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71-621: In 2014, the organization claimed there were 117,500 people enrolled in JLI. The JLI model combines a research-based approach with instructional design, aiming to present traditional Jewish teachings in a contemporary academic framework. Its headquarters are located in the Crown Heights area of Brooklyn , New York City . JLI was founded in 1998. The first JLI course, Jewish Mysticism, was piloted at fifteen Chabad centers in 1999. The institute expanded thereafter with controlled growth, introducing

142-461: A change of -293 (-0.3%) from the 103,462 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 1,185.56 acres (479.78 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 87 inhabitants per acre (56,000/sq mi; 21,000/km ). The racial makeup of the neighborhood was 49% African American , 31% White , 3% Asian , 0.2% Native American , 0% Pacific Islander , 0.4% from other races , and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14% of

213-458: A college education or higher. The percentage of Crown Heights North students excelling in reading and math has been increasing, with reading achievement rising from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rising from 22 percent to 47 percent within the same time period. In Crown Heights South, reading achievement rose from 31 percent in 2000 to 37 percent in 2011, and math achievement rose from 21 percent to 47 percent within

284-467: A forum of discussion between the curriculum development team and affiliates. The Academy acts as a sounding board for instructors, and provides guidance. Crown Heights, Brooklyn Crown Heights is a neighborhood in the central portion of the New York City borough of Brooklyn . Crown Heights is bounded by Washington Avenue to the west, Atlantic Avenue to the north, Ralph Avenue to

355-402: A group tried to stop workers who were trying to infill an illegal tunnel excavated by students; the incident resulted in nine arrests. Crown Heights is divided into two neighborhood tabulation areas, Crown Heights North and Crown Heights South, which collectively comprise the population of Crown Heights. Crown Heights has a majority West Indian and African American population according to

426-1316: A lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 82.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 8 murders, 26 rapes, 166 robberies, 349 felony assaults, 143 burglaries, 464 grand larcenies, and 68 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The New York City Fire Department (FDNY) operates four fire stations in Crown Heights: As of 2018 , preterm births in Crown Heights and births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights North are more common than in other places citywide, though births to teenage mothers in Crown Heights South are less common than in other places citywide. There were 92 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 91 preterm births per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 87 per 1,000 citywide). Additionally, there were 24.6 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights North and 14.8 births to teenage mothers per 1,000 live births in Crown Heights South (compared to 19.3 per 1,000 citywide). Both neighborhoods have

497-470: A relatively high concentration of elderly residents. Violence broke out several times in the neighborhood during the late 20th century, including during the New York City blackout of 1977 : More than 75 area stores were robbed, and thieves used cars to pull up roll-down curtains in front of stores. In 1991, there was a three-day outbreak known as the Crown Heights Riot , which started between

568-571: A relatively high population of residents who are uninsured , or who receive healthcare through Medicaid . In 2018, this population of uninsured residents was estimated to be 12% in Crown Heights North and 16% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide rate of 12%. The concentration of fine particulate matter , the deadliest type of air pollutant , is 0.008 milligrams per cubic metre (8.0 × 10  oz/cu ft) in Crown Heights North and 0.0078 milligrams per cubic metre (7.8 × 10  oz/cu ft) in Crown Heights South, slightly higher than

639-719: A series of comprehensive courses on issues they contemplate and provide a safe place for discussion on topics such as suicide , personal ethics and values, anti-Semitism , purpose in life, relationships, faith and reason, social justice , leadership, and Israel . A few select teens in each chapter who demonstrate leadership qualities are invited to join the JLI Teens International Internship Program. The interns' role includes participating in joint conference calls to share ideas, providing early feedback and suggestions to course developers, and partaking in special contests and activities. JLI Teens

710-568: A significant number of Hasidic Jews . It is the location of the Worldwide Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch Hasidic Jewish movement, at 770 Eastern Parkway . An Orthodox Jewish community which established itself in Crown Heights in the 1940s has continued to thrive around that location. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Crown Heights North was 103,169,

781-608: A six-day annual retreat, The National Jewish Retreat , which features live lectures and interactive workshops on Jewish life, law, history, culture and tradition, led by scholars and experts in their various fields of study. The annual retreat is hosted each summer at a hotel, and it provides gourmet Kosher cuisine and entertainment. In 2013, the Retreat launched the annual Jewish Medical Ethics Conference, which features interactive discussions between participating physicians and Jewish medical ethicists on current and emerging quandaries in

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852-583: A subway configuration, the IRT Eastern Parkway Line ( 2 , ​ 3 , ​ 4 , and ​ 5 trains), in contrast to many other Brooklyn neighborhoods, which had elevated lines. Conversion to a commuter town also included tearing down the 19th century Kings County Penitentiary at Carroll Street and Nostrand Avenue. Beginning in the early 1900s, many upper-class residences, including characteristic brownstone buildings, were erected along Eastern Parkway. Away from

923-404: A tree-lined boulevard designed by Frederick Law Olmsted extending two miles (3.2 km) east–west. Originally, the area was known as Crow Hill . It was a succession of hills running east and west from Utica Avenue to Washington Avenue, and south to Empire Boulevard and East New York Avenue . The name was changed when Crown Street was cut through in 1916. The northern half of Crown Heights

994-427: Is 50% in Crown Heights North, lower than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Crown Heights North is considered to be gentrifying . According to the 2020 census data from New York City Department of City Planning , there is still an overwhelming Black population majority of 40,000 or more residents, but there is a diverse cultural population with each

1065-809: Is a division of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch , the educational arm of the Chabad Lubavitch movement. It is the umbrella organization for the Chabad on Campus network one of the largest Jewish organizations serving college campuses, with over 482 permanent branches on North American campuses, and an additional 468 globally. The Chabad on Campus International assists local Chabad Student Centers worldwide. This includes logistical support and staff training, as well as centralized programming such as national Shabbatons and student leadership retreats. The foundation provides grants to encourage creative local programming. The first campus Chabad House , UCLA Chabad House ,

1136-551: Is covered by ZIP Codes 11238, 11216, 11213, and 11233 from west to east, while Crown Heights South is covered by ZIP Codes 11225 and 11213 from west to east. The United States Postal Service operates two post offices nearby: the Saint Johns Place Station at 1234 St Johns Place, and the James E Davis Station at 315 Empire Boulevard. Crown Heights generally has a similar ratio of college-educated residents to

1207-590: Is currently active in 248 communities around the world, and piloted its first JLI Teens curriculum. In 2005, JLI materials were translated into Spanish. In 2011, a curriculum in Hebrew was developed and piloted in ten Israeli cities. There are currently thirty JLI locations in Israel as well as classes in Hebrew throughout the world in communities with large concentrations of Israeli ex-pats. The Russian language division

1278-658: Is equal to the median life expectancy of all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 22% are between the ages of 0–17, 30% between 25 and 44, and 25% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents was lower, at 9% and 14% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 9 was $ 51,072. In 2018, an estimated 22% of Crown Heights South residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in nine residents (11%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in

1349-556: Is located in New York's 35th and 36th City Council districts, represented respectively by Democrats Crystal Hudson and Chi Ossé . As compared to most other parts of New York City, however, Crown Heights is more politically moderate; several of its precincts voted for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election . Crown Heights is served by Brooklyn Community Board 8 north of Eastern Parkway and Brooklyn Community Board 9 south of Eastern Parkway. Crown Heights

1420-599: Is now New York Harbor aboard a Dutch East India Company ship, the Halve Maen ( Half Moon ) commissioned by the Dutch Republic . European habitation in the New York City area began in earnest with the founding of a Dutch fur trading settlement, later called "Nieuw Amsterdam" ( New Amsterdam ), on the southern tip of Manhattan in 1614. By 1630, Dutch and English colonists started moving into

1491-626: Is offered in seventy cities throughout the United States, Canada, South America, Russia, South Africa, China, Europe and the Middle East. The Sinai Scholars Society, introduced on three college campuses in 2006, is an integrated fellowship program for students on college campuses comprising Torah study, social activities, and national networking opportunities. The eight-part curriculum addresses essentials in Judaism, introducing students to

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1562-678: Is part of Brooklyn Community District 8 and is patrolled by the 77th Precinct of the New York City Police Department (NYPD). The southern half is part of Brooklyn Community District 9 and is patrolled by the 71st Precinct of the NYPD. Crown Heights's primary ZIP Codes are 11213, 11216, 11225, 11233, and 11238. Politically, it is represented by the New York City Council 's 35th, 36th, and 41st Districts. Although no known physical evidence remains in

1633-626: Is patrolled by two precincts of the NYPD . Crown Heights North is covered by the 77th Precinct, located at 127 Utica Avenue, while Crown Heights South is patrolled by the 71st Precinct, located at 421 Empire Boulevard. The 77th Precinct ranked 42nd safest out of 69 patrol areas for per-capita crime in 2010, while the 71st Precinct ranked 46th safest. As of 2018 , with a non-fatal assault rate of 85 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 73 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South, both areas' rates of violent crimes per capita are greater than that of

1704-455: Is slightly lower than North Crown Heights. The neighborhood is part of New York's 9th congressional district , represented by Democrat Yvette Clarke since 2013. It is also part of the 19th and 20th State Senate districts, represented by Democrats Roxanne Persaud and Zellnor Myrie , and the 43rd and 57th State Assembly districts, represented respectively by Democrats Brian A. Cunningham and Phara Souffrant Forrest . Crown Heights

1775-413: The 1993 mayoral race and ultimately led to a successful outreach program between Black and Jewish leaders that somewhat helped improve race relations in the city. Through the 1990s, crime, racial conflict, and violence decreased in the city and urban renewal and gentrification began to take effect including in Crown Heights. In the 2010s, Crown Heights experienced rapid gentrification. In some areas

1846-585: The diaspora to the IDF and to families of victims of violence. To date, a total of 2,500 Jews from the diaspora have joined JLI's Israel Experience. Since the fall of 2010, JLI has been a provider of adult Jewish education through the Kohelet Fellowships program, a two-year Jewish learning experience for parents of Jewish day school students. Fellows study Jewish texts, either in courses or one-on-one, participate in community learning events, and explore

1917-500: The directors of the Dutch West India Company what was described as "a parcel of free (unoccupied) woodland there" on the condition that they situate their houses "within one of the other concentration, which would suit them best, but not to make a hamlet." In the 19th century, the area was rural. The Crow Hill penitentiary and various orphanages were located in the area at the time. In 1884, Alexander Jefferson

1988-585: The 2010 census. Reflecting the most varied U.S. population of Caribbean immigrants outside the West Indies, Crown Heights is known for its annual West Indian Carnival . The vivid ostentation goes along Eastern Parkway , from Utica Avenue to Grand Army Plaza . According to the West Indian-American Day Carnival Association, over 3.5 million people participate in the parade each year. Crown Heights also contains

2059-626: The AMA's ACCME Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education for Continuing Medical Education credits, as well as by the Washington School of Psychiatry and the American Psychological Association . JLI was commissioned by the family of former Israeli Prime Minister, Yitzhak Shamir , to develop a series of lunch-hour educational classes to be offered in corporate offices in Israel. In addition to

2130-617: The Crown Heights vicinity, large portions of what is now called Long Island including present-day Brooklyn were occupied by the Lenape Native Americans . The Lenape lived in communities of bark- or grass-covered wigwams , and in their larger settlements—typically located on high ground adjacent to fresh water, and occupied in the fall, winter, and spring—they fished, harvested shellfish, trapped animals, gathered wild fruits and vegetables, and cultivated corn, tobacco, beans, and other crops. The first recorded contact between

2201-627: The Jewish communities. JLI's flagship courses consist of six weekly sessions and each class unit is taught concurrently at all of its locations. Specific JLI courses are accredited to offer Continuing Legal Education credits by the bar associations of 31 U.S. states, in various Canadian provinces, Australia, and the UK, as well as the Order of Flemish Bar Associations, and South Africa's National Board of Licenses. When appropriate, JLI courses are accredited by

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2272-500: The Mahalia Jackson School building. Explore Empower Charter School is also located in Crown Heights. The PS 373 Brooklyn Transition Center at H594K, serving grades 9–12, is located at 561 Grand Avenue at the border of Crown Heights and Prospect Heights. Medgar Evers College is an institution of higher education in the neighborhood. The orthodox Jewish community is serviced by gender-segregated schools. Among

2343-618: The Reines Talmud Torah. The 1960s and 1970s were a time of turbulent race relations in the area: With increasing poverty in the city, racial conflict plagued some of its neighborhoods, including Crown Heights, with its racially and culturally mixed populations. At the request of their leader, the Lubavitcher Rebbe Menachem Mendel Schneerson , the neighborhood's mostly white and relatively large population of Lubavitch Hasidim stayed in

2414-474: The White and Hispanic populations at between 10,000 and 19,999 residents. Based on data from the 2010 United States Census , the population of Crown Heights South was 39,670, a change of -2,700 (-6.8%) from the 42,370 counted in 2000 . Covering an area of 366.94 acres (148.50 ha), the neighborhood had a population density of 108.1 inhabitants per acre (69,200/sq mi; 26,700/km ). The racial makeup of

2485-477: The aim of forcing out the rent-stabilized . Other tactics include relocating residents from their apartments claiming renovation and locking them out, as employed by another realtor in the neighborhood, ZT Realty. In 2017, real estate developer Isaac Hager faced opposition from activists when he proposed building a 565-unit apartment complex in Crown Heights; in April 2019, a judge issued a restraining order against

2556-461: The ambulance refused to treat Gavin Cato's injuries while removing members of Schneerson's motorcade instead. Yankel Rosenbaum, a visiting rabbinical student from Australia, was killed in the riot, while Jews were assaulted, and there was property damage amid rock throwing in the ensuing riots. The riot unveiled long-simmering tensions between the neighborhood's Black and Jewish communities, which impacted

2627-524: The city as a whole. The incarceration rates of 872 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights North and 598 per 100,000 people in Crown Heights South are both greater than that of the city as a whole. The 77th Precinct has a lower crime rate than in the 1990s, with crimes across all categories having decreased by 85.7% between 1990 and 2018. The precinct reported 2 murders, 32 rapes, 180 robberies, 297 felony assaults, 158 burglaries, 397 grand larcenies, and 72 grand larcenies auto in 2018. The 71st Precinct also has

2698-617: The citywide and boroughwide averages. Eighteen percent of Crown Heights North residents and eight percent of Crown Heights South residents are smokers , compared to the city average of 14% of residents being smokers. In Crown Heights North, 26% of residents are obese , 13% are diabetic , and 33% have high blood pressure —compared to the citywide averages of 24%, 11%, and 28% respectively. By comparison, in Crown Heights South, 32% of residents are obese, 15% are diabetic, and 37% have high blood pressure. In addition, 19% of children are obese in both Crown Heights North and South, compared to

2769-553: The citywide average of 20%. Eighty-four percent of Crown Heights North and eighty-one percent of Crown Heights South residents eat some fruits and vegetables every day, which is slightly lower than the city's average of 87%. In 2018, 78% of Crown Heights North and 84% of Crown Heights South residents described their health as "good", "very good", or "excellent", compared to than the city's average of 78%. For every supermarket, there are 25 bodegas in Crown Heights North and 21 bodegas in Crown Heights South. Crown Heights North

2840-744: The citywide average of 75% of students. Among the public schools are the International Arts Business School, The League School, The School for Human Rights, The School for Democracy and Leadership and the High School for Public Service: Heroes of Tomorrow , all on the campus of the now-closed George W. Wingate High School , and Success Academy Crown Heights, part of Success Academy Charter Schools . M.S. 587, New Heights Middle School, Achievement First Crown Heights Elementary School, and Achievement First Crown Heights Middle School are all located in Crown Heights, housed in

2911-781: The community as other whites were leaving. In 1964 the Labor Day Carnival celebrating Caribbean culture was moved to the neighborhood when its license to run in Harlem was revoked. It now attracts between one and three million people and is held on the first Monday in September. During the Lyndon B. Johnson administration, Crown Heights was declared a primary poverty area due to a high unemployment rate, high juvenile and adult crime rate, poor nutrition due to lack of family income, relative absence of job skills and readiness, and

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2982-442: The contemporary significance of Jewish life. Students submit an academic paper on Jewish thought, and participate in community and holiday events. Sinai Scholars is offered in partnership with Chabad on Campus at 185 universities, including Ivy League , state and private universities as of 2024. The Sinai Scholars Society sponsors an annual Students and Scholars Academic Symposium. A selected group of university students from across

3053-512: The country present papers on the modern-day relevance of core Jewish ideas and beliefs, the author of the winning paper is awarded a cash prize. At the Symposium students mingle with Jewish scholars in the academic community and connect with peers from other campuses. JLI's women's studies division, The Rosh Chodesh Society (RCS), was founded in 2009 in memory of Rivka Holtzberg, the Chabad emissary who, along with her husband, Gavriel Holtzberg ,

3124-607: The demographics of the city, at the time. In 1950, the neighborhood was 89 percent white, with some 50 to 60 percent, or about 75,000 people, being Jewish and many of them Holocaust survivors and recent arrivals from Displaced Persons Camps in the Allied Zones of Occupation of Germany. However, new arrivals from the West Indies and the American South created a growing Black presence. By 1957, there were about 25,000 Black people in Crown Heights, making up about one-fourth of

3195-412: The east, and Empire Boulevard/East New York Avenue to the south. It is about one mile (1.6 km) wide and two miles (3.2 km) long. Neighborhoods bordering Crown Heights include Prospect Heights to the west, Flatbush and Prospect Lefferts Gardens to the south, Brownsville to the east, and Bedford–Stuyvesant to the north. The main thoroughfare through this neighborhood is Eastern Parkway ,

3266-412: The environment. In 2013, Machon Shmuel: The Sami Rohr Research Institute—a "Torah Think Tank" under the auspices of The Rohr Jewish Learning Institute—was already providing services to many shluchim throughout the world. The first teen-focused JLI course was held in 2009. JLI Teens courses aim to make Judaism relevant to teens and to forge a new generation of Jewish leadership. Teens are engaged with

3337-609: The field. The conference is accredited by CME. Responding to nationwide demand from students participating in the fall 2007 course on Israel, The Land and the Spirit, JLI launched its first Israel Experience in March 2008. The bi-annual tour presents an insider look at Israel. In addition to visiting historic and religious sites, participants meet with Israeli politicians and decision-makers, Torah scholars and local residents. Participants bring messages of support from their home communities in

3408-466: The flagship course offerings, JLI has branched out to offer the following programs geared towards specific segments of the community. The Torah Studies department develops weekly classes taught year-round on Torah portions corresponding to those read in synagogues each Sabbath. Geared towards students seeking ongoing Torah study, lessons focus on relevant life issues such as personal growth, business ethics, social responsibilities, personal relationships and

3479-728: The girls schools are Beth Rivkah Academy, founded in 1941 by the sixth Lubavitcher Rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneerson , as the oldest Chasidic school for girls; the school now hosts preschool through higher learning institutions. Newer schools include Bnos Menachem, Bais Chaya Mushka, Bnos Chomesh and Chabad Girls Academy. The boys are educated at Oholei Torah , Yeshiva Tomchei Temimim Lubavitch , Cheder Ohr Menachem, Gan Academy, Darchei Menachem and various other smaller schools. The Brooklyn Public Library (BPL) has three branches in Crown Heights: Chabad on Campus International Foundation Chabad on Campus International

3550-422: The increasing rents have caused the displacement of long-time residents. Not only did rents for each apartment increase drastically but building management firms such as BCB Realty, affiliated with companies that buy up buildings in the neighborhood, aimed to remove long-term residents by buying them out or pressuring them to move by "failing to adequately maintain apartments", according to a housing activist, with

3621-587: The indigenous people of the New York City region and Europeans was with the Italian explorer Giovanni da Verrazzano in 1524 in the service of France when he anchored at the approximate location where the Verrazzano-Narrows Bridge touches down in Brooklyn today. There he was visited by a canoe party of Lenape . The next contact was in 1609 when the explorer Henry Hudson arrived in what

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3692-457: The learning program to between fifteen and twenty new cities annually until 2005 when JLI added forty new cities. Since its inception in 1998, over 500,000 students have completed JLI courses, with enrollment of 12,000 to 16,000 students each semester. By 2010, JLI had developed 37 separate six-week courses, the most popular of which have been on the topics of Jewish thought, law, and mysticism. In 2005, JLI launched its Torah Studies division, which

3763-696: The lessons with their families. Fellows receive tuition breaks from their children's schools funded by grants from the Kohelet Foundation and its financial partners. Courses on Judaism and study partners for the participating parents are arranged by JLI and Yeshiva University's Center for a Jewish Future. The JLI Academy provides ongoing training to its affiliated instructors in pedagogy and in-depth study of subjects relating to curriculum content. The Academy organizes an annual conference, intermittent webinars, podcasts, interactive instruction and one-to-one training opportunities. The JLI Academy also serves as

3834-500: The neighborhood was 62.8% (24,921) African American , 25.8% (10,221) White , 0.7% (285) Asian , 0.2% (81) Native American , 0% (12) Pacific Islander , 0.3% (127) from other races , and 1.5% (601) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 8.6% (3,422) of the population. The entirety of Community District 9, which covers Crown Heights South, had 98,650 inhabitants as of NYC Health's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 81.2 years. This

3905-402: The neighborhood's West Indian / African American and Jewish communities. The riots began on August 19, 1991, after Gavin Cato, the son of two Guyanese immigrants, was struck and killed by a car in the motorcade of prominent Hasidic rabbi Menachem Mendel Schneerson . A mob began to attack a Jewish volunteer ambulance, which withdrew. Rumors, which later proved to be unfounded, circulated that

3976-459: The parkway were a mixture of lower middle-class residences. This development peaked in the 1920s. Before World War II Crown Heights was among New York City's premier neighborhoods, with tree-lined streets, an array of cultural institutions and parks, and numerous fraternal, social and community organizations. From the early 1920s through the 1960s, Crown Heights was an overwhelmingly white neighborhood and predominantly Ashkenazi Jewish reflecting

4047-491: The population. The entirety of Community District 8, which covers Crown Heights North, had 97,130 inhabitants as of NYC Health 's 2018 Community Health Profile, with an average life expectancy of 79.2 years. This is lower than the median life expectancy of 81.2 for all New York City neighborhoods. Most inhabitants are middle-aged adults and youth: 20% are between the ages of 0–17, 37% between 25 and 44, and 22% between 45 and 64. The ratio of college-aged and elderly residents

4118-430: The population. Around the same time, suburbanization began to rapidly affect Crown Heights and Brooklyn. Robert Moses expanded the borough's access to eastern Long Island through expressway construction; by way of the G.I. Bill, many families moved east. As the Jewish, Irish and Italian populations of Crown Heights moved out of the neighborhood as the housing stock deteriorated and crime rapidly escalated, black people from

4189-438: The project. In the wake of the 2010 opening of Basil Pizza & Wine Bar , a series of upscale, kosher, foodie restaurants opened in Crown Heights, which The Jewish Week described as "an eating destination." In November 2013, a series of attacks on Jewish residents were suspected to be part of " knockout games ". Media attention to knockout attacks increased following the incidents in Crown Heights. In response to

4260-633: The rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent, is 55% in Crown Heights South, higher than the citywide and boroughwide rates of 52% and 51% respectively. Based on this calculation, as of 2018 , Crown Heights South is considered to be gentrifying. As of the 2020 census according to New York City Department of City Planning , there were between 20,000 and 29,999 Black residents and 10,000 to 19,999 White residents. The concentration of Black residents in South Crown Heights

4331-515: The rest of the city as of 2018 . In Crown Heights North, 44% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 40% are high school graduates or have some college education. In Crown Heights South, 35% of residents age 25 and older have a college education or higher, while 16% have less than a high school education and 48% are high school graduates or have some college education. By contrast, 40% of Brooklynites and 38% of city residents have

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4402-497: The same time period. Crown Heights' rates of elementary school student absenteeism are higher than the rest of New York City. The proportions of elementary school students who missed twenty or more days per school year were 28% in Crown Heights North and 22% in Crown Heights South, compared to the citywide average of 20% of students. Additionally, 71% of high school students in Crown Heights North and 77% of high school students in Crown Heights South graduate on time, compared to

4473-550: The south and immigrants from the Caribbean continued to move there. The 1957 departure of the Brooklyn Dodgers and the destruction of Ebbets Field for public housing for its Black population symbolically served as the end of the old white ethnic Crown Heights and in the 1960s the neighborhood experienced mass white flight . The demographic change was astounding; in 1960 the neighborhood was 70% white, and by 1970 it

4544-640: The violence, the Jewish community hosted an event for African-American teens, designed to promote greater understanding of Jews and their beliefs. The event, hosted by the Jewish Children's Museum , was coordinated by local Jewish organizations, public schools, and by the NYPD's 71st and 77th precincts. On January 8, 2024, clashes broke out at the World Headquarters of the Chabad-Lubavitch movement at 770 Eastern Parkway , after

4615-525: The western end of Long Island . In 1637, Joris Jansen de Rapalje purchased about 335 acres (1.36 km ) around Wallabout Bay and over the following two years, director Kieft of the Dutch West India Company purchased title to nearly all the land in what is now Kings County and Queens County from the indigenous inhabitants. Finally, the areas around present-day Crown Heights saw its first European settlements starting in about 1661/1662 when several men each received, from Governor Peter Stuyvesant and

4686-516: Was 70% Black. The one exception to this pattern were Lubavitch Hasidic Jews . There were thirty-four large synagogues in the neighborhood, including the Bobov , Chovevei Torah, and 770 Eastern Parkway , home of the worldwide Lubavitch movement. There were also three prominent Yeshiva elementary schools in the neighborhood, Crown Heights Yeshiva on Crown Street, the Yeshiva of Eastern Parkway, and

4757-627: Was a victim of a terror attack in Mumbai, India . Its debut course, Rivka's Tent, was a seven-part series of text-based study of the three commandments addressed specifically to Jewish women. RCS has affiliates in over 150 communities around the world. In 2009, JLI created Torah Café, a website offering lectures, workshops, and inspiration from its library. The videos cover a broad range of topics available including academic study of Torah, language, Jewish literature , Jewish history , biographies of Jewish personalities, Jewish music and ethics. JLI sponsors

4828-561: Was added in 2012 and currently consists of forty chapters throughout the former CIS. JLI course materials were developed in German the same year, and are taught in five cities in Germany. By 2013, 382 chapters in twenty-four countries and thirty-one U.S. states offered JLI courses. This grew to over 400 chapters in twenty-eight countries by 2022, and over 900 communities as of 2024. A network of JLI's affiliated local chapters offers courses to

4899-606: Was established under the Lubavitcher Rebbe's direction by Rabbi Shlomo Cunin on the UCLA campus in 1969. Since 2001 the Chabad campus presence has tripled (78 new centers). In August 2015, Chabad on Campus announced that 19 "emissary couples" would be sent to schools across the United States to open up Jewish cultural centers. Target campuses include "the University of South Carolina , Louisiana State University ,

4970-470: Was killed during a prolonged hanging after being convicted of the Crow Hill Murders . Appeals seeking to overturn his death sentence documented the significant poverty in the area at the time. Crown Heights had begun as a fashionable residential neighborhood, a place for secondary homes in which Manhattan's growing bourgeois class could reside. The area benefited by having its rapid transit in

5041-459: Was lower, at 9% and 12% respectively. As of 2016, the median household income in Community District 8 was $ 60,107. In 2018, an estimated 21% of Crown Heights North residents lived in poverty, compared to 21% in all of Brooklyn and 20% in all of New York City. One in eleven residents (9%) were unemployed, compared to 9% in the rest of both Brooklyn and New York City. Rent burden, or the percentage of residents who have difficulty paying their rent,

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