123-631: Sir Roger Gilbert Bannister (23 March 1929 – 3 March 2018) was an English neurologist and middle-distance athlete who ran the first sub- 4-minute mile . At the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki, Bannister set a British record in the 1500 metres and finished in fourth place. This achievement strengthened his resolve to become the first athlete to finish the mile run in under four minutes. He accomplished this feat on 6 May 1954 at Iffley Road track in Oxford , with Chris Chataway and Chris Brasher providing
246-751: A 2002 review article in the American Journal of Psychiatry , Professor Joseph B. Martin, Dean of Harvard Medical School and a neurologist by training, wrote, "the separation of the two categories is arbitrary, often influenced by beliefs rather than proven scientific observations. And the fact that the brain and mind are one makes the separation artificial anyway". Neurological disorders often have psychiatric manifestations, such as post-stroke depression, depression and dementia associated with Parkinson's disease , mood and cognitive dysfunctions in Alzheimer's disease, and Huntington disease , to name
369-468: A British record of 4:04.2 in Gothenburg on 9 September. Like Wooderson, Bannister would ultimately set a mile record, see it broken, and then set a new personal best slower than the new record. Bannister started his running career at Oxford in the autumn of 1946 at the age of 17. He had never worn running spikes previously or run on a track. His training was light, even compared to the standards of
492-873: A company director in New York; and Charlotte B. M. Bannister (b. 1963), now Charlotte Bannister-Parker, associate priest at the University Church of St Mary the Virgin in Oxford. In 2011, Bannister was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease . He died of pneumonia at the John Radcliffe Hospital in Oxford on 3 March 2018, at the age of 88, 20 days before his 89th birthday. He is buried in Wolvercote Cemetery near Oxford. His widow, Lady Moyra Bannister, died in Oxford on 4 November 2022, at
615-602: A comprehensive medical history , and then performing a physical examination focusing on evaluating the nervous system. Components of the neurological examination include assessment of the patient's cognitive function , cranial nerves , motor strength, sensation , reflexes , coordination , and gait . In some instances, neurologists may order additional diagnostic tests as part of the evaluation. Commonly employed tests in neurology include imaging studies such as computed axial tomography (CAT) scans, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and ultrasound of major blood vessels of
738-666: A compulsory year of psychiatry must be done to complete a residency of neurology. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, neurology is a subspecialty of general (internal) medicine. After five years of medical school and two years as a Foundation Trainee, an aspiring neurologist must pass the examination for Membership of the Royal College of Physicians (or the Irish equivalent) and complete two years of core medical training before entering specialist training in neurology. Up to
861-441: A diagnosis and ultimately guide therapy and appropriate management. Useful adjunct imaging studies in neurology include CT scanning and MRI. Other tests used to assess muscle and nerve function include nerve conduction studies and electromyography. Neurologists examine patients who are referred to them by other physicians in both the inpatient and outpatient settings. Neurologists begin their interactions with patients by taking
984-528: A few. Hence, the sharp distinction between neurology and psychiatry is not always on a biological basis. The dominance of psychoanalytic theory in the first three-quarters of the 20th century has since then been largely replaced by a focus on pharmacology. Despite the shift to a medical model , brain science has not advanced to a point where scientists or clinicians can point to readily discernible pathological lesions or genetic abnormalities that in and of themselves serve as reliable or predictive biomarkers of
1107-517: A four-minute mile under such artificial circumstances," he said. But other runners were making attempts at the four-minute barrier and coming close as well. American Wes Santee ran 4:02.4 on 5 June 1953, the fourth-fastest mile ever. And at the end of the year, Australian John Landy ran 4:02.0. Then early in 1954, Landy made some more attempts at the distance. On 21 January 1954, he ran 4:02.4 in Melbourne , then 4:02.6 on 23 February 1954, and at
1230-969: A given mental disorder. The emerging field of neurological enhancement highlights the potential of therapies to improve such things as workplace efficacy, attention in school, and overall happiness in personal lives. However, this field has also given rise to questions about neuroethics . Neurological UX is a specialised branch of web accessibility focusing on designing for individuals with neurological dispositions, such as ADHD, dyslexia, and autism. Coined by Gareth Slinn in his book NeurologicalUX neurologicalux.com , this field aims to create inclusive digital experiences that reduce anxiety, enhance readability, and improve usability for diverse cognitive needs. It emphasises thoughtful design choices like accessible colour themes, simplified navigation, and adaptable interfaces to accommodate varying neurological profiles. 1952 Summer Olympics The 1952 Summer Olympics ( Finnish : Kesäolympialaiset 1952 ), officially known as
1353-577: A gymnast who was competing in his fifth consecutive Olympic games, swore the Olympic oath on behalf of the athletes. There were 4,925 athletes from 69 countries, with the Soviet Union making its Olympic debut and Germany participating for the first time since World War II . A total of 149 events were held in 17 different sports. The most-medalling athletes of the Games were Viktor Chukarin of
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#17327933710451476-569: A hospital in London, where he sharpened his racing spikes and rubbed graphite on them so they would not pick up too much cinder ash. He took a mid-morning train from Paddington Station to Oxford, nervous about the rainy, windy conditions that afternoon. Being a dual-meet format, there were seven men entered in the mile: Alan Gordon, George Dole and Nigel Miller from Oxford University; and four British AAA runners: Bannister, his two pacemakers Brasher and Chataway, and Tom Hulatt . Nigel Miller arrived as
1599-482: A local geographic area. Acute head trauma is most often treated by neurosurgeons, whereas sequelae of head trauma may be treated by neurologists or specialists in rehabilitation medicine . Although stroke cases have been traditionally managed by internal medicine or hospitalists, the emergence of vascular neurology and interventional neuroradiology has created a demand for stroke specialists. The establishment of Joint Commission -certified stroke centers has increased
1722-592: A mass battle after being dissatisfied with the referee's work. Field hockey was included in the Helsinki Olympic Games in the range of sports on the condition that a maximum of 12 teams register for the Games. In the end, 16 teams applied for the competition, from which the International Field Hockey Federation selected 12 countries to participate in the competition venue. Eventually, four countries dropped out of
1845-399: A meet between British AAA and Oxford University at Iffley Road Track in Oxford , watched by about 3,000 spectators. With winds of up to twenty-five miles per hour (40 km/h) before the event, Bannister had said twice that he preferred not to run, to conserve his energy and efforts to break the 4-minute barrier; he would try again at another meet. However, the winds dropped just before
1968-523: A mile race on 14 July in 4:07.8 at the AAA Championships at White City before 47,000 people. The time set a meet record and he defeated defending champion Bill Nankeville in the process. Bannister suffered defeat, however, when Yugoslavia 's Andrija Otenhajmer, aware of Bannister's final-lap kick, took a 1500 m race in Belgrade 25 August out at near-record pace, forcing Bannister to close
2091-479: A mile race was inserted into the programme of the Surrey schools athletic meeting. Australian runner Don Macmillan, ninth in the 1500 m at the 1952 Olympics, set a strong pace with 59.6 for one lap and 1:59.7 for two. He gave up after two and a half laps, but Chris Brasher took up the pace. Brasher had jogged the race, allowing Bannister to lap him so he could be a fresh pace-setter. At 3 ⁄ 4 mile, Bannister
2214-547: A miniature replica trophy. During a bombing raid on Bath , the family house was severely damaged as the Bannisters sheltered in the basement. In 1944, the family returned to London and Roger went to University College School . Bannister was accepted into St John's College, Cambridge but the Senior Tutor Robert Howland , a former Olympic shot putter , suggested that Bannister wait a year. After
2337-445: A neurological exam. Typically, the exam tests mental status, function of the cranial nerves (including vision), strength, coordination, reflexes, sensation and gait. This information helps the neurologist determine whether the problem exists in the nervous system and the clinical localization. Localization of the pathology is the key process by which neurologists develop their differential diagnosis. Further tests may be needed to confirm
2460-484: A new English Native, British National, All-Comers, European, British Empire and World Record. The time was three... The roar of the crowd drowned out the rest of the announcement. Bannister's time was 3 minutes 59.4 seconds. The claim that a four-minute mile was once thought to be impossible by "informed" observers was and is a widely propagated myth created by sportswriters and debunked by Bannister himself in his memoir, The Four Minute Mile (1955). The reason
2583-459: A new goal: to be the first man to run a mile in under four minutes. Accordingly, he intensified his training and did hard intervals . On 2 May 1953, he made an attempt on the British record at Oxford . Paced by Chris Chataway , Bannister ran 4:03.6, shattering Wooderson's 1945 standard. "This race made me realise that the four-minute mile was not out of reach," said Bannister. On 27 June 1953,
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#17327933710452706-429: A personal competition for foil in the program. There were 250 men and 37 women from 32 countries. Italy, Hungary and France were, as usual, the best fencing countries and took all the gold medals. A total of six countries reached medals. The Mangiarot brothers Edoardo and Dario took a double victory over the film. Hungarian swordsmen won a triple victory over the preserve. The Modern pentathlon Olympic competitions
2829-574: A second Olympic village was established in Espoo , Otaniemi . Joseph Stalin allowed Soviet athletes to enter the 1952 Summer Olympics because he was sure that they would win the most medals. However, American athletes secured more gold and total medals and Stalin afforded more resources for the advancement of elite athletes in the Soviet Union in the build-up to the 1956 Summer Olympics . The 1952 Games were also threatened with cancellation due to
2952-496: A second. As a result, the company received the prestigious Croix du Mérite Olympique award for their efforts. In 1950 cable television was tried for the first time in Finland, in the 1952 Olympics people could watch TV sending from the stadium through coaxial cable to Stockmann department store window. Helsinki paved tens of kilometers of roads, and a myriad of houses were painted. The city's first traffic lights were installed at
3075-459: A spectator and he only realised that he was due to run when he read the programme. Efforts to borrow a running kit failed and he could not take part, thus reducing the field to six. The race went off as scheduled at 6:00 pm, and Brasher and Bannister went immediately to the front of the pack. Brasher (wearing No. 44) led both the first lap in 58 seconds and the half-mile in 1:58, with Bannister (No. 41) tucked in behind, and Chataway (No. 42)
3198-437: A stride behind Bannister. Chataway moved to the front after the second lap and maintained the pace with a 3:01 split at the final lap bell. Chataway continued to lead around the front turn until Bannister began his finishing kick with about 275 yards to go (just over half a lap), running the last lap in just under 59 seconds. The stadium announcer for the race was Norris McWhirter , who went on to co-publish and co-edit
3321-633: A successor to the German Olympic Committee , which had been dissolved during World War II, had not yet been established, but all these countries already participated in the Helsinki Games, as did Saarland . The Cold War affected the participation of both the United States and the Soviet Union in the Games. The participation of the United States in the Games was decided only after the country had received an assessment of
3444-536: A time of 3 min 43.8 s. He retired from athletics late in 1954 to concentrate on his work as a junior doctor and to pursue a career in neurology . He was appointed a CBE the following year for "services to amateur athletics". Bannister later became the first Chairman of the Sports Council (now called Sport England ) and was knighted for this service in 1975. Under his patronage, central and local government funding of sports centres and other sports facilities
3567-466: A total of 159 participants in eight men's and women's only races, coming from 21 countries. Canoeing was a celebration in Finland, as four of the nine sports went to the host country. In addition, the Finns took one silver and a bronze. The double gold medalists were Kurt Wires and Yrjö Hietanen who won the kayak duo's 1,000 and 10,000 meters. In the only women's sport, the 500-meter kayak unit, gold
3690-452: A total of eight to ten years of training. This includes four years of medical school, four years of residency and an optional one to two years of fellowship. While neurologists may treat general neurologic conditions, some neurologists go on to receive additional training focusing on a particular subspecialty in the field of neurology. These training programs are called fellowships , and are one to three years in duration. Subspecialties in
3813-479: Is a subspecialty field in the US under several medical specialties including anesthesiology , internal medicine , family medicine , and neurology. Neurosurgery is a distinct specialty that involves a different training path and emphasizes the surgical treatment of neurological disorders. Also, many nonmedical doctors, those with doctoral degrees (usually PhDs) in subjects such as biology and chemistry, study and research
Roger Bannister - Misplaced Pages Continue
3936-424: Is an autonomous specialty (e.g., United Kingdom, Sweden, Spain). In the past, prior to the advent of more advanced diagnostic techniques such as MRI some neurologists have considered psychiatry and neurology to overlap. Although mental illnesses are believed by many to be neurological disorders affecting the central nervous system, traditionally they are classified separately, and treated by psychiatrists . In
4059-692: Is initially treated by pediatricians , but care may be transferred to an adult neurologist after the patient reaches a certain age. Physical medicine and rehabilitation physicians may treat patients with neuromuscular diseases with electrodiagnostic studies (needle EMG and nerve-conduction studies) and other diagnostic tools. In the United Kingdom and other countries, many of the conditions encountered by older patients such as movement disorders, including Parkinson's disease, stroke, dementia, or gait disorders, are managed predominantly by specialists in geriatric medicine . Clinical neuropsychologists are often called upon to evaluate brain- behavior relationships for
4182-656: Is still amongst the most famous matches. On the political level, the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin and the Yugoslav leader Josip Tito split in 1948 , which resulted in Yugoslavia being excluded from the Communist Information Bureau . The origin of the conflict was Tito's refusal to submit to Stalin's interpretations and visions of politics and in process becoming a Soviet satellite state . Before
4305-483: The Guinness Book of Records . He teased the crowd by delaying his announcement of Bannister's race time for as long as possible: Ladies and gentlemen, here is the result of event nine, the one mile: first, number forty one, R. G. Bannister, Amateur Athletic Association and formerly of Exeter and Merton Colleges, Oxford, with a time which is a new meeting and track record, and which—subject to ratification—will be
4428-698: The Games of the XV Olympiad ( Finnish : XV olympiadin kisat ) and commonly known as Helsinki 1952 , were an international multi-sport event held from 19 July to 3 August 1952 in Helsinki , Finland. After Japan declared in 1938 that it would be unable to host the 1940 Olympics in Tokyo due to the ongoing Second Sino-Japanese War , Helsinki had been selected to host the 1940 Summer Olympics , which were then cancelled due to World War II . Tokyo eventually hosted
4551-507: The IAAF ratified as 3 minutes 58.0 seconds due to the rounding rules then in effect. On 7 August, at the 1954 British Empire and Commonwealth Games in Vancouver, B.C., Bannister, running for England, competed against Landy for the first time in a race billed as "The Miracle Mile". They were the only two men in the world to have broken the 4-minute barrier, with Landy still holding
4674-618: The Pacific National Exhibition (PNE) fairgrounds. Regarding this sculpture, Landy quipped: "While Lot's wife was turned into a pillar of salt for looking back, I am probably the only one ever turned into bronze for looking back." Bannister went on that season to win the so-called metric mile , the 1500 m, at the European Championships in Bern , Switzerland, on 29 August, with a championship record in
4797-567: The 1951 season until late in the spring of 1952, saving his energy for Helsinki and the Olympics. He ran an 880-yard (800 m) run on 28 May 1952 in 1:53.00, followed by a 4:10.6-mile time-trial on 7 June, proclaiming himself satisfied with the results. At the AAA championships, he skipped the mile and won the 880 in 1:51.5. Then, 10 days before the Olympic final, he ran a 3 ⁄ 4 mile time trial in 2:52.9, which gave him confidence that he
4920-399: The 1952 Olympic Games a complete success. The Olympic flame was lit by running heroes Paavo Nurmi (to the stadium) and Hannes Kolehmainen (to the stadium tower). When Paavo Nurmi was announced to arrive at the stadium, athletes from the participating countries deviated from the formation to see the legend better. Only the lines of the Soviet Union and Finland remained in the line. After
5043-466: The 1960s, some intending to become neurologists would also spend two years working in psychiatric units before obtaining a diploma in psychological medicine. However, that was uncommon and, now that the MRCPsych takes three years to obtain, would no longer be practical. A period of research is essential, and obtaining a higher degree aids career progression. Many found it was eased after an attachment to
Roger Bannister - Misplaced Pages Continue
5166-403: The 880-yard (804.67 m) run to 1:52.7 and won several mile races in 4:11. Then, after a period of six weeks with no training, he came in third at White City in 4:14.2. The year 1950 saw more improvements as he finished a relatively slow 4:13-mile on 1 July with an impressive 57.5 last quarter. Then, he ran the AAA 880 in 1:52.1, losing to Arthur Wint , and then ran 1:50.7 for the 800 m at
5289-494: The Autonomic Nervous System with C.J. Mathias, a colleague at St Mary's , as well as five editions of Brain and Bannister's Clinical Neurology. Bannister always said he was more proud of his contribution to medicine than his running career. In 2014, Bannister said in an interview: "I'd rather be remembered for my work in neurology than my running. If you offered me the chance to make a great breakthrough in
5412-678: The City of Helsinki founded the Stadion Foundation in 1927 to get the stadium to Helsinki. In the same year, Ernst Edvard Krogius , who represented Finland on the International Olympic Committee (IOC), announced Finland's willingness to host the competition. In 1930, preparations for the 1936 Games, which was accelerated by the launch of a design project for the Olympic Stadium . However, Helsinki
5535-542: The European Championships on 26 August, placing third. Chastened by this lack of success, Bannister started to train harder and more seriously. His increased attention to training paid quick dividends, as he won a mile race in 4:09.9 on 30 December. Then in 1951 at the Penn Relays , Bannister broke away from the pack with a 56.7 final lap, finishing in 4:08.3. Then, in his biggest test to date, he won
5658-691: The Finnish side in Tornio . On the Finnish-Swedish border bridge, the torch was received by Ville Pörhölä , who brought it to Tornio sports ground [ fi ] . The Olympic torch from Tornio, Greece, was connected to Pallastunturi on 6 July 1952 where it ignited the “midnight sun fire”. In reality, the Pallastunturi fire was lit with liquefied petroleum gas , because the night in July
5781-474: The Games, so anyone was able to take part in the Olympic tournament. The tournament started with two rounds before the Games opened, and the final match was held on July 24. India and Netherlands met in the Velodrome final with India winning its fifth consecutive gold under captaincy of Kunwar Digvijay Singh with a score of 6–1. Canoeing competitions were held Taivallahti 27–28 July. There were
5904-550: The Institute of Neurology at Queen Square , London. Some neurologists enter the field of rehabilitation medicine (known as physiatry in the US) to specialise in neurological rehabilitation, which may include stroke medicine, as well as traumatic brain injuries. During a neurological examination , the neurologist reviews the patient's health history with special attention to the patient's neurologic complaints. The patient then takes
6027-996: The Nursing College in Meilahti. The athletes of the Soviet-led Eastern Bloc stayed in the Teekkarikylä in Otaniemi. The Finnish team lived on the premises of the Santahamina Army School (later the Cadet School, now the National Defence University ). The City of Helsinki prepared for the Olympics by building a new airport in Seutula (now Helsinki-Vantaan lentoasema ), 11-story Hotelli Palace, and
6150-683: The Olympic Games at which the most world records were broken until they were surpassed by the 2008 Summer Games in Beijing . The Soviet Union , the People's Republic of China , Hong Kong , Indonesia , Israel , Thailand , and Saarland made their Olympic debuts at the 1952 Games. The United States won the most gold and overall medals at these Olympics. Inspired by the success of the Swedish 1912 Olympics , Finnish sports fans began to arouse
6273-484: The Olympic Games, Finland held a Memorial Competitions for Fallen Athletes [ fi ] who died in the Winter War against Russia, at the opening of which actor Eino Kaipainen recited the poem Silent Winners written by Yrjö Jylhä [ fi ] . The memorial competitions were held on the initiative of the sports journalist Sulo Kolkka [ fi ] . At the end of World War II, London
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#17327933710456396-463: The Olympic Games. In basketball, the gold medal was won by the United States , who defeated Soviet Union in the final 36–25. The final match was relatively slow-paced, as the Soviet Union tried to keep up with the United States by freezing the game. The United States had already clearly beat the Soviet Union 86–58 earlier in the tournament. The bronze was won by Uruguay , who also organized
6519-649: The Olympic Pier in South Harbor . A large electric scoreboard was procured. It attracted international attention because it represented the top of its time in the scoreboard field both in terms of its system and its technology. OMEGA debuted the OMEGA Time Recorder in Helsinki. This all-new quartz clock not only timed the events but also printed out the results. This breakthrough technology allowed official Olympic times to be accurate to 1/100th of
6642-543: The Olympic flame was lit, the Archbishop Ilmari Salomies was due to say a prayer, but German Barbara Rotbraut-Pleyer, nicknamed “White Angel of the Games”, had jumped from the auditorium onto the track and ran straight to the speaker's seat. Organizers quickly removed Pleyer, who had time to say just a few words into the microphone. Pleyer's purpose was to proclaim a message of peace. Heikki Savolainen ,
6765-587: The Soviet Union, billions of rubles were spent on coaching athletes in just one year. The Soviet Union planned to fly its athletes every day between Leningrad and Helsinki. Another option was for Soviet athletes to stay in the Soviet Porkkalanniemi garrison. However, Finland required that all competitors stay in the Olympic village . As a compromise solution for the Eastern Bloc athletes,
6888-548: The Soviet Union, who won four gymnastics Olympic gold medals, and Czechoslovakia 's Emil Zátopek , who won three track golds. The United States won the most gold and total medals, with 40 and 76. The host country, Finland , had 6 gold, 3 silver and 13 bronze medals. Shooting was competed in seven events, six of which (rifle sports) were conducted at the Malmi Shooting Range in moderately difficult wind conditions. Tough results were still fired in Helsinki, as
7011-472: The USSR squad, was forced to withdraw from the league by Joseph Stalin and later disbanded. Furthermore, Boris Arkadiev , who coached both USSR and CDKA, was stripped of his Merited Master of Sports of the USSR title. 23 teams entered basketball, ten of which made it directly to the actual tournament. The remaining 13 countries took the final six places in the Olympic tournament before the official opening of
7134-399: The United States include brain injury medicine, clinical neurophysiology , epilepsy , neurodevelopmental disabilities, neuromuscular medicine , pain medicine , sleep medicine , neurocritical care, vascular neurology (stroke), behavioral neurology , headache, neuroimmunology and infectious disease, movement disorders , neuroimaging, neurooncology, and neurorehabilitation. In Germany,
7257-538: The age of 15 to work in the Civil Service , and met Alice on a trip home. They married in 1925, and had a daughter, Joyce, before Roger was born. The family moved to Bath shortly after the outbreak of World War II when Ralph was relocated there, and Roger continued his education at City of Bath Boys' School . Here he discovered a talent for cross country running , winning the junior cross-country cup three consecutive times, which led to him being presented with
7380-458: The age of 94. On the 50th anniversary of running the mile in under four minutes, Bannister was interviewed by the BBC 's sports correspondent Rob Bonnet . At the conclusion of the interview, Bannister was asked whether he looked back on the sub-4-minute mile as the most important achievement of his life. Bannister replied that he instead saw his subsequent forty years of practising medicine and some of
7503-755: The brain and dementias such as Alzheimer's disease . Neurologists may also have roles in clinical research , clinical trials , and basic or translational research . Neurology is a nonsurgical specialty, its corresponding surgical specialty is neurosurgery . The academic discipline began between the 15th and 16th centuries with the work and research of many neurologists such as Thomas Willis , Robert Whytt , Matthew Baillie , Charles Bell , Moritz Heinrich Romberg , Duchenne de Boulogne , William A. Hammond , Jean-Martin Charcot , C. Miller Fisher and John Hughlings Jackson . Neo-Latin neurologia appeared in various texts from 1610 denoting an anatomical focus on
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#17327933710457626-556: The central lawn, and the chairman of the organizing committee, Erik von Frenckell, spoke in Finnish, Swedish, French and English. President of the Republic J. K. Paasikivi gave the opening speech, which was the shortest in Olympic history and contained a mistake: it was not the "Fifteenth Olympic Games", but the XV Olympic Games and the 12th World Olympics, due to the 1916, 1940 and 1944 races had been canceled. The speech
7749-596: The committee, and Lauri Miettinen [ fi ] , Arno Tuurna [ fi ] and Yrjö Valkama were elected to replace them. In the spring of 1952, Ente was replaced by Arvi E. Heiskanen [ fi ] and as completely new members by Mauno Pekkala and Aaro Tynell . Erik von Frenckell was the chairman of the organizing committee and the other members were Armas-Eino Martola (competition director), Yrjö Valkama (sports director), Olavi Suvanto (maintenance director), Akseli Kaskela, Aarne K. Leskinen and Niilo Koskinen [ fi ] . In addition,
7872-436: The committee, who at the time also chaired Finnish Football Association . Akseli Kaskela [ fi ] , Olavi Suvanto [ fi ] and Armas-Eino Martola were elected Vice-Chairs. Among them, Kaskela and Suvanto were elected on political grounds as representatives of the bourgeois Finnish Sports Federation [ fi ] (SVUL) and the leftist Finnish Workers' Sports Federation (TUL), Martola, on
7995-536: The competition. The voters had identified the composing style of Uuno Klami and Aarre Merikanto , among others. The only Finnish composer who congratulated Linjamaa was Jean Sibelius , who did not take part in the anthem. The Olympic torch was transported by land from Olympia to Athens from where fire's journey continued in a miner's lamp donated by the Saar Olympic Committee on a SAS plane to Aalborg , Denmark . The glass cover surrounding
8118-412: The day, but he showed promise in running a mile in 1947 in 4:24.6 on only three weekly half-hour training sessions. He was selected as an Olympic "possible" in 1948 but declined as he felt he was not ready to compete at that level. However, he was further inspired to become a great miler by watching the 1948 Olympics . He set his training goals on the 1952 Olympics in Helsinki. In 1949, he improved in
8241-399: The deteriorating world situation. The Korean War had begun in 1950, which also caused concern in the organizing committee. At Von Frenckell's suggestion, the organizing committee decided to take out Lloyd's of London war insurance. Most of the venues for the competitions were completed prior to the 1940s in anticipation of successful bid attempts, but some expansion and refurbishment work
8364-477: The development of acquired neurologic diseases is an active area of research. Some of the commonly encountered conditions treated by neurologists include headaches, radiculopathy , neuropathy , stroke, dementia , seizures and epilepsy , Alzheimer's disease , attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder , Parkinson's disease , Tourette's syndrome , multiple sclerosis , head trauma , sleep disorders , neuromuscular diseases , and various infections and tumors of
8487-737: The diagnosis and treatment of all categories of conditions and disease involving the nervous system , which comprises the brain , the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves . Neurological practice relies heavily on the field of neuroscience , the scientific study of the nervous system . A neurologist is a physician specializing in neurology and trained to investigate, diagnose and treat neurological disorders . Neurologists diagnose and treat myriad neurologic conditions, including stroke , epilepsy , movement disorders such as Parkinson's disease , brain infections , autoimmune neurologic disorders such as multiple sclerosis , sleep disorders , brain injury, headache disorders like migraine , tumors of
8610-476: The diagnosis, treatment, and management of all the conditions mentioned above. When surgical or endovascular intervention is required, the neurologist may refer the patient to a neurosurgeon or an interventional neuroradiologist . In some countries, additional legal responsibilities of a neurologist may include making a finding of brain death when it is suspected that a patient has died. Neurologists frequently care for people with hereditary ( genetic ) diseases when
8733-473: The end of the Australian season on 19 April he ran 4:02.6 again. Bannister had been following Landy's attempts and was certain his Australian rival would succeed with each one. But knowing that Landy's season-closing attempt on 19 April would be his last until he travelled to Finland for another attempt, Bannister knew he had to make his attempt soon. This historic event took place on 6 May 1954 during
8856-553: The fairly completed venues built for the 1940 Games. After confirmation that Helsinki would host the Games, the "XV Olympia Helsinki 1952" was established as the organizing committee of the Games on 8 September 1947. Its members were the Finnish Olympic Committee, the Finnish State, the City of Helsinki and 26 various sports organizations. The mayor of Helsinki Erik von Frenckell was elected chairman of
8979-581: The games in 1964. Helsinki is the northernmost city at which a summer Olympic Games have been held. With London hosting the 1948 Olympics, 1952 is the most recent time when two consecutive summer Olympic Games were held entirely in Europe. The 1952 Summer Olympics was the last of the two consecutive Olympics to be held in Northern Europe, following the 1952 Winter Olympics in Oslo, Norway. They were also
9102-684: The games. After the Winter War, the Organizing Committee decided to abandon the Games on 20 March 1940 due to the hostilities across Europe, the suspension of preparations caused by the Winter War, and the deplorable economic situation. At the meeting of the Finnish Olympic Committee on 20 April 1940, the Olympic Games in Finland were officially canceled. In the meantime, World War II had already expanded, with Germany occupying Denmark and fighting in Norway . Instead of
9225-454: The gap by the bell lap. Otenhajmer won in 3:47.0, though Bannister set a personal best finishing second in 3:48.4. Bannister was no longer seen as invincible. His training was a very modern individualised mixture of interval training influenced by coach Franz Stampfl with elements of block periodisation , fell running and anaerobic elements of training which were later perfected by Arthur Lydiard . From 1951 to 1954, Bannister trained at
9348-400: The great call of concord and peace among the nations of the world. I am particularly pleased to be sending you this advance greeting because, as a young man, I was myself an enthusiastic gymnast and athlete. And I have retained throughout my life a deep interest in athletics and sports of all kinds. I am convinced that the Finnish people, loving sport as they do, will spare no effort to make
9471-538: The head and neck. Neurophysiologic studies, including electroencephalography (EEG), needle electromyography (EMG), nerve conduction studies (NCSs) and evoked potentials are also commonly ordered. Neurologists frequently perform lumbar punctures to assess characteristics of a patient's cerebrospinal fluid . Advances in genetic testing have made genetic testing an important tool in the classification of inherited neuromuscular disease and diagnosis of many other neurogenetic diseases. The role of genetic influences on
9594-570: The head of the central office Kallio Kotkas [ fi ] and the head of information Eero Petäjäniemi [ fi ] were involved in the competition organization. The international political atmosphere was tense when the Helsinki Olympics were held. When the IOC held its meeting in Vienna in 1951, many difficult topics were on the agenda. The Cold War was under way, and
9717-498: The idea of their own Olympic Games: for example, Erik von Frenckell publicly presented his dreams of the Finnish Olympic Games at the opening of the 1915 Töölön Pallokenttä . As the Olympic success continued in the 1920s, enthusiasm for one's own Olympics grew, and after the 1920 Antwerp Olympics , Finnish sports leaders began planning to build a stadium in Helsinki in 1920. Finland's main sports organizations and
9840-556: The intersection of Aleksanterinkatu and Mikonkatu in October 1951. The Palace Hotel and Vaakuna Hotel [ fi ] among others, were completed for the needs of the guests. However, due to the relatively low number of hotels in the city, tent villages were built for tourists in Lauttasaari and Seurasaari , among others. However, the preparations for accommodation turned out to be considerably oversized; at its best,
9963-454: The lamp was designed by the artist Sakari Tohka [ fi ] . The Olympic torch itself was designed by the artist Aukusti Tuhka [ fi ] . From Denmark, the torchlight continued by running, cycling, riding, rowing and paddling to Copenhagen , from where the fire was transported by ferry to Sweden to Malmö . The journey of the torch across Sweden was carried to Haparanda by 700 messengers, from where it continued to
10086-491: The major manifestations are neurological, as is frequently the case. Lumbar punctures are frequently performed by neurologists . Some neurologists may develop an interest in particular subfields, such as stroke, dementia , movement disorders , neurointensive care , headaches, epilepsy , sleep disorders , chronic pain management, multiple sclerosis , or neuromuscular diseases. Some overlap also occurs with other specialties, varying from country to country and even within
10209-418: The match, both Tito and Stalin sent telegrams to their national teams, which showed just how important it was for the two head of states. Yugoslavia led 5–1, but a Soviet comeback in the last 15 minutes resulted in a 5–5 draw. The match was replayed, Yugoslavia winning 3–1. The defeat to the archrivals hit Soviet football hard, and after just three games played in the season, CSKA Moscow , who had made up most of
10332-484: The more dramatic in Olympic history. The race was not decided until the final metres, Josy Barthel of Luxembourg prevailing in an Olympic-record 3:45.28 (3:45.1 by official hand-timing) with the next seven runners all under the old record. Bannister finished fourth, out of the medals, but set a British record of 3:46.30 (3:46.0) in the process. After his relative failure at the 1952 Olympics, Bannister spent two months deciding whether to give up running. He set himself on
10455-470: The myth took hold was that four minutes was a round number that lay slightly out of reach of the world record (by just 1.4 seconds) for nine years, which was longer than it might otherwise have been due to the effect of the Second World War in interrupting athletic progress in the combatant countries. The Swedish runners, Gunder Hägg and Arne Andersson , in a series of head-to-head races in
10578-476: The nerves (variably understood as vessels), and was most notably used by Willis, who preferred Greek νευρολογία. In the United States and Canada, neurologists are physicians who have completed a postgraduate training period known as residency specializing in neurology after graduation from medical school . This additional training period typically lasts four years, with the first year devoted to training in internal medicine . On average, neurologists complete
10701-468: The nervous system. Neurologists are also asked to evaluate unresponsive patients on life support to confirm brain death . Treatment options vary depending on the neurological problem. They can include referring the patient to a physiotherapist , prescribing medications, or recommending a surgical procedure. Some neurologists specialize in certain parts of the nervous system or in specific procedures. For example, clinical neurophysiologists specialize in
10824-557: The nervous system. Working in laboratories in universities, hospitals, and private companies, these neuroscientists perform clinical and laboratory experiments and tests to learn more about the nervous system and find cures or new treatments for diseases and disorders. A great deal of overlap occurs between neuroscience and neurology. Many neurologists work in academic training hospitals, where they conduct research as neuroscientists in addition to treating patients and teaching neurology to medical students . Neurologists are responsible for
10947-414: The new procedures he introduced as being more significant. He also said that, in terms of athletic achievement, he felt his performances at the 1952 Olympics and the 1954 Commonwealth Games were more significant than running the sub-4-minute mile. Neurologist Neurology (from Greek : νεῦρον (neûron) , "string, nerve" and the suffix -logia , "study of") is the branch of medicine dealing with
11070-521: The occupancy rate of the 6,000-seat tent village in Lauttasaari had an occupancy of only 8 per cent. With the support of the Olympia 1952 committee, Finland's first mini golf courses were completed to entertain guests. The International Olympic Committee had declared in 1950 that it did not have an official Olympic anthem, but that the organizers could decide their own anthems. An anthem competition
11193-444: The other hand, got a former officer to lead the organization of the practical arrangements. Other members of the Organizing Committee were Yrjö Enne [ fi ] , Väinö A. M. Karikoski [ fi ] , Urho Kekkonen , Ernst Krogius , William Lehtinen , Aarne K. Leskinen [ fi ] , Eino Pekkala , Väinö Salovaara and Erik Åström . In 1948–1949, Karikoski, Kekkonen, Krogius and Lehtinen resigned from
11316-450: The pacing. When the announcer, Norris McWhirter , declared "The time was three...", the cheers of the crowd drowned out Bannister's exact time, which was 3 minutes and 59.4 seconds. He had attained this record with minimal training, while practising as a junior doctor . Bannister's record lasted just 46 days. Bannister went on to become a neurologist and Master of Pembroke College, Oxford , before retiring in 1993. As Master of Pembroke, he
11439-482: The period 1942–45, had already lowered the world mile record by five seconds to the pre-Bannister record. Knowledgeable track fans are still most impressed by the fact that Bannister ran a four-minute mile on very low-mileage training by modern standards. Just 46 days later, on 21 June 1954, Bannister's record was broken by his rival, John Landy, in Turku , Finland , with a time of 3 minutes 57.9 seconds, which
11562-510: The political situation in Finland from its embassy in Helsinki. The Soviet Union was accepted as a member of the IOC in May 1951, and in December of the same year the country accepted the invitation to the competition, as the country's athletes were in medal condition. Although the Soviet leadership had previously considered the Games a bourgeois event, the Helsinki Games held propaganda value. In
11685-562: The purpose of assisting with differential diagnosis , planning rehabilitation strategies, documenting cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and measuring change over time (e.g., for identifying abnormal aging or tracking the progression of a dementia ). In some countries such as the United States and Germany, neurologists may subspecialize in clinical neurophysiology , the field responsible for EEG and intraoperative monitoring , or in electrodiagnostic medicine nerve conduction studies , EMG, and evoked potentials . In other countries, this
11808-505: The race was scheduled to begin, and Bannister did run. The pace-setters from his major 1953 attempts, future Commonwealth Games gold medallist Christopher Chataway from the 2 May attempt, and future Olympic Games gold medallist Chris Brasher from the 27 June attempt, combined to provide pacing for Bannister's run. The race was broadcast live by BBC Radio and commentated by 1924 Olympic 100 metres champion Harold Abrahams , of Chariots of Fire fame. Bannister had begun his day at
11931-468: The right, never relinquishing the lead. A larger-than-life bronze sculpture of the two men at that moment was created by Vancouver sculptor Jack Harman in 1967 from a photograph by Vancouver Sun photographer Charlie Warner and stood for many years at the entrance to Empire Stadium ; after the stadium was demolished the sculpture was moved a short distance away to the Hastings and Renfrew entrance of
12054-569: The role of neurologists in stroke care in many primary, as well as tertiary, hospitals. Some cases of nervous system infectious diseases are treated by infectious disease specialists. Most cases of headache are diagnosed and treated primarily by general practitioners , at least the less severe cases. Likewise, most cases of sciatica are treated by general practitioners, though they may be referred to neurologists or surgeons (neurosurgeons or orthopedic surgeons ). Sleep disorders are also treated by pulmonologists and psychiatrists . Cerebral palsy
12177-788: The situation between Israel and Arab countries , divided Germany had to be addressed as a team, and the Chinese Civil War , with the Chinese Communist Party winning, forming the People's Republic of China and the Republic of China government exiled to Taiwan . Four years earlier, Japan was not invited to the London Olympics from the losing states of the Second World War. The Olympic Committee of Israel had not yet been recognized, and
12300-701: The study of the autonomic nerve system, I'd take that over the four minute mile right away. I worked in medicine for sixty years. I ran for about eight." In 1955, Bannister married the Swedish artist Moyra Elver Jacobsson in Basel , Switzerland. Moyra Jacobsson-Bannister was the daughter of the Swedish economist Per Jacobsson , who served as managing director of the International Monetary Fund . They had four children: Carol E. E. Bannister (b. 1957); Clive C. R. Bannister (b. 1959), an insurance industry executive; Thurstan R. R. Bannister (b. July 1960),
12423-481: The top four deer shooting broke world records. World records for knee position were also broken in free and small rifles. Shotgun shooting took place at the Huopalahti shooting range. Ten countries took medals from the shooting. Norway was the only country to win two gold medals, with the Soviet Union winning the most medals. Boris Andreyev was the only Soviet shooter to win two multiple medals. A Finnish winner
12546-492: The tournament, but Saarland and Mexico dropped out before the Games. Hungary Golden Team won the gold when it knocked down the Yugoslavia in the final with a score of 2–0. Sweden won a bronze medal. In the final, the Olympic Stadium had 58 553 paid spectators, the largest number of spectators in Finland watching a football match. The first meeting between the Soviet Union and Yugoslavia in football
12669-512: The track at Paddington Recreation Ground in Maida Vale while he was a medical student at the nearby St Mary's Hospital . There are two Bannister plaques at the pavilion, both unveiled by him on 10 September 2000; a circular blue plaque and a rectangular historic plaque containing additional information. According to the latter, Bannister was able to train for just an hour each day due to his medical studies. Bannister avoided racing after
12792-655: The use of EEG and intraoperative monitoring to diagnose certain neurological disorders. Other neurologists specialize in the use of electrodiagnostic medicine studies – needle EMG and NCSs. In the US, physicians do not typically specialize in all the aspects of clinical neurophysiology – i.e. sleep, EEG, EMG, and NCSs. The American Board of Clinical Neurophysiology certifies US physicians in general clinical neurophysiology, epilepsy, and intraoperative monitoring. The American Board of Electrodiagnostic Medicine certifies US physicians in electrodiagnostic medicine and certifies technologists in nerve-conduction studies. Sleep medicine
12915-463: The world record. Landy led for most of the race, building a lead of 10 yards in the third lap (of four), but was overtaken on the last bend, and Bannister won in 3 min 58.8 s, with Landy 0.8 s behind in 3 min 59.6 s. Bannister and Landy have both pointed out that the crucial moment of the race was that at the moment when Bannister decided to try to pass Landy, Landy looked over his left shoulder to gauge Bannister's position and Bannister burst past him on
13038-516: The year he proceeded to apply to Exeter College, Oxford and was accepted for a three-year degree in Medicine. Bannister was inspired by miler Sydney Wooderson 's comeback in 1945. Eight years after setting the mile record and seeing it surpassed during the war years by the Swedish runners Arne Andersson and Gunder Hägg , Wooderson regained his old form and challenged Andersson over the distance in several races. Wooderson lost to Andersson but set
13161-592: Was already celebrated in a miniature rifle when Vilho Ylönen had time to play on the radio Björneborgarnas marsch . However, in an hour-long countdown, the Norwegian Erling Asbjørn Kongshaug was declared the winner of the competition. The football tournament started even before the official opening, as the one-piece qualifiers took place on 15–16 July in Kotka, Lahti, Tampere, Turku and Helsinki. There were 27 countries registered for
13284-459: Was also a surprise. When the winner was announced on 17 March 1952, an unknown teacher Jaakko Linjama [ fi ] was revealed behind the nickname, who had used Lyy's lyrics in his Olympic Hymn. The nicknames of the other contestants were not opened. This caused a stir, and Arijoutsi [ fi ] , among others, doubted that the victory of the unknown would go to the honor of well-known composers. There were well-known members in
13407-419: Was at 3:01.8, the record—and first sub-four-minute mile—in reach. But the effort fell short with a finish in 4:02.0, a time bettered by only Arne Andersson (4:01.6 in 1944) and Gunder Hägg (4:01.4 in 1945). British officials would not allow this performance to stand as a British record, which, Bannister felt in retrospect, was a good decision. "My feeling as I look back is one of great relief that I did not run
13530-584: Was awarded the 1948 Summer Olympics after the city was originally granted the 1944 Games, which were canceled due to the war. Helsinki continued its attempt to have the Games organized and registered as candidates for the 1952 Games. At the IOC Congress in Stockholm on 21 June 1947, Helsinki was chosen as the host city, leaving behind the bids of Amsterdam , Los Angeles , Minneapolis , Detroit , Chicago and Philadelphia . Helsinki's strengths included
13653-469: Was cloudy at that time and it was not possible to use the sun as a lighter. From Tornio, the torch traveled through Finland to Helsinki. It was transported by more than 1,200 people. Initially, the aim was to transport fire to Helsinki via the Soviet Union , but the matter was not settled through diplomacy by the deadline. The journey covered a total of 7,870 kilometres on the journey that began on 25 June and ended on 19 July 1952. The actual Olympic flame
13776-537: Was followed by the raising of the Olympic flag and the Olympic fanfare [ fi ] composed by Aarre Merikanto . The President's speech was as follows: It gives me great pleasure to address a message of greeting to the young people of the world as they prepare for the fifteenth Olympic Games which are, once again, to be celebrated in a spirit worthy of the ideals of Baron de Coubertin . This happy cooperation between young people of all countries will serve
13899-417: Was held at Ahvenisto Hämeenlinna . A total of 51 competitors from 19 countries entered the sport. For the first time in Olympic history, the sport also included a team competition. Sweden, Hungary and Finland shared the medals. Sweden's Lars Hall won the individual competition, and Hungary was the best in the team competition. Before Hall, all Olympic winners of the sport have been officers . However, Hall
14022-424: Was held in Finland. In the spring of 1951, a poetry competition was announced, which was surprisingly won by an unknown teacher candidate, Niilo Partanen. Second and third came the well-known poets Toivo Lyy [ fi ] and Heikki Asunta . These winning poems were allowed to be used in the composition competition. The selection of the 51 compositions by a jury chaired by Jouko Tolonen [ fi ]
14145-443: Was in the field of autonomic failure, an area of neurology concerning illnesses characterised by the loss of certain automatic responses of the nervous system (for example, elevated heart rate when standing up). He ultimately published more than eighty papers, mostly concerned with the autonomic nervous system , cardiovascular physiology , and multiple system atrophy . He edited Autonomic Failure: A Textbook of Clinical Disorders of
14268-409: Was lit for the Olympic Stadium . Olympic torch relay: The opening ceremony of the Helsinki Olympics was held on 19 July. Although the weather was rainy and chilly and the Olympic Stadium had no roof but on top of the main auditorium, the stadium was full with 70,435 spectators. The inaugural march had a record 5,469 people from 67 countries. After the march, the countries organized themselves into
14391-511: Was little time left to prepare for the Games. World War II broke out on 1 September 1939, with the German – Soviet invasion of Poland , which also drew Britain and France to war. Despite the aggression, the Organizing Committee of the Olympic Games continued to be optimistic about the preparations for the Games. However, the Soviet invasion of Finland on 30 November 1939, halted planning for
14514-499: Was needed, including the construction of additional stands at the Olympic and Swimming Stadium. A residential area, Kisakylä (Olympic Village) was built south of Käpylä 's Koskelantie to accommodate competitors. The area, which was built close to the 1940 Olympics, was already the residence of the people of Helsinki at that time. Just below the opening, the competition area was completed for the use of visitors Kumpula Outdoor Swimming Pool . Female athletes got their own race village from
14637-492: Was not a candidate in the first round in 1931, and Berlin won the competition, but Helsinki immediately registered as a candidate for the 1940 Games. Those games were awarded to Tokyo in 1936, and two years later with the outbreak of the Sino-Japanese War Japan announced they were giving up the 1940 games, and four days later the IOC offered the Games to Helsinki, which agreed to take over, although there
14760-687: Was on the governing body of Abingdon School from 1986 to 1993. When asked whether the 4-minute mile was his proudest achievement, he said he felt prouder of his contribution to academic medicine through research into the responses of the nervous system. Bannister was patron of the MSA Trust. He was diagnosed with Parkinson's disease in 2011. Bannister was born on 23 March 1929 in Harrow , London. His parents Ralph and Alice were both from working-class families in Lancashire . Ralph had moved to London at
14883-505: Was rapidly increased, and he also initiated the first testing for use of anabolic steroids in sport. After retiring from athletics in 1954, Bannister spent the next forty years practising medicine in the field of neurology . In March 1957, he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps at Crookham, where he started his two years of National Service with the rank of lieutenant . His major contribution to academic medicine
15006-485: Was ready for the Olympics as he considered the time to be the equivalent of a four-minute mile. His confidence soon dissipated, however, as it was announced there would be semi-finals for the 1500 m at the Olympics, which he felt favoured runners who had much deeper training regimens than he did. When he ran his semi-final, Bannister finished fifth and thereby qualified for the final, but he felt "blown and unhappy". The 1500 m final on 26 July 1952 would prove to be one of
15129-492: Was taken by Sylvi Saimo , who was the first Finnish female gold medalist in the summer competitions. The second most successful country in kayaking was Sweden, which won one gold and three silver. Helsinki Olympics fencing competitions were held on the Espoo side of the Westend Tennis Hall . The men competed with Épée , sabre and foil in both personal competition and team competition. The women had only
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