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117-577: Rogers Communications Inc. is a Canadian communications and media company operating primarily in the fields of wireless communications , cable television , telephony and Internet , with significant additional telecommunications and mass media assets. Rogers has its headquarters in Toronto , Ontario . The company traces its origins to 1914, when Edward S. Rogers Sr. founded Rogers Vacuum Tube Company to sell battery-less radios, although this present enterprise dates to 1960, when Ted Rogers and

234-475: A duopoly on communications services in their regions, and both companies own a stake of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment . Rogers also competes nationally with Telus for wireless services. Rogers Communications' acquisition of Shaw Communications in Western Canada was approved in 2023. In 1925, Ted Rogers Sr invented the world's first alternating current (AC) heater filament cathode for

351-558: A radio tube , which then enabled radios to be powered by ordinary transformer-coupled household electric current. This was a breakthrough in the technology and became a key factor in popularizing radio reception. He also established the CFRB radio station in Toronto (later acquired by outside interests). In 1931, he was awarded an experimental television licence in Canada. On May 6, 1939, he

468-571: A trust for which a subsidiary of Scotiabank serves as trustee. Ted's son Edward Rogers and daughter Melinda Rogers serve, respectively, as chairman and vice-chair of the trust. The current members of the board of directors of Rogers Communications are: A previous composition of the board was disputed by Edward Rogers, who, in his capacity as chair of the Rogers Control Trust, announced on October 22 that Brooks, Clappison, Jacob, MacDonald, and Peterson had been replaced on

585-412: A "society where all people are equal and where they share some fundamental values based upon freedom", and that all Canadians could identify with the values of liberty and equality. The Charter ' s unifying purpose was particularly important to the mobility and language rights. According to author Rand Dyck (2000), some scholars believe section 23, with its minority language education rights, "was

702-727: A 10-year agreement with Comcast ; expanding upon its Ignite TV partnership, the agreement gives Rogers access to Comcast-developed broadband, smart home, and home security hardware. On April 19, 2021, "wireless calls, SMS and data services were down across Canada for almost an entire day because of an issue with a software update". Rogers hardly reimbursed consumers for the inconvenience. On July 8, 2022, millions of customers reported issues with Rogers mobile and Internet services, including some Canada government services, such as Service Canada , Canada Revenue Agency and passport offices, as well as Canadian interbank, money transfer network Interac , ATMs and 9-1-1 services. Rogers apologized for

819-486: A bill of rights that would include: fundamental freedoms, such as the freedom of movement, democratic guarantees, legal rights, language rights and equality rights . However, Trudeau did not want a notwithstanding clause. While his proposal gained popular support, provincial leaders opposed the potential limits on their powers. The federal Progressive Conservative opposition feared liberal bias among judges, should courts be called upon to enforce rights. Additionally,

936-594: A charter as contrary to the British model of Parliamentary supremacy . Hogg (2003) has speculated that the reason for the British adoption of the Human Rights Act 1998 , which allows the European Convention on Human Rights to be enforced directly in domestic courts, is partly because they were inspired by the similar Canadian Charter . The Canadian Charter bears a number of similarities to

1053-687: A combined 86% of market share. Federally, telecommunications are overseen by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission ( French : Conseil de la Radiodiffusion et des Télécommunications Canadiennes )–CRTC as outlined under the provisions of both the Telecommunications Act and Radiocommunication Acts . CRTC further works with Innovation, Science and Economic Development Canada (formerly Industry Canada) on various technical aspects including: allocating frequencies and call signs, managing

1170-597: A complaint in an Ontario court against penalties levied under a 'Truth in Advertising' law, claiming that the amount of the penalties, and the requirements imposed by the law, were in violation of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms . The company also had to recognize the rising market trend of customers canceling or foregoing cable television service subscriptions in favour of cheaper priced alternate content delivery means, such as streaming media services like Netflix ,

1287-537: A contrary law inoperative. Additionally, the Bill of Rights did not contain all of the rights that are now included in the Charter, omitting, for instance, the right to vote and freedom of movement within Canada. The centennial of Canadian Confederation in 1967 aroused greater interest within the government in constitutional reform. Such reforms would not only improve the safeguarding of rights, but would also amend

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1404-459: A court finds that a Charter right has been infringed, it conducts an analysis under section 1 by applying the Oakes test , a form of proportionality review. Infringements are upheld if the government's objective in infringing the right is "pressing and substantial" in a "free and democratic society", and if the infringement can be "demonstrably justified". The Supreme Court of Canada has applied

1521-494: A demographic called " cord cutters " and " cord nevers ". In response, Rogers acquired content with a speculated cost of $ 100 million to begin their own competing online streaming service, Shomi , much like the American Hulu Plus , which launched November 4, 2014. Shomi subsequently shut down after only 2 years of operation, on November 30, 2016. In the summer of 2014, Rogers reported a 24% drop in profit compared to

1638-459: A failed proposal before the House of Commons of Canada that would have amended the Charter by removing the mention of God, as he felt it did not reflect Canada's diversity. Section 27 also recognizes a value of multiculturalism. In 2002, polls found 86% of Canadians approved of this section. While the Charter has enjoyed a great deal of popularity, with 82 percent of Canadians describing it as

1755-480: A federal statute, the Bill of Rights could be amended through the ordinary legislative process and had no application to provincial laws. The Supreme Court of Canada also narrowly interpreted the Bill of Rights , showing reluctance to declare laws inoperative. Between 1960 and 1982, only five of the thirty-five cases concerning the Bill of Rights that were heard by the Supreme Court of Canada resulted in

1872-438: A good thing in opinion polls in 1987 and 1999, the document has also been subject to published criticisms from both sides of the political spectrum. According to columnist David Akin (2017), while most Liberals support the Charter , most Conservatives , most New Democrats, most Indigenous people , and Québécois see the Charter as "problematic" and "something to be challenged in order to be Canadian". One left-wing critic

1989-516: A move that would reduce national competition in Canadian wireless communication by removing one of the four major competitors from the market. On September 29, chief financial officer Tony Staffieri left the company. On October 8, The Globe and Mail reported that this came about following Edward Rogers ' attempt to have Staffieri replace Joe Natale, a former Telus executive and the company's third CEO since Ted Rogers' death in 2008. This attempt

2106-550: A number of conditions requiring the addition of 3,000 jobs in Western Canada, Videotron must also offer plans 20% lower than the competition and commit to spending $ 150 million in the next two years to upgrade the Freedom Mobile network. Rogers and Videotron would be liable to pay upwards of $ 1 billion and $ 200 million in penalties, respectively, if the commitments were not fulfilled. In April 2024, Rogers announced

2223-643: A number of ideas that would later be evident in the Charter , including the protection of language rights; exclusion of economic rights; and the allowance of limitations on rights, which would be included in the Charter ' s limitation and notwithstanding clauses. In 1968, Strayer was made the director of the Constitutional Law Division of the Privy Council Office , followed in 1974 by his appointment as assistant deputy Minister of Justice . During these years, Strayer played

2340-508: A part-owner of Baton Aldred Rogers Broadcasting (BARB), which established CFTO-TV , Toronto's first private television station. In 1962, Rogers established CHFI (AM) , an AM radio station that later became CFTR. In 1967, Rogers established Rogers Cable TV in partnership with BARB. In 1971, new CRTC regulations forced BARB to sell its 50% stake in Rogers Cable TV. In 1979, Rogers acquired Canadian Cablesystems, and became listed on

2457-582: A partner acquired the CHFI-FM radio station; they then became part-owners of a group that established the CFTO television station. The chief competitor to Rogers is Bell Canada , which has a similarly extensive portfolio of radio and television media assets, as well as wireless, television distribution, and telephone services, particularly in Eastern and Central Canada. The two companies are often seen as having

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2574-698: A prominent role in leading the popular opposition to the Accord. The task of interpreting and enforcing the Charter falls to the courts, with the Supreme Court of Canada being the ultimate authority on the matter. Litigation involving the charter may be referred to as a Charter challenge . With the Charter ' s supremacy confirmed by section 52 of the Constitution Act, 1982 , the courts continued their practice of striking down unconstitutional statutes or parts of statutes as they had with earlier case law regarding federalism. However, under section 24 of

2691-483: A result, the Charter has attracted both broad support from a majority of the electorate and criticisms by opponents of increased judicial power . The Charter applies only to government laws and actions (including the laws and actions of federal, provincial, and municipal governments and public school boards), and sometimes to the common law, not to private activity. Under the Charter , people physically present in Canada have numerous civil and political rights. Most of

2808-510: A role in writing the bill that was ultimately adopted. Meanwhile, Trudeau, who had become Liberal leader and prime minister in 1968, still very much wanted a constitutional bill of rights. The federal and provincial governments discussed creating one during negotiations for patriation, resulting in the Victoria Charter in 1971, which was never implemented. Trudeau continued his efforts, however, promising constitutional change during

2925-542: A six-year sponsorship deal with Scotiabank , which saw the bank become the title sponsor for Wednesday Night Hockey and Hockey Day in Canada , and become a sponsor for other segments and initiatives throughout Rogers' NHL coverage. On October 6, 2014, Rogers and NHL began their media sales venture in which Rogers will lead all Canadian national NHL media sales across its owned and operated broadcast and digital platforms as well as ad sales for League-owned digital assets in Canada. Rogers Bank ( French : Banque Rogers )

3042-582: A sub-licensing agreement with Rogers, Quebecor Media holds national French-language rights to the NHL, with all coverage airing on its specialty channel TVA Sports . TVA Sports' flagship broadcasts on Saturday nights focus primarily on the Montreal Canadiens . Rogers sought to increase the prominence of NHL content on digital platforms by re-launching the NHL's digital out-of-market sports package GameCentre Live as Rogers NHL GameCentre Live, adding

3159-592: A successful outcome for claimants. The relative ineffectiveness of the Canadian Bill of Rights motivated many to improve rights protections in Canada. The British Parliament formally enacted the Charter as a part of the Canada Act 1982 at the request of the Parliament of Canada in 1982, the result of the efforts of the government of Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau . The Charter greatly expanded

3276-509: Is a Canadian financial services company wholly owned by Rogers Communications. Rogers applied to the Minister of Finance under the Bank Act for permission to establish a Schedule I bank (a domestic bank that may accept deposits) in summer 2011. At launch, Rogers Bank offered a Rogers-branded credit card targeted at existing customers. A companion card branded for Rogers subsidiary Fido

3393-440: Is based), which would polarize the country along regional lines. The Charter was also supposed to standardize previously diverse laws throughout the country and gear them towards a single principle of liberty. Former premier of Ontario Bob Rae has stated that the Charter "functions as a symbol for all Canadians" in practice because it represents the core value of freedom. Academic Peter Russell has been more skeptical of

3510-684: Is professor Michael Mandel (1989), who wrote that, in comparison to politicians, judges do not have to be as sensitive to the will of the electorate, nor do they have to make sure their decisions are easily understandable to the average Canadian citizen. This, in Mandel's view, limits democracy. Mandel has also asserted that the Charter makes Canada more like the United States, especially by serving corporate rights and individual rights rather than group rights and social rights. He has argued that there are several things that should be included in

3627-473: Is that both constitutions provide comparable protection of many rights. Canada's fundamental justice (section 7) is therefore interpreted to include more legal protections than due process , which is the U.S. equivalent. Freedom of expression (section 2) also has a wider-ranging scope than the freedom of speech guaranteed under the U.S. First Amendment (1A). For instance, a form of picketing , though involving speech that might have otherwise been protected,

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3744-475: Is the basis for the approach (and the tradition term for generous interpretations of the Canadian Constitution), they argue Charter case law has been more radical. When the living tree doctrine is applied correctly, Morton and Knopff (2000) claim, "the elm remained an elm; it grew new branches but did not transform itself into an oak or a willow." The doctrine can be used, for example, so a right

3861-446: Is the existence of the limitations and notwithstanding clauses. Canadian courts have consequently interpreted each right more expansively. However, due to the limitations clause, where a violation of a right exists, the law will not necessarily grant protection of that right. In contrast, rights under the U.S. Bill are absolute, thus a violation will not be found until there has been sufficient encroachment on those rights. The sum effect

3978-626: Is to consider international legal precedents with countries that have specific rights protections, such as the U.S. Bill of Rights (which had influenced aspects of the Charter ) and the Constitution of South Africa . However, international precedent is only of guiding value and is not binding. For example, the Supreme Court has referred to the Charter and the U.S. Bill of Rights as being "born to different countries in different ages and in different circumstances". Advocacy groups frequently intervene in cases to make arguments on how to interpret

4095-508: Is upheld even when a government threatens to violate it with new technology, as long as the essential right remains the same, but the authors claim that the courts have used the doctrine to "create new rights". As an example, the authors note that the Charter right against self-incrimination has been extended to cover scenarios in the justice system that had previously been unregulated by self-incrimination rights in other Canadian laws. Another general approach to interpreting Charter rights

4212-557: The Canadian Bill of Rights , which the Canadian Parliament enacted in 1960. However, the Bill of Rights had a number of shortcomings. Unlike the Charter , it was an ordinary Act of Parliament , applicable only to the federal government, and could be amended by a simple majority of Parliament. Moreover, the courts chose to interpret the Bill of Rights only sparingly, and only on rare occasions applied it to find

4329-587: The Charter in Canada, is a bill of rights entrenched in the Constitution of Canada , forming the first part of the Constitution Act, 1982 . The Charter guarantees certain political rights to Canadian citizens and guarantees the civil rights of everyone in Canada. It is designed to unify Canadians around a set of principles that embody those rights. The Charter was proclaimed in force by Queen Elizabeth II of Canada on April 17, 1982, as part of

4446-771: The Provincial Judges Reference by asking its provincial Supreme Court a question on judicial independence under section 11. In several important cases, judges developed various tests and precedents for interpreting specific provisions of the Charter , including the Oakes test (section 1), set out in the case R v Oakes (1986); and the Law test (section 15), developed in Law v Canada (1999) which has since become defunct. Since Reference Re BC Motor Vehicle Act (1985), various approaches to defining and expanding

4563-611: The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms and with the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights . There are some who feel economic rights ought to be read into the rights to security of the person (section 7) and equality rights (section 15) to make the Charter similar to the Covenant . The rationale is that economic rights can relate to a decent standard of living and can help

4680-600: The 1980 Quebec referendum . He succeeded in 1982 with the passage of the Canada Act 1982 in the British Parliament, which enacted the Constitution Act, 1982 as part of the Constitution of Canada. The inclusion of a charter of rights in the patriation process was a much-debated issue. Trudeau spoke on television in October 1980, where he announced his intention of a just society and constitutionalize

4797-522: The CRTC to acquire 20 per cent of CablePulse 24 , a local news channel in Toronto. On August 25, 2012, Rogers Media agreed to acquire Score Media which includes The Score Television Network for $ 167 million, including a 10% stake of its digital business. The deal was completed on Oct. 19, 2012. In 2012, Rogers purchased CJNT-DT Montreal and on February 3, 2013, it was rebranded as City Montreal. On November 26, 2013, Rogers Communications Inc, unveiled

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4914-547: The Canadian Broadcasting Corporation use CB through a special agreement with the government of Chile . Some codes beginning with VE and VF are also in use to identify radio repeater transmitters . As of 2016, there were over 1,100 radio stations and audio services broadcasting in Canada. Of these, 711 are private commercial radio stations. These commercial stations account for over three quarters of radio stations in Canada. The remainder of

5031-419: The Charter ' s value in this field. Cairns, who feels the Charter is the most important constitutional document to many Canadians, and that the Charter was meant to shape the Canadian identity, has also expressed concern that groups within society see certain provisions as belonging to them alone rather than to all Canadians. It has also been noted that issues like abortion and pornography , raised by

5148-406: The Charter , including the failed Charlottetown Accord of 1992. The Charlottetown Accord would have specifically required the Charter to be interpreted in a manner respectful of Quebec's distinct society , and would have added further statements to the Constitution Act, 1867 regarding racial and sexual equality and collective rights, and about minority language communities. Though the Accord

5265-478: The Charter include: Generally, the right to participate in political activities and the right to a democratic form of government are protected: Rights of people in dealing with the justice system and law enforcement are protected: Generally, people have the right to use either the English or French language in communications with Canada's federal government and certain provincial governments. Specifically,

5382-439: The Charter was adopted in 1982. Rather, focus has been given towards changing the scope of rights as appropriate to fit their broader purpose. This is tied to the "generous interpretation" of rights, as the purpose of the Charter provisions is assumed to be to increase rights and freedoms of people in a variety of circumstances, at the expense of the government powers. Constitutional scholar Peter Hogg (2003) has approved of

5499-406: The Charter , courts also gained new powers to enforce creative remedies and exclude more evidence in trials. Courts have since made many important decisions, including R v Morgentaler (1988), which struck down Canada's abortion law , and Vriend v Alberta (1998), in which the Supreme Court found the province's exclusion of sexual orientation as a prohibited grounds of discrimination violated

5616-545: The Charter , notably by alleging that the federal government has used it to limit provincial powers by allying with various rights claimants and interest groups. In their book The Charter Revolution & the Court Party (2000), Morton and Knopff express their suspicions of this alliance in detail, accusing the Pierre Trudeau and Chrétien governments of funding litigious groups. For example, these governments used

5733-477: The Charter , such as a right to health care and a basic right to free education. Hence, the perceived Americanization of Canadian politics is seen as coming at the expense of values more important for Canadians. The labour movement has been disappointed in the reluctance of the courts to use the Charter to support various forms of union activity, such as the "right to strike". Conservative critics Morton and Knopff (2000) have raised several concerns about

5850-446: The Charter , tend to be controversial. Still, opinion polls in 2002 showed Canadians felt the Charter significantly represented Canada, although many were unaware of the document's actual contents. The only values mentioned by the Charter ' s preamble are recognition of the supremacy of God and the rule of law , but these have been controversial and of minor legal consequence. In 1999, MP Svend Robinson brought forward

5967-445: The Charter . Likewise, Jamaica 's Charter of Fundamental Rights and Freedoms was also influenced, in part, by Canada's Charter . The Charter was intended to be a source of Canadian values and national unity. As Professor Alan Cairns noted, "the initial federal government premise was on developing a pan-Canadian identity". Pierre Trudeau himself later wrote in his Memoirs (1993) that "Canada itself" could now be defined as

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6084-556: The Charter . Some examples are the British Columbia Civil Liberties Association , Canadian Civil Liberties Association , Canadian Mental Health Association , Canadian Labour Congress , the Women's Legal Education and Action Fund (LEAF), and REAL Women of Canada . The purpose of such interventions is to assist the court and to attempt to influence the court to render a decision favourable to

6201-530: The Constitution Act, 1982 . The Charter was preceded by the Canadian Bill of Rights , enacted in 1960, which was a federal statute rather than a constitutional document. The Bill of Rights exemplified an international trend towards formalizing human rights protections following the United Nations' Universal Declaration of Human Rights , instigated by the country's movement for human rights and freedoms that emerged after World War II. As

6318-646: The Court Challenges Program to support minority language educational rights claims. Morton and Knopff also assert that crown counsel has intentionally lost cases in which the government was taken to court for allegedly violating rights, particularly gay rights and women's rights . Political scientist Rand Dyck (2000), in observing these criticisms, notes that while judges have had their scope of review widened, they have still upheld most laws challenged on Charter grounds. With regard to litigious interest groups, Dyck points out that "the record

6435-780: The Edmonton Oilers . A joint venture between Rogers Communications and Bell Canada owns 75% of Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment , owners of the Toronto Maple Leafs of the National Hockey League , Toronto Raptors of the National Basketball Association , Toronto Argonauts of the Canadian Football League , and Toronto FC of Major League Soccer , as well as their minor league farm teams ,

6552-601: The New Democratic Party , also prevented Trudeau from including any rights protecting private property. Quebec did not support the Charter (or the Canada Act 1982 ), with conflicting interpretations as to why. The opposition could have owed to the Parti Québécois (PQ) leadership being allegedly uncooperative because it was more committed to gaining sovereignty for Quebec. This could have owed to

6669-597: The Oakes test to uphold laws against hate speech (e.g., in R v Keegstra ) and obscenity (e.g., in R v Butler ). Section 1 also confirms that the rights listed in the Charter are guaranteed. In addition, some Charter rights are subject to the notwithstanding clause ( section 33 ). The notwithstanding clause authorizes governments to temporarily override the rights and freedoms in sections 2 and 7 through 15 for up to five years, subject to renewal. The Canadian federal government has never invoked it, and some have speculated that its use would be politically costly. In

6786-604: The Rogers Centre (previously known as SkyDome ). Through Sportsnet, Rogers Sports & Media also holds a 50% ownership in Dome Productions, a mobile production and distribution joint venture that is a leader in high-definition television production and broadcasting in Canada. Rogers also owns the naming rights to Rogers Arena , home of the Vancouver Canucks , as well as Rogers Place , the home of

6903-715: The Toronto Marlies of the American Hockey League (AHL), Raptors 905 of the NBA G League and Toronto FC II of MLS Next Pro , respectively. On June 28, 2007, Rogers offered to sell the two religious-licensed OMNI stations in Winnipeg and Vancouver as part of the Citytv deal, although the company stated that it intended to retain the multilingual-licensed OMNI stations. In September 2007, Rogers applied to

7020-663: The Toronto Stock Exchange as a result. In 1980, Rogers acquired Premier Cablevision and became the largest cable company in Canada. In 1986, Rogers Cable was renamed Rogers Communications; it established operational control over Cantel , a wireless telephone company in which Rogers had a stake. Rogers Communications Inc. unveiled its new logo on January 17, 2000, marking the departure of its original logo. In 2000, Rogers acquired Cable Atlantic from Newfoundland businessman (and future premier) Danny Williams . In July 2001, Rogers Media acquired CTV Sportsnet , which

7137-518: The British Parliament cited their right to uphold Canada's old form of government. At a suggestion of the Conservatives, Trudeau's government thus agreed to a committee of senators and members of Parliament (MPs) to further examine the bill as well as the patriation plan. During this time, 90 hours were spent on the bill of rights alone, all filmed for television, while civil rights experts and advocacy groups put forward their perceptions on

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7254-580: The Canadian Charter , but in some cases the Covenant goes further with regard to rights in its text. For example, a right to legal aid has been read into section 10 of the Charter (right to counsel), but the Covenant explicitly guarantees the accused need not pay "if he does not have sufficient means". Canada's Charter has little to say, explicitly at least, about economic and social rights. On this point, it stands in marked contrast with

7371-423: The Constitution to free Canada from the authority of British Parliament (also known as patriation ), ensuring the full sovereignty of Canada . Subsequently, Attorney General Pierre Trudeau appointed law professor Barry Strayer to research a potential bill of rights. While writing his report, Strayer consulted with a number of notable legal scholars, including Walter Tarnopolsky . Strayer's report advocated

7488-474: The Control Trust, announced he was unilaterally enacting a written shareholder resolution replacing five of the board's independent directors , and two days later convened a meeting at which the "reconstituted" board re-appointed him as chair of the board of Rogers Communications. The legality of the resolution has been disputed by the board members that were purportedly replaced, and by other members of

7605-622: The European Convention, specifically in relation to the limitations clauses contained in the European document. Because of this similarity with European human rights law, the Supreme Court turns not only to the United States Constitution case law in interpreting the Charter , but also to European Court of Human Rights cases. The core distinction between the U.S. Bill of Rights and the Canadian Charter

7722-487: The Industry minister asked companies to implement an agreement in 60 days in which the companies will be able to help each other during an outage in one of their networks. As a result of the mentioned investigation, as well as scrutiny and criticism over the glitch and the company itself, some traders said the chances of a merger deal between Rogers and Shaw Communications dropped to nearly 62% on July 11, 2022 from 88% in

7839-531: The NHL is carried primarily by Rogers' Sportsnet group of specialty channels; Sportsnet holds an exclusive window for games played on Wednesday nights. Hockey Night in Canada was maintained and expanded under the deal, airing up to seven games nationally on Saturday nights throughout the regular season across CBC Television , the Sportsnet networks, Rogers-owned television network Citytv , and FX Canada . While CBC maintains Rogers-produced NHL coverage during

7956-620: The Rogers family. The CRTC approved the merger on March 24, 2022. In May 2022, the Canadian Competition Bureau requested an order from the Competition Tribunal blocking Rogers's takeover of Shaw Communications arguing that the deal would substantially lessen competition by eliminating Rogers' closest competitor in the wireless sector. It also requested an injunction to stop the cable companies from closing

8073-497: The U.S. For example, the Supreme Court has upheld some of Quebec's limits on the use of English on signs and has upheld publication bans that prohibit media from mentioning the names of juvenile criminals. The un-ratified Equal Rights Amendment in the U.S., which garnered many critics when proposed, performs a similar function to that of the Charter section 28, which received no comparable opposition. Still, Canadian feminists had to stage large protests to demonstrate support for

8190-506: The ability to stream all of Rogers' national NHL telecasts, along with in-market streaming of regional games for teams whose regional rights are held by Sportsnet. GamePlus —an additional mode featuring alternate camera angles intended for a second screen experience, such as angles focusing on certain players, net and referee cameras, and a Skycam in selected venues, was also added exclusively for GameCentre Live subscribers who are subscribed to Rogers' cable, internet, or wireless services. In

8307-494: The balance of power in the country's broadcast industry as it drove up demand for Rogers Cable TV subscriptions. This transaction marked the first time a first-class North American-wide sports league has allowed all its national right to one company on a long-term basis. As part of the deal, Rogers also took over Canadian distribution of the NHL Centre Ice and GameCentre Live services. National English-language coverage of

8424-519: The board by Michael Cooper, Jack Cockwell, Ivan Fecan , Jan Innes, and John Kerr. On October 24, this re-constituted board re-appointed Edward Rogers as chair of the board. Despite the Supreme Court of British Columbia 's legal affirmation of the changes, they had been described as "invalid" by the three other Rogers family members on the company's board, as well as the replaced individuals. In November 2021, Tony Staffieri succeeded Joe Natale and

8541-845: The broadcast spectrum, and regulating other technical issues such as interference with electronics equipment. As Canada comprises a part of the North American Numbering Plan for area codes, the Canadian Numbering Administration Consortium within Canada is responsible for allocating and managing area codes in Canada. [REDACTED]  This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook . CIA . Charter of Rights and Freedoms [REDACTED] Canada portal The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms (French: Charte canadienne des droits et libertés ), often simply referred to as

8658-508: The civil rights flourish in a livable environment. Canadian courts, however, have been hesitant in this area, stating that economic rights are political questions and adding that as positive rights , economic rights are of questionable legitimacy. The Charter itself influenced the Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa. The limitations clause under section 36 of the South African law has been compared to section 1 of

8775-664: The constitution. However, Quebec's opposition to the 1982 patriation package led to two failed attempts to amend the constitution (the Meech Lake Accord and Charlottetown Accord ) which were designed primarily to obtain Quebec's political approval of the Canadian constitutional order. While the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms was adopted in 1982, it was not until 1985 that the main provisions regarding equality rights (section 15) came into effect. The delay

8892-521: The deal until the application can be heard. After two years since it was first announced, Rogers' acquisition of Shaw Communications received the last regulatory approval from the Industry Minister, Francois-Philippe Champagne . To appease concerns over a lack of competition arising, Shaw will be required to sell off its Freedom Mobile wireless business to Quebecor Inc.'s Videotron for $ 2.85 billion. In addition, Rogers and Videotron agreed to

9009-464: The details of a 12-year, C $ 5.2 billion partnership with the National Hockey League which began in the 2014–15 season . This gave Rogers the controlling stake for national broadcast and digital rights of the NHL and ultimately gave them the ability to stream all NHL feeds on all of their current platforms replacing both Bell Media and CBC Sports as the national broadcast and cable television rightsholders respectively. The effects of this deal shifted

9126-409: The draft charter ' s flaws and omissions and how to remedy them. As Canada had a parliamentary system of government, and as judges were perceived not to have enforced rights well in the past, it was questioned whether the courts should be named as the enforcers of the Charter , as Trudeau wanted. Conservatives argued that elected politicians should be trusted instead. It was eventually decided that

9243-480: The equality rights under section 15. In the latter case, the Court then read the protection into the law. Courts may receive Charter questions in a number of ways. Rights claimants could be prosecuted under a criminal law that they argue is unconstitutional. Others may feel government services and policies are not being dispensed in accordance with the Charter , and apply to lower-level courts for injunctions against

9360-414: The evidence was acquired in a way that conflicts with the Charter and might damage the reputation of the justice system. Section 32 confirms that the Charter is binding on the federal government, the territories under its authority, and the provincial governments. Section 1 of the Charter , known as the limitations clause , allows governments to justify certain infringements of Charter rights. If

9477-502: The exclusion of Quebec leaders from the negotiation of the Kitchen Accord, which they saw as being too centralist. It could have also owed to objections by provincial leaders to the accord's provisions relating to the process of future constitutional amendment. The PQ leaders also opposed the inclusion of mobility rights and minority language education rights. The Charter is applicable in Quebec because all provinces are bound by

9594-405: The generous approach in some cases, although for others he argues the purpose of the provisions was not to achieve a set of rights as broad as courts have imagined. The approach has not been without its critics. Alberta politician Ted Morton and political scientist Rainer Knopff have been very critical of this phenomenon. Although they believe in the validity of the living tree doctrine , which

9711-413: The government. A government may also raise questions of rights by submitting reference questions to higher-level courts; for example, Prime Minister Paul Martin 's government approached the Supreme Court with Charter questions as well as federalism concerns in the case Re Same-Sex Marriage (2004). Provinces may also do this with their superior courts. The government of Prince Edward Island initiated

9828-479: The inclusion of section 28, which had not been part of the original draft of the Charter. Another difference from the U.S. Bill of Rights is that the Charter does not provide any right to possess firearms. In 2000, the Supreme Court of Canada unanimously rejected a constitutional challenge to the federal Firearms Act , ruling that it was within the federal criminal law power . The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights has several parallels with

9945-513: The language laws in the Charter include: The remaining provisions help to clarify how the Charter works in practice. Many of the rights and freedoms that are protected under the Charter , including the rights to freedom of speech , habeas corpus , and the presumption of innocence , have their roots in a set of Canadian laws and legal precedents sometimes known as the Implied Bill of Rights . Many of these rights were also included in

10062-457: The lead-up to the 2014–15 season, Rogers began to promote its networks as the new home of the NHL through a multi-platform advertising campaign; the campaign featured advertising and cross-promotions across Rogers' properties, such as The Shopping Channel , which began to feature presentations of NHL merchandise, and its parenting magazine Today's Parent , which began to feature hockey-themed stories in its issues. On May 28, 2014, Rogers announced

10179-411: The legal interests of the group. A further approach to the Charter , taken by the courts, is the dialogue principle , which involves greater participation by elected governments. This approach involves governments drafting legislation in response to court rulings and courts acknowledging the effort if the new legislation is challenged. Some Canadian members of Parliament saw the movement to entrench

10296-424: The mass outage and said it was trying to restore services. Rogers President and CEO Tony Staffieri issued an apology via Twitter about 17 hours after the start of the incident, acknowledging the issue to the public after a day of system outage. Staffieri acknowledged that the outage stems from a failed maintenance update. Rogers has offered credit as compensation for the outage. A report by Cloudflare suggested that

10413-593: The newly established Dominion Telegraph Company. 1880 saw the Great North Western Telegraph Company established to connect Ontario and Manitoba but within a year it was taken over by Western Union , leading briefly to that company's control of almost all telegraphy in Canada. In 1882, Canadian Pacific transmitted its first commercial telegram over telegraph lines they had erected alongside its tracks, breaking Western Union's monopoly. Great North Western Telegraph, facing bankruptcy,

10530-482: The notwithstanding clause in order to push through Bill 307, the Protecting Elections and Defending Democracy Act , doubling the amount of time election advertisements could run to 1 year from 6 months. In 2006, the territory of Yukon also passed legislation that invoked the notwithstanding clause, but the legislation was never proclaimed in force. The rights and freedoms enshrined in 34 sections of

10647-420: The only part of the Charter with which Pierre Trudeau was truly concerned". Through the mobility and language rights, French Canadians , who have been at the centre of unity debates, are able to travel throughout all Canada and receive government and educational services in their own language. Hence, they are not confined to Quebec (the only province where they form the majority and where most of their population

10764-479: The outage was due to internal, rather than external, causes. It identified spikes in BGP updates, as well as withdrawals of IP prefixes , noting that Rogers was not advertising its presence, causing other networks to not find the Rogers network. Cause of the outage or expected downtime was initially not revealed. The outage was later said to be caused by a maintenance upgrade that caused routers to malfunction, similar to

10881-568: The outage which occurred a year prior. On July 11, 2022, Canada federal government opened an investigation about the most recent outage and demanded telecoms companies to make communication protocols to keep customers better informed about possible disruptions. On the same day, Industry minister François-Philippe Champagne met the CEOs of Rogers, BCE Inc , Telus Corp , Shaw Communications Inc. , Quebecor Inc. 's Videotron Ltd., SaskTel and Bragg Communications Inc. 's Eastlink . During that meeting,

10998-441: The past, the notwithstanding clause was invoked routinely by the province of Quebec (which did not support the enactment of the Charter but is subject to it nonetheless). The provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta have also invoked the notwithstanding clause, to end a strike and to protect an exclusively heterosexual definition of marriage, respectively. In 2021, the government of Ontario under Premier Doug Ford invoked

11115-401: The previous year's second quarter. In August 2018, Rogers launched Ignite TV, a new cable television platform. The platform is licensed from Comcast's "X1" platform. On March 15, 2021, Rogers announced its intent to acquire Shaw Communications for $ 26 billion, subject to regulatory and shareholder approval. This proposed acquisition was criticized by public lobby groups like Open Media , as

11232-578: The provinces still had doubts about the Charter ' s merits, Trudeau was forced to accept the notwithstanding clause to allow governments to opt out of certain obligations. The notwithstanding clause was accepted as part of a deal called the Kitchen Accord , negotiated by the federal attorney general Jean Chrétien , Ontario's justice minister Roy McMurtry , and Saskatchewan's justice minister Roy Romanow . Pressure from provincial governments (which in Canada have jurisdiction over property) and from

11349-460: The radio stations are a mix of public broadcasters , such as CBC Radio , as well as campus , community , and Aboriginal stations. As of 2018, 762 TV services were broadcasting in Canada. This includes both conventional television stations and discretionary services . Cable and satellite television services are available throughout Canada. The largest cable providers are Bell Canada , Rogers Cable , Vidéotron , Telus and Cogeco , while

11466-444: The regular season and playoffs through a time-brokerage agreement with the company, Rogers assumes editorial control and the ownership of any advertising revenue from the telecasts. Citytv (and later Sportsnet) also airs a Sunday night game of the week, Rogers Hometown Hockey , which features a pre-game show originating from various Canadian communities. Sportsnet's networks also air occasional games involving all-U.S. matchups. Under

11583-487: The responsibility should go to the courts. At the urging of civil libertarians , judges could now exclude evidence in trials if acquired in breach of Charter rights in certain circumstances, something the Charter was not originally going to provide for. As the process continued, more features were added to the Charter , including equality rights for people with disabilities, more sex equality guarantees, and recognition of Canada's multiculturalism . The limitations clause

11700-473: The rights can be exercised by any legal person (the Charter does not define the corporation as a "legal person"), but a few of the rights belong exclusively to natural persons, or (as in sections 3 and 6) only to citizens of Canada . The rights are enforceable by the courts through section 24 of the Charter , which allows courts discretion to award remedies to those whose rights have been denied. This section also allows courts to exclude evidence in trials if

11817-413: The scope of fundamental justice (i.e., natural justice or due process ) under section 7 have been adopted. In general, courts have embraced a purposive interpretation of Charter rights. This means that since early cases, such as Hunter v Southam Inc (1984) and R v Big M Drug Mart Ltd (1985), they have concentrated less on the traditional, limited understanding of what each right meant when

11934-419: The scope of judicial review , because the Charter is more explicit with respect to the guarantee of rights and the role of judges in enforcing them than was the Canadian Bill of Rights . Canadian courts , when confronted with violations of Charter rights, have struck down unconstitutional federal and provincial statutes and regulations or parts of statutes and regulations, as they did when Canadian case law

12051-514: The two licensed satellite providers are Bell Satellite TV and Shaw Direct . Bell , Rogers , Telus , and Shaw are among the bigger ISPs in Canada. Depending on your location, Bell and Rogers would be the big internet service providers in Eastern provinces, while Shaw and Telus are the main players competing in western provinces. The three major mobile network operators are Rogers Wireless (13.7 million subscribers), Bell Mobility (10.29 million ) and Telus Mobility (9.5 million), which have

12168-481: The week earlier. Rogers CEO, Tony Staffieri, blamed the outage on the maintenance update, and offered a five day service credit to the customers as a sign of apology. Rogers Communications is traded on the Toronto Stock Exchange and on the New York Stock Exchange under ticker "RCI". Following the death of Ted Rogers in 2008, control of Rogers Communications passed to the Rogers Control Trust,

12285-504: Was also reworded to focus less on the importance of parliamentary government and more on the justifiability of limits in free societies; the latter logic was more in line with rights developments around the world after World War II. In its decision in the Patriation Reference (1981), the Supreme Court ruled there was a constitutional convention that some provincial approval should be sought for constitutional reform. As

12402-554: Was appointed the new interim president and CEO. In January 2022, Staffieri was appointed to the position permanently. The senior corporate officers of Rogers Communications currently are: Assets and divisions of Rogers Communications include: In addition to its ownership of Sportsnet , acquired from CTV , Sportsnet One and Sportsnet World , Rogers Sports & Media operates the Toronto Blue Jays baseball team through Rogers Blue Jays Baseball Partnership and

12519-802: Was complicated by the fact that some Canadian destinations were served by only one of the two networks. Telephones - fixed lines : total subscriptions: 13.926 million (2020) Telephones - mobile cellular : 36,093,021 (2020) Telephone system : (2019) ITU prefixes : Letter combinations available for use in Canada as the first two letters of a television or radio station's call sign are CF, CG, CH, CI, CJ, CK, CY, CZ, VA, VB, VC, VD, VE, VF, VG, VO, VX, VY, XJ, XK, XL, XM, XN and XO . Only CF, CH, CI, CJ and CK are currently in common use, although four radio stations in St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador retained call letters beginning with VO when Newfoundland joined Canadian Confederation in 1949. Stations owned by

12636-599: Was deemed as disruptive conduct and not protected by the U.S. 1A, but was considered by the Supreme Court in RWDSU v. Dolphin Delivery Ltd. (1986). The Supreme Court would rule the picketing, including the disruptive conduct, as fully protected under section 2 of the Charter , after which section 1 would be used to argue the injunction against the picketing as just. The limitations clause has also allowed governments to enact laws that would be considered unconstitutional in

12753-529: Was introduced in 2016. The bank offers three categories of credit card to Canadians: Fido Mastercard , Rogers Platinum Mastercard, and Rogers World Elite Mastercard. Telecommunications in Canada The history of telegraphy in Canada dates back to the Province of Canada . While the first telegraph company was the Toronto, Hamilton and Niagara Electro-Magnetic Telegraph Company, founded in 1846, it

12870-419: Was meant to give the federal and provincial governments an opportunity to review pre-existing statutes and strike potentially unconstitutional inequalities. The Charter has been amended since its enactment. Section 25 was amended in 1983 to explicitly recognize more rights regarding Aboriginal land claims , while section 16.1 was added in 1993. There have also been a number of unsuccessful attempts to amend

12987-426: Was negotiated among many interest groups, the resulting provisions were so vague that Trudeau, then out of office, feared they would actually conflict with and undermine the Charter ' s individual rights. He felt judicial review of the rights might be undermined if courts had to favour the policies of provincial governments, as governments would be given responsibility over linguistic minorities. Trudeau thus played

13104-539: Was opposed by Edward's mother and sisters. Edward Rogers was then removed as chairman of the board, while remaining a board member, on October 21. However, a proposal to remove Edward as chair of the Rogers Control Trust, which holds the majority voting interest in Rogers Communications on behalf of the family, did not receive sufficient support from other members of the trust's advisory committee. The following day, Edward Rogers, in his capacity as chair of

13221-478: Was primarily concerned with resolving issues of federalism . The Charter , however, granted new powers to the courts to enforce remedies that are more creative and to exclude more evidence in trials. These powers are greater than what was typical under the common law and under a system of government that, influenced by Canada's parent country the United Kingdom, was based upon Parliamentary supremacy . As

13338-563: Was renamed as Rogers Sportsnet that November. The FAN 590 sports radio station joined Rogers Media in August 2001, along with 14 Northern Ontario radio stations. In fall 2004, several strategic transactions were executed that significantly increased Rogers exposure to the potential of the Canadian wireless market. Rogers acquired the 34% of Rogers Wireless owned by AT&T Wireless Services Inc. for $ 1.77 billion. On December 2, 2008, Ted Rogers died of heart failure. In 2012, Rogers Cable filed

13455-602: Was taken over in 1915 by Canadian Northern. By the end of World War II , Canadians communicated by telephone more than any other country. In 1967 the CP and CN networks were merged to form CNCP Telecommunications . As of 1951, approximately 7000 messages were sent daily from the United States to Canada. An agreement with Western Union required that U.S. company to route messages in a specified ratio of 3:1, with three telegraphic messages transmitted to Canadian National for every message transmitted to Canadian Pacific. The agreement

13572-552: Was the Montreal Telegraph Company , controlled by Hugh Allan and founded a year later, that dominated in Canada during the technology's early years. Following the 1852 Telegraph Act , Canada's first permanent transatlantic telegraph link was a submarine cable built in 1866 between Ireland and Newfoundland . Telegrams were sent through networks built by Canadian Pacific and Canadian National . In 1868 Montreal Telegraph began facing competition from

13689-492: Was working on radar when he died suddenly due to complications of a hemorrhage, at the age of 38. He left a widow, Velma, and a five-year-old son, Edward (known as Ted). While his business interests were subsequently sold, his son later became determined to carry on his father's legacy. In 1960, Ted Rogers Jr and broadcaster Joel Aldred raised money to found Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting in order to purchase CHFI , an FM radio station in Toronto. Aldred-Rogers Broadcasting also became

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