during World War I and
7178-593: The inter-American system. All countries, including the United States and Haiti , broke off diplomatic relations with the Dominican Republic. Additionally an economic blockade that affected the exports of sugar was applied, which at that time was the pillar of the Dominican economy. It was the first application of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance , which had been adopted at
7275-487: The member nations in creating the OAS was "to achieve an order of peace and justice, to promote their solidarity, to strengthen their collaboration, and to defend their sovereignty, their territorial integrity, and their independence." Article 2 then defines eight essential purposes: Over the course of the 1990s, with the end of the Cold War , the return to democracy in Latin America , and the thrust toward globalization ,
7372-722: The mid-1930s, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt organized an inter-American conference in Buenos Aires. One of the items at the conference was a " League of Nations of the Americas", an idea proposed by Colombia, Guatemala, and the Dominican Republic. At the subsequent Inter-American Conference for the Maintenance of Peace, 21 nations pledged to remain neutral in the event of a conflict between any two members. The experience of World War II convinced hemispheric governments that unilateral action could not ensure
7469-516: The onlooker, leaving one with a sense of peace and tranquility as one moves with the series through the gallery. H. P. Lovecraft describes Roerich's paintings of Asian mountain landscapes as "strange and disturbing" numerous times in his Antarctic horror story At the Mountains of Madness . Roerich was awarded Order of St. Sava . The minor planet 4426 Roerich in the Solar System
7566-523: The point of inception to which the OAS and its General Secretariat trace their origins. At the fourth International Conference of American States ( Buenos Aires , 1910), the name of the organization was changed to the Union of American Republics and the Bureau became the Pan American Union. The Pan American Union Building was constructed in 1910, on Constitution Avenue , Northwest, Washington, D.C. In
7663-450: The same term [REDACTED] This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Roerich . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roerich&oldid=1016034641 " Categories : Disambiguation pages Human name disambiguation pages Hidden categories: Short description
7760-479: The subsequent 2020 Bolivian general election stating there was no evidence of fraud. The New York Times concluded that there was some fraud, but that it was unclear how much or if it was sufficient to change the result of the election, and suggested the initial analysis by the OAS was flawed. In November 2021, OAS condemned the outcome of the Nicaraguan general election . In April 2022, Nicaragua reported
7857-452: The territorial integrity of the American nations in the event of external aggression. To meet the challenges of global conflict in the postwar world and to contain conflicts within the hemisphere, they adopted a system of collective security , the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance (Rio Treaty) signed in 1947 in Rio de Janeiro . The ninth International Conference of American States
7954-597: The topic is rendered moot by the fact that the Soviets elected not to establish such a commissariat. Second, when Roerich later wished to reconcile with the Soviet Union, he maintained that he had not left Soviet Russia deliberately, but that he and his family, living in Karelia , had been isolated from their homeland when the Finnish Civil War began. However, Roerich had an amply-documented extreme hostility to
8051-436: Was a man with extensive knowledge and enormous experience, a man with a big heart, deeply influenced by all that he observed." During the visit, "ideas and thoughts about closer co-operation between India and USSR were expressed. Now, after India wins independence, they have got its own real implementation . And as you know, there are friendly and mutually-understanding relationships today between both our countries." In 1942,
8148-463: Was agreed to unanimously. The penalty was motivated because the foreign ministers checked the veracity of the claim that the Rafael Trujillo regime had sponsored an attack against Rómulo Betancourt , at that time the constitutional president of Venezuela. The meeting was attended by foreign ministers from 21 American nations, including Cuba , which at that time had not yet been expelled from
8245-449: Was arbitrarily excluded ... The Organization of American States has no juridical, factual, or moral jurisdiction, nor competence, over a state which it has illegally deprived of its rights." The reincorporation of Cuba as an active member regularly arose as a topic within the inter-American system – for instance, it was intimated by the outgoing ambassador of Mexico in 1998 – but most observers did not see it as
8342-568: Was begun in 1907 and completed in 1921. After the February Revolution of 1917 and the end of the czarist regime, Roerich, a political moderate who valued Russia's cultural heritage more than ideology and party politics, had an active part in artistic politics. With Maxim Gorky and Aleksandr Benois , he participated with the so-called "Gorky Commission" and its successor organization, the Arts Union (SDI). Both attempted to gain
8439-695: Was destined for a mission on Earth. That led him to formulate his "Great Plan," which envisaged the unification of millions of Asian peoples through a religious movement using the Future Buddha, or Maitreya , into a "Second Union of the East." There, the King of Shambhala would, following the Maitreya prophecies, make his appearance to fight a great battle against all evil forces on Earth. Roerich understood that as "perfection towards Common Good." The new polity
8536-553: Was exceptionally beautiful. Not a single breath of wind and all surrounding mountains were clad in fresh snowy attire.” In the 21st century, the Nicholas Roerich Museum in New York City is a major institution for Roerich's artistic work. Numerous Roerich societies continue to promote his theosophical teachings worldwide. His paintings can be seen in several museums including the Roerich Department of
8633-553: Was held in Bogotá between March and May 1948 and led by United States Secretary of State George Marshall , a meeting which led to a pledge by members to fight communism in the western hemisphere . This was the event that saw the birth of the OAS as it stands today, with the signature by 21 American countries of the Charter of the Organization of American States on 30 April 1948 (in effect since December 1951). The meeting also adopted
8730-592: Was influenced by Russian Symbolism , a movement in Russian society centered on the spiritual. He was interested in hypnosis and other spiritual practices and his paintings are said to have hypnotic expression. Born in Saint Petersburg , to a well-to-do Baltic German father and to a Russian mother, Roerich lived in various places in the world until his death in Naggar , India. Trained as an artist and
8827-649: Was made in the Cold War , in the language of the Cold War. What we have done here is fix a historic error." The suspension was lifted at the end of the General Assembly, but, to be readmitted to the Organization, Cuba will need to comply with all the treaties signed by the Member States, including the Inter-American Democratic Charter of 2001. A statement issued by the Cuban government on 8 June 2009 stated that while Cuba welcomed
8924-582: Was named in honor of Roerich. A crater on Mercury , near the south pole, is also named for Roerich. In June 2013 during Russian Art Week in London, Roerich's Madonna Laboris sold at auction at Bonhams shop for £7,881,250, including the buyer's premium, making it the most valuable painting ever sold at a Russian art auction. Pan-American Union The Organization of American States ( OAS or OEA ; Spanish : Organización de los Estados Americanos ; Portuguese : Organização dos Estados Americanos ; French : Organisation des États américains )
9021-635: Was nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize by the University of Paris . He received two more nominations in 1932 and 1935. His concern for peace resulted in his creation of the Pax Cultura , the " Red Cross " of art and culture. His work for this cause also resulted in the United States and the 20 other nations of the Pan-American Union signing the Roerich Pact , an early international instrument protecting cultural property, on April 15, 1935 at
9118-518: Was occasionally questioned by other individual member states. The resolution to exclude Cuba was controversial when it was adopted, and the reintegration of Cuba into the Inter-American system has remained a frequent source of contention among the countries of the hemisphere ever since. Cuba's position was stated in an official note sent to the Organization "merely as a courtesy" by Minister of Foreign Affairs Raúl Roa on 4 November 1964: "Cuba
9215-430: Was re-admitted to the Organization on 1 June 2011 with 32 votes in favor and 1 (Ecuador) against. Venezuela expressed some reservations. On 28 April 2017, Venezuela notified the OAS of its denunciation of the Charter of the OAS, which as per Article 143 would lead to the withdrawal of Venezuela from the OAS effective two years from the date of notification. During this period, the country did not plan on participating in
9312-557: Was to include southwestern Altai , Tuva , Buryatia , Outer and Inner Mongolia , Xinjiang and Tibet, with its capital in "Zvenigorod," the "City of Tolling Bells," which was to be built at the foot of Mount Belukha , in Altai. According to Roerich, the same Mahatmas revealed to him in 1922 that he was an incarnation of the Fifth Dalai Lama . Roerichs' collaboration with Bolshevik diplomats and aim to gather intelligence on
9409-498: Was ultimately ratified only by Gran Colombia. Bolívar's dream soon floundered with civil war in Gran Colombia, the disintegration of Central America, and the emergence of national rather than New World outlooks in the newly independent American republics. Bolívar's dream of inter-American unity was meant to unify Hispanic American nations against external powers. The pursuit of regional solidarity and cooperation again came to
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